lab 5 the appendicular skeleton, fetal skeleton & the joints j.r. schiller, ph.d., g.r., pitts,...
TRANSCRIPT
Lab 5The Appendicular
Skeleton, Fetal Skeleton & the Joints
J.R. Schiller, Ph.D., G.R., Pitts, Ph.D., and A.L. Thompson, Ph.D.
Lab 5 Activities
1. The appendicular skeleton2. The fetal skeleton3. Joint models4. Joint classifications (structural
and functional)5. Types of joints 6. Movements allowed at a joint
The Appendicular Skeleton (tan)
Appendicular SkeletonThe bones appended to the axial
skeleton: Can be broken down into subgroups to
facilitate learning:• Pectoral girdle attaches upper appendages• Upper appendage: arm, forearm, wrist, hand• Pelvic girdle attaches lower appendages
– Be able to distinguish male versus female– Especially important as relates to childbirth
• Lower appendage: thigh, leg, ankle, foot Learn all bones and bone markings on the
list on p.5-2 of the lab manual
Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
*
Male versus Female Pelves
The angle of the pubic arch is key
Reflects larger pelvic inlet/outlet of female
Other sexual differences of Pelves
Females have wide, broad greater sciatic notches, moderate to deep preauricular sulci, auricular surfaces in females exhibit moderate to pronounced elevation compared to same features of male pelve
Bones of the Right FootNeed know only
talus and calcaneous of tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
Arches of the FootThe Triple Arch Design greatly increases efficiency of Bipedal Locomotion.
Lab 6: The Fetal Skeleton and Articulations
The Fetal SkeletonThe red areas
represent the ossified parts of bones
The Fetal Skull• Intramembranous ossification• Sutures fuse after birth• flexible to squeeze through pelvic outlet• skull can expand to accommodate brain growth.
Fontanels
Classification of JointsStructural
Fibrous - bones joined by fibrous connective tissue; no joint cavity
Cartilaginous - bones joined by cartilage; no joint cavity
Synovial - bones separated by fluid filled cavity
Functional Synarthroses - non-movable Amphiarthroses - slightly movable Diarthroses - freely movable
Fibrous JointsSuture - wavy
border with dense fibrous connective tissue which penetrates into both bone
Syndesmosis - connected by a ligament
Gomphosis - peg in a socket (teeth)
Cartilaginous JointsSynchondroses
hyaline cartilage epiphyseal plate
• most limb bones most ribs to sternum
Symphyses fibrocartilage pelvis, vertebrae
Synovial JointsGeneral Structure
articular cartilage synovial (joint) cavity articular capsule synovial fluid reinforcing ligaments meniscus – (not
illustrated)• fibrocartilage pad,• e.g., tempero-
mandibular joint (TMJ) and tibio-femoral (knee) joint
Gliding (plane) joint
Flat planes gliding over each other
Intercarpal and intertarsal joints
Hinge JointsCylindrical
projection fits into a notch
Ulna and humerus
Tibia and femur
Interphalangeal joints
Pivot JointsRounded end of one
bone protrudes into sleeve or ring of bone or ligaments
Atlas (C1) and dens of the axis (C2)
Proximal radio-ulnar joint
Condyloid JointsRounded
(convex) articulating surface of one bone fits into concave depression on the other bone
Radio-carpal joints
Metacarpal-phalangeal joints
Saddle JointsEach articular
surface has both convex and concave areas
Carpo-metacarpal joint of the thumb
Ball and Socket JointsSpherical or
hemispherical head of one bone articulates with cuplike socket
Provides greatest rotational flexibility
ShoulderHipSpecial cases of a
condyloid joint which is capable of circumduction
Know the Terminology for Types of Motions in Your Lab Guide
GlidingRotationFlexion/ExtensionAbduction/AdductionCircumductionSpecial Movements
Total Knee Replacement; ~$16,000