Lab 1

Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• AnatomyAnatomy – the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another– Gross or macroscopic– Microscopic– Developmental

• PhysiologyPhysiology – the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

RegionalRegional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)

SystemicSystemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system

SurfaceSurface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

CytologyCytology – study of the cell

HistologyHistology – study of tissues

Traces structural changes throughout life

EmbryologyEmbryology – study of developmental changes of the body before birth

Pathological anatomyPathological anatomy – study of structural changes caused by disease

Radiographic anatomyRadiographic anatomy – study of internal structures visualized by X ray

Molecular biologyMolecular biology – study of anatomical structures at a sub-cellular level

Considers the operation of specific Considers the operation of specific organ systemsorgan systemsRenal – kidney functionNeurophysiology – workings of the nervous

systemCardiovascular – operation of the heart and

blood vessels Focuses on the functions of the Focuses on the functions of the

body, often at the cellular or body, often at the cellular or molecular levelmolecular level

Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of physics, which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement

ChemicalChemical – atoms combined to form molecules CellularCellular – cells are made of molecules TissueTissue – consists of similar types of cells OrganOrgan – made up of different types of tissues Organ systemOrgan system – consists of different organs that

work closely together OrganismalOrganismal – made up of the organ systems

HomeostasisHomeostasis is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

The internal environment of the body is in a dynamic state of equilibriuma dynamic state of equilibrium

Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to maintain homeostasis

Chemical levelAtoms combine to form molecules

1

2

3

4

Cellular levelCells are made up of molecules

Tissue levelTissues consist of similar types of cells

5 Organ system levelOrgan systems consist of different organs that work together closely

Organ levelOrgans are made up of different types of tissues

6 Organismal levelThe human organism is made up of many organ systems

Atoms

MoleculesSmooth muscle cell

Smooth muscle tissue

Connective tissue

Smooth muscle tissue

Epithelial tissue

Blood vessel (organ)

Heart

Blood vessels

Cardiovascular system

Figure 1.1

Disturbance of homeostasis or the Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibriumbody’s normal equilibrium

Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over

Body erect Feet slightly apart Palms facing forward Thumbs point away

from body

Figure 1.7a

Superior and inferiorSuperior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively

Anterior and posteriorAnterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body

Medial, lateral, and intermediateMedial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

Proximal and distalProximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body

Superficial and deepSuperficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Table 1.1

Table 1.1

AxialAxial – head, neck, and trunk

AppendicularAppendicular – appendages or limbs

Specific Specific regional regional terminologyterminology

Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.7b

SagittalSagittal – divides the body into right and left parts

Midsagittal or medialMidsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline

Frontal or coronalFrontal or coronal – divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Transverse or horizontalTransverse or horizontal (cross section) – divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Oblique sectionOblique section – cuts made diagonally

Figure 1.8

Humans vary slightly in both external and Humans vary slightly in both external and internal anatomyinternal anatomy

Over 90% of all anatomical structures match textbook descriptions, but:Nerves or blood vessels may be somewhat out of place

Small muscles may be missing

Extreme anatomical variations are seldom Extreme anatomical variations are seldom seenseen

Figure 1.9a

Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions

Cranial cavity is within the skull and encases the brainVertebral cavity runs within the vertebral column and encases the spinal cord

Ventral cavityVentral cavity houses the internal organs (viscera), and is divided into two subdivisions: Thoracic and Abdominopelvic cavities

Figure 1.9b

Thoracic cavityThoracic cavity is subdivided into pleural cavities, the mediastinum, and the pericardial cavityPleural cavities – each houses a lung

Mediastinum – contains the pericardial cavity, and surrounds the remaining thoracic organs

Pericardial cavity – encloses the heart

The abdominopelvic cavity is separated The abdominopelvic cavity is separated from the superior thoracic cavity by the from the superior thoracic cavity by the dome-shaped diaphragmdome-shaped diaphragm

It is composed of two subdivisionsAbdominal cavity – contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Pelvic cavity – lies within the pelvis and contains the bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

Parietal serosaParietal serosa lines internal body walls

Visceral serosaVisceral serosa covers the internal organs

Serous fluid separates the serosae

Figure 1.10a

Figure 1.10b

Oral and digestiveOral and digestive – mouth and cavities of the digestive organs

NasalNasal –located within and posterior to the nose

OrbitalOrbital – house the eyes Middle earMiddle ear – contain bones (ossicles)

that transmit sound vibrations SynovialSynovial – joint cavities

Umbilical Epigastric Hypogastric Right and left iliac or

inguinal Right and left lumbar Right and left

hypochondriac

Figure 1.11a

Figure 1.11b

Right upper (RUQ) Left upper (LUQ) Right lower (RLQ) Left lower (LLQ)

Figure 1.12

In anatomical position, the palms are forward or backward

The liver is superior or inferior to the diaphragm

The wrist is proximal or distal to the hand.

The sole of the foot is on the anterior or posterior part of the body

Caudal refers to the head or tail of the body

The ears are located on the medial or lateral side of the head