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Immunology Lab.2

Lab Equipments

Dr. Tola FARAJ Ms. Chnar HussamLecturer and Researcher Research Assistant____________________________________________________________________________________________

Centrifuge Incubator Autoclave Oven Spectrophotometer Cuvette Microplate Reader Microplate Washer Microplate Well Microplate Wells Shaker

DURAN bottle SHAKER Micropipette Pipette Tips Micropipette Rack Micropipette Tips Rack Pasteur Pipette, or Dropper Syringes Tourniquet Blood Collection Tubes Homogenizer

pH meter Laboratory Fridge Lab Deep Freezer Magnetic Stirrer and Heater Single Tube shaker (Vortex) Multi-tube Shaker Roller Mixers Cover Slip & Microscopic

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Lab Equipments

Dr. Tola FARAJ Lecturer and Researcher

Centrifuge

It is important to separate the cellular and liquidportions of a blood specimen as soon as possiblewhen the test requires a sample of serum orplasma. This is because the cells interact with theserum/plasma, altering its chemical compositionand affecting test results.

Normal vs hemolysis serum sampleDr. Tola FARAJ Lecturer and Researcher

What is the principle of the centrifuge machine?

A centrifuge works by using the principleof sedimentation: Under the influence ofgravitational force (g-force), substancesseparate according to their density,particles are concentrated as a pellet atthe bottom of the centrifuge tube andseparated from the remaining solution,called supernatant.


Types of centirfuge

1. Clinical Centrifuge Clinical centrifuge machines are the most basic machineries in any clinic. Thisequipment is used to test liquid found inside the living being. It separatesplasma/serum from the blood.

Revolutions Per Minute (RPM)_ is simply a

measurement of how fast the centrifuge rotor does afull rotation in one minute.

Relative Centrifugal Force (RCF)_ or g-force,

is a measurement of the gravitational force that asample is subject to.

2. Hematocrit Centrifuge

An instrument that uses centrifugation to measure the ratio of the volume ofred blood cells to the total volume of blood, RBC column height is reported asHCT.

Microcentrifuge tube

Eppendorf Tubes are single-use tubesmade from polypropylene (thermoplasticpolymer) for preparing, mixing,centrifuging, transporting, and storingsolid and liquid samples and reagents.

The product can be used for training,routine, and research laboratories in theareas of life sciences, industry, orchemistry.

Microcentrifuge tube capacities rangefrom 0.5 to 2.0 mL with the most populartube volume being 1.5 ml.

1 mL = 1000 µL


Incubator

Incubators are used in modernresearch laboratories to maintain astable environment for processes suchas growing cells and microbiologicalcultures.

Incubator's Temperature 37°C


Autoclave

An autoclave is used in medical and laboratorysettings to sterilize lab equipment and waste.Autoclave sterilization works by using heat tokill microorganisms such as bacteria and spores.The heat is delivered by pressurized steam.

Autoclaves use steam under pressure ofapproximately 15 pounds per square inch toachieve a chamber temperature of at least 121°Cfor a prescribed time, usually 30–60 minutes.


Oven – Drying Oven

Ovens – Also called drying ovens are used to removemoisture from objects and for sterilize the laboratoryglassware through heat that produced from thesidewalls.

The drying oven temperature from 180 to around 300℃.


Spectrophotometer

Spectrophotometers are used to measure theconcentration of substance in a solution. Theydo this by passing a light through thesubstance and measuring light intensity as afunction of wavelength.

Spectrophotometry is a standard technique tomeasure light absorption or the amount ofchemicals in a solution. It uses a light beamthat passes through the sample, and eachcompound in the solution absorbs or transmitslight over a certain wavelength.


Cuvette

Cuvettes are a crucial piece of equipment in laboratories that are utilizing lighttransfer reading.

Manufactured with quartz, glass, or plastic, and come in disposable or reusableoptions.

A microplate reader is a laboratory instrument thatis used to measure chemical, biological or physicalreactions, properties, and analytes within the wellof a microplate

An ELISA reader measures and quantitates thecolor differences in the wells of the plate.

ELISA readers or microplate readers dospectrophotometry; they emit light at a specificwavelength and measure the amount of lightabsorbed by an object such as a protein.

Microplate Reader


Microplate Washer

Microplate washers are laboratory instrumentsdesigned to control the procedure of washingexperimental samples arranged in plate-basedformats.

Microplate washers are also employed to wash cellcultures, protein arrays, Western blots, and beadsas well as applied in DNA purification protocols.


Microplate Well

A microplate well is a polystyrene plate consisting of microwells of either U- or V-shape. Grouping is carried out in microwells. This method is sensitive and ideal for alarge number of samples. Microplate typically has 6, 12, 24, 48, 96, 384 or 1536 samplewells.

Microplate Wells Shaker

Microplate shakers are ideal for cell lysis, mixingtissue samples or cytogenetic suspensions, andvortexing cell suspensions.

Applications may include immunoassays, ELISA,cell cultures, denaturation of nucleic acids andproteins.


A shaker is a piece of laboratoryequipment used to mix, blend, or agitatesubstances in a tube, bottle or flask byshaking them. It is mainly used in thefields of chemistry and biology.

DURAN bottle SHAKER


Micropipette

A micropipette is a common, yet essentiallaboratory instrument used to accuratelyand precisely transfer volumes of liquid inthe microliter range.

2. Single-Channel Pipette

The single-channel variable pipette also referredto as the micropipette, Micropipettes are used totransfer a small amount of liquid, usually down to0.1 µL, from one vessel to another.

1. Multichannel Pipette

Multichannel pipettes generally come with either8 or 12 pipette heads, easily allowing for a singledevice to fill multiple wells at a single time. Thisenables the user to quickly and easily fill multi-well plates used in tissue culture, drug screening,or enzyme assays.

1. Set the volume on the pipette.2. Depress the plunger.3. Immerse the tip to the correct depth, which can vary by the pipette and tip, and

smoothly let the plunger go to its resting position.4. Wait about one second for the liquid to flow into the tip.

Steps to follow when using a micropipette


Pipette Tips

Pipette Tips are disposable, autoclavableattachments for the uptake and dispensing ofliquids using a micropipette.

Micropipettes can be used in severallaboratories, a research/diagnostic lab can usemicropipette tips to dispense liquids into awell plate for PCR assays.


Micropipette Rack

The main purpose of the use of pipette stand isto_

Reduce the cross-contamination risk betweenpipettes or from benchtop to your pipettes.

Provide organized storage and protection.

Make access to pipets easier and offer supportfor the elongated shape and somewhat fragilenature of glass pipets.

Micropipette Tips Rack

Holders and replacement trays for disposable pipette tips, designed and packagedto facilitate the reuse of pipette tip boxes to reduce the overall amount of plasticwaste.


An eye dropper, also known as a Pasteur pipette, or dropper, is a device usedto transfer small quantities of liquids. The eye dropper, both glass and plastictypes, can be sterilized and plugged with a rubber bulb at the open end of thepipette preventing any contamination from the atmosphere.

Pasteur Pipette, or Dropper

Syringes_ devices used to inject medicationinto or withdraw fluid from the body,thereare different types and size.

Syringes

A tourniquet is a device that is placed around a bleeding arm or leg. Tourniquetswork by squeezing large blood vessels. The squeezing helps stop blood loss.

Tourniquet

Blood Collection Tubes

There are different types of blood collectiontubes there are separated accordingdifferent colors each tube can be use fordifferent blood test.

Homogenizer

Homogenizers are used to blend chemical orbiological samples. This often includes lysing ofcells to form one homogenous suspension.

pH meter

pH meter is a scientific instrument that measures the hydrogen-ion activity insolutions, indicating its acidity or basicity (alkalinity) expressed as pH value. Theprinciple of pH meter is the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution.

A large concentration of H+ ions tells us that the pH is acidic. Similarly, a large concentration of OH− ions means that the pH is basic.

Laboratory Fridge

A laboratory fridge is used by healthcare facilities andprofessionals to store samples and specimens, as well asvaccines and medicines, at a specific temperature toensure they do not become spoiled.

Refrigerator Temperature at or below 4°C

Lab Deep Freezer

Deep freezers are used to preserve and store medicalkits, blood samples, medicines and injections, etc. for along period of time.

A freezer temperature range of –20 to –40 °C provides safe and stable storage conditions for many types of cells and reagents.

A magnetic stirrer is a device widely used in laboratories and consists of arotating magnet that creates a rotating magnetic field. This device is used tomake a stir bar, immerse in a liquid, quickly spin, or stirring or mixing a solution.

Magnetic Stirrer and Heater

Single Tube shaker (Vortex)

In a vortex mixer, the motor drives the rubber cup in a circular motion to create avortex, or spiral flow, in a sample. The idea is to place what needs to be mixed,such as a test tube, into the rubber piece so that it will rotate as well.


Multitube Shaker

Designed to hold multiple test tubes, testtube racks, vials, or cylinders. Vortexingaction is created by securing the top ofthe vessel in place while allowing thebottom to move freely.


Roller Mixers

are ideal for mixing blood samples.

Cover Slip & Microscopic Slide

Is a small square or circle of thin glass called a coverslip which is placed overthe specimen. It protects the microscope and prevents the slide from dryingout when it's being examined.


Thank You____________________________________________________________________________________________

lab equipments - lecture-notes.tiu.edu.iq

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