lab 4 - the skeletal system
DESCRIPTION
Anatomy & PhysiologyTRANSCRIPT
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The Skeletal The Skeletal SystemSystem
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Functions of the Skeletal Functions of the Skeletal systemsystem
SupportSupport Protection Protection MovementMovement Blood cell formationBlood cell formation Storage of calcium Storage of calcium Storage of fatStorage of fat
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Structure Structure of Long of Long BoneBone•Articular cartilage – Articular cartilage – hyaline cartilagehyaline cartilage•Compact bone – Compact bone – haversian systemhaversian system•Spongy bone – red Spongy bone – red bone marrowbone marrow•Red bone marrow – Red bone marrow – production of red production of red blood cellsblood cells•Yellow bone marrow Yellow bone marrow – adipose tissue– adipose tissue•Periosteum – Periosteum – connective tissue connective tissue membranemembrane
Long bone from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f6-4c_gross_anatomy_of__c.jpg
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Compact BoneCompact Bone
Haversian system from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Compact_bone_-_ground_cross_section.jpg
Haversian canalLongitudinal channel containing small blood vessels and nerve fibers
Osteocyte in lacunaeSpider-shaped cell in tight space
Haversian system/ Osteon
CanaliculiProjections of the osteocyte for nutrients and communication
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Spongy BoneSpongy Bone
Spongy bone from: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Spongy_bone_-_trabecules.jpg
Comprised of Comprised of traberculae (small traberculae (small plates of osseous plates of osseous tissue) and red tissue) and red bone marrowbone marrow
Located at the Located at the epiphysis of long epiphysis of long bone and the bone and the center of other center of other bonesbones
Trabercula
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ACTIVITYACTIVITY
Activity 4.1.1 Bone anatomyActivity 4.1.1 Bone anatomy Activity 4.1.2 The structure of BoneActivity 4.1.2 The structure of Bone
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Axial SkeletonAxial Skeleton
The axial skeleton is composed of The axial skeleton is composed of the:the: Skull Skull
Cranium and facial bonesCranium and facial bones
VertebraeVertebrae Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and
coccygeal vertebraecoccygeal vertebrae
Ribs and sternumRibs and sternum
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Joints of the SkullJoints of the Skull
The bones are the The bones are the skull (except for skull (except for the mandible) a the mandible) a joined at fibrous, joined at fibrous, immovable joints immovable joints called suturescalled sutures
Suture from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/Michael.Gregory/files/Bio%20102/Bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/immovable_joint.jpg
Lambdoid sutureSeparates the occipital (O) from the parietal bones (P)
O
P P
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FontanellesFontanelles
Fetal skulls from: http://www.biologycorner.com/anatomy/skeletal/bones_skull_fetal.jpg & http://homes.bio.psu.edu/people/faculty/strauss/anatomy/skel/pics/Fetal%20Skull%20copy.jpg
Fontalnelles – areas where bone formation is incomplete; flexible regions that allow the skull to compress during the birth process
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SkullSkull
Anterior skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-4t_anterior_view_of__c.jpg
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SkullSkull
Lateral skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-6t_lateral_view_of_t_c.jpg
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SkullSkull
Internal skull from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-9t_superior_view_of__c.jpg
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ACTIVITYACTIVITY
Activity 4.2.1 Skull bonesActivity 4.2.1 Skull bones Activity 4.2.2 Birth of a babyActivity 4.2.2 Birth of a baby Activity 4.2.3 Skull tutorialActivity 4.2.3 Skull tutorial Activity 4.2.4 Skull quizActivity 4.2.4 Skull quiz
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VertebraeVertebrae
Vertebral column from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-28_vertebral_column_c.jpg
Except for C1 and C2, Except for C1 and C2, each has: a body, each has: a body, spinous process, two spinous process, two transverse processes transverse processes and a vertebral foramenand a vertebral foramen
CurvaturesCurvatures Primary – thoracic Primary – thoracic
and sacraland sacral Secondary – cervical Secondary – cervical
and lumbarand lumbar
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Atlas and AxisAtlas and Axis
Atlas and axis: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f7-30c_axis_and_atlas_p_g.jpg
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Types of VertebraeTypes of Vertebrae
Vertebrae from: http://www.anatomy.tv/StudyGuides/images/vertebrae.jpg
Note the differences of the three bones in respect to the:1.Body (B)2.Transverse process (TP)3.Spinous process (SP)4.Vertebral foramen (VF)
B B BTP
TP
TP
VFVFVF
SPSP SP
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Thoracic cageThoracic cage
Thoracic cage from: your Memmler’s textbook pg. 102 (see how important your text is!)
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ACTIVITYACTIVITY
Activity 4.3.1 Human Anatomy – Activity 4.3.1 Human Anatomy – Vertebral columnVertebral column
Activity 4.3.2 Vertebral column Activity 4.3.2 Vertebral column tutorialstutorials
Activity 4.3.3 Vertebral column Activity 4.3.3 Vertebral column quizzesquizzes
Activity 4.3.4 Thoracic cage tutorialsActivity 4.3.4 Thoracic cage tutorials Activity 4.3.5 Thoracic cage quizzesActivity 4.3.5 Thoracic cage quizzes
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Appendicular SkeletonAppendicular Skeleton
Pectoral girdlePectoral girdle Arm, forearm and handArm, forearm and hand Pelvic girdlePelvic girdle Thigh, leg and footThigh, leg and foot
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Pectoral girdlePectoral girdle
Pectoral girdle from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/pectoral_girdle.jpg
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ScapulaScapula
Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/02/Scapula_post.jpg
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ScapulaScapula
Scapulas from: http://www.arthursclipart.org/medical/skeletal/scapula%20left%202.gif and http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Scapula_ant.jpg
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ClavicleClavicle
Clavicles from: http://abondok.jeeran.com/Upper_limb/00clavicle.jpg and http://www.montgomerycollege.edu/~wolexik/Clavicle-superior.jpg
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ArticulationsArticulations
X ray of Pectoral girdle from: http://content.answers.com/main/content/img/oxford/Oxford_Body/019852403x.shoulder.1.jpg
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HumeruHumeruss
Humerus from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-4a_right_humerus_ant_c.jpg
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Ulna and radiusUlna and radius
Ulna and radius from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/fankhauser/Labs/Anatomy_&_Physiology/A&P201/Skeletal/selected_bones/radius_ulna_dis_PB060017_lbd.JPG
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HandHand
Hand from: http://www.physioweb.org/IMAGES/hand.jpg
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ACTIVITY ACTIVITY
Activity 4.4.1 Upper limb tutorialsActivity 4.4.1 Upper limb tutorials Activity 4.4.2 Upper limb quizzesActivity 4.4.2 Upper limb quizzes
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Pelvic GirdlePelvic Girdle
Pelvis from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-7_pelvis_c.jpg
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Male vs. Female pelvisMale vs. Female pelvis
Pelvic bones from: http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3034/2283718939_0939370dc0.jpg
Characteristic Male Female
Illiac walls More verticalNarrow
More flaredWide
Bone thickness Thicker (heavier)
Thinner (lighter)
Acetabula Larger; closer Smaller; farther apart
Pubic angle Acute Broader
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Male vs. Female pelvisMale vs. Female pelvis
Pelvic bones from: http://anthropology.si.edu/writteninbone/male_female.html
Characteristic Male Female
Coccyx Curved ventrally
Straighter
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FemurFemur
Femur from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/femur-left-femur-medicalpages.jpg
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PatellaPatella
Patella from: http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_mckinley/f8-12_patella_c.jpg
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Tibia and fibulaTibia and fibula
Tibia and fibula from: http://www.medicalpages.co.uk/images/orthopaedics/tibia-and-fibula-left-tibia-fibula-medicalpages.jpg
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FootFoot
Foot from: http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/bio%20102/bio%20102%20lectures/Motor%20Systems/foot.jpg
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ACTIVITY 5ACTIVITY 5
Activity 4.5.1 Lower limb tutorialActivity 4.5.1 Lower limb tutorial Activity 4.5.2 Lower limb quizActivity 4.5.2 Lower limb quiz
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The ENDThe END
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ReferncesRefernces
Cohen, B. J. and J. J. Taylor (2009). Memmler's Structure and Function of the Human Body. Baltimore, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
Marieb, E. N. and K. Hoehn (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology. San Francisco, Benjamin Cummings.