lab manual - welcome to channabasaveshwara … and lic lab_iv sem.pdflab manual ( 2016 – ‘17)...

QMP 7.1 D/F

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology (An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)

NH 206 (B.H. Road), Gubbi, Tumkur – 572 216. Karnataka.

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

LAB MANUAL

( 2016 – ‘17)

15EEL48

OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY

IV Semester E&E Engineering

Name : _________________________________________________

U S N : _________________________________________________

Batch : _____________________ Section : _______________



Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY Version 1.0

Feb 2017

Prepared by: Reviewed by:

Mrs.Prathibha T Mrs. Lokanathan M S

Mrs. Roopa S Assistant Professor

Assistant Professor

Approved by:

Prof. V C Kumar

Professor & Head,

Dept. of EEE

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)


OUR VISION

To create centers of excellence in education and to serve the society by enhancing the quality of

life through value based professional leadership.

OUR MISSION

To provide high quality technical and professionally relevant education in a diverse learning

environment.

To provide the values that prepare students to lead their lives with personal integrity,

professional ethics and civic responsibility in a global society.

To prepare the next generation of skilled professionals to successfully compete in the diverse

global market.

To promote a campus environment that welcomes and honors women and men of all races,

creeds and cultures, values and intellectual curiosity, pursuit of knowledge and academic

integrity and freedom.

To offer a wide variety of off-campus education and training programmes to individuals and

groups.

To stimulate collaborative efforts with industry, universities, government and professional

societies.

To facilitate public understanding of technical issues and achieve excellence in the operations of

the institute.

QUALITY POLICY

Our organization delights customers (students, parents and society) by providing value added

quality education to meet the national and international requirements. We also provide necessary

steps to train the students for placement and continue to improve our methods of education to the

students through effective quality management system, quality policy and quality objectives.

Channabasaveshwara Institute of Technology

(An ISO 9001:2008 Certified Institution)


DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

VISION:

To be a department of excellence in electrical and electronics Engineering education and

Research, thereby to provide technically competent and ethical professionals to serve the society.

MISSION:

To provide high quality technical and professionally relevant education in the field of

electrical engineering.

To prepare the next generation of electrically skilled professionals to successfully compete in

the diverse global market.

To nurture their creative ideas through research activities.

To promote research and development in electrical technology and management for the

benefit of the society.

To provide right ambience and opportunities for the students to develop into creative,

talented and globally competent professionals in electrical sector.

SYLLABUS


Sub Code: 15EEL48 IA Marks: 20

Hrs/ Week: 03 Exam Hours: 03

Total Hrs. 42 Exam Marks: 80

1. Design and verify a precision full wave rectifier. Determine the performance

parameters.

2 . Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op – amp amplifier under

Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given gain.

3. Design and verify the output waveform of an op – amp RC phase shift oscillator for a

desired frequency.

4. Design and realize Schmitt trigger circuit using an op – amp for desired upper trip

point (UTP) and lower trip point (LTP).

5. Verify the operation of an op – amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and (b) zero

crossing detector.

6. Design and verify the operation of op – amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c)

integrator and (d) differentiator.

7. Design and realize an op – amp based first order Butterworth (a) low pass (b) high

pass and (c) band pass filters for a given cut off frequency/frequencies to verify the

frequency response characteristic.

8. Design and realize an op – amp based function generator to generate sine, square and

triangular waves of desired frequency.

9. Design and realization of R – 2R ladder DAC.

10. Realization of Two bit Flash ADC.

11. Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse.

12 . Designing of Fixed voltage power supply (voltage regulator) using IC regulators 78

series and 79 series.

‘Instructions to the Candidates’

1. Students should come with thorough preparation for the experiment to

be conducted.

2. Students will not be permitted to attend the laboratory unless they bring

the practical record fully completed in all respects pertaining to the

experiment conducted in the previous class.

3. Experiment should be started only after the staff-in-charge has checked

the circuit diagram.

4. All the calculations should be made in the observation book. Specimen

calculations for one set of readings have to be shown in the practical

record.

5. Wherever graphs are to be drawn, A-4 size graphs only should be used

and the same should be firmly attached to the practical record.

6. Practical record should be neatly maintained.

7. The students should obtain the signature of the staff-in-charge in the

observation/manual book after completing each experiment.

8. Theory regarding each experiment should be written in the practical

record before procedure in your own words.

‘Instructions to the students’

1. Come prepared to the lab with relevant theory about the experiment you

are conducting.

2. Before switching on the power supply, make sure that the voltage knobs

are in minimum position and current knobs are in maximum position.

3. While using electrolytic capacitors, connect them in the right polarity.

4. Before doing the circuit connection, check the active components, CRO

probes, equipment etc., for their good working condition.

5. Do not use the multimeter, if the low battery indication comes

6. While using function generators make sure that DC offset is off


Course objectives

1. To understand the importance of op-amp in various applications like Precision Rectifiers,

Filters, and DAC.

2. To design the non-linear application of op-amp such as Schmitt circuit.

3. To study and design the application of 555 timer like monostable multivibrator.

4. Familiarize the conversion of data from Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog.

5. Design and construct waveform generation circuits using op-amp.

Course outcomes

After completing this course the students will be able to,

1. Understand the various applications of linear IC’s like 741 and 555 timer.

2. Define significance of Op Amps and their importance.

3. Build circuits using Analog IC’s.

4. In-depth knowledge of applying the concepts in real time applications.

5. Ability to use OP Amp as Summer, Subtractor.

6. Able to use OP Amp to generate sine, square and triangular wave forms.

7. Able to use OP Amp as analog to digital and digital to analog converter.

8. Design and explain the Analog to Digital conversion operation and vice versa



DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGG.

CONTENTS

Exp.

No Title of the Experiment

Page

No

1 Design and verify a precision full wave rectifier. Determine the

performance parameters. 2

2

Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op – amp

amplifier under Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given

gain. 6

3

Design and verify the output waveform of an op – amp RC phase shift

oscillator for a desired frequency. 10

4 Design and realize Schmitt trigger circuit using an op – amp for desired

upper trip point (UTP) and lower trip point (LTP). 14

5 Verify the operation of an op – amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and

(b) zero crossing detector. 18

6 Design and verify the operation of op – amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor

(c) integrator and (d) differentiator. 20

7 Design and realize an op – amp based first order Butterworth (a) low pass (b) high pass and (c) band pass filters for a given cut off frequency/frequencies to verify the frequency response characteristic.

26

8 Design and realize an op – amp based function generator to generate sine,

square and triangular waves of desired frequency. 34

9 Design and realization of R – 2R ladder DAC. 36

10 Realization of Two bit Flash ADC. 40

11 Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified

pulse. 42

12 Designing of Fixed voltage power supply (voltage regulator) using IC

regulators 78 series and 79 series. 46

References 49

Annexure

Viva Questions 50

Question Bank 52

Appendix 53

OP- AMP AND LINEAR ICS LABORATORY: 15EEL48 2016-2017

Dept. of EEE, CIT, Gubbi, Tumkur – 572 216 1

Full wave Precision Rectifier (FWPR) Circuit Diagram:

Waveforms of FWPR: Transfer characteristics:

Rf =10k

Vo

7

4

-

-

+

μA 741

6

5

2

3

15V

1

-15V

-

-

+

μA 741

5

2

3

15V

1

6

-15V

R

10kΩ

R

10kΩ

Rf

10kΩ

Ri =1k

Vi

7

4

D2

BY127

D1

BY127

Vin

t

V2

t

VO

t

V1

t

Vo

Vin



Experiment No. : 1 Date: ___/____/_______

FULL WAVE PRECISION RECTIFIERS

Aim : To design full wave precision rectifiers for given specifications and to determine the

performance parameters.

Apparatus :

Sl. No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1. Op-amp A 741 02

2. Diode BY 127 02

3. Resistors As per design -

4. Multimeter 01

5. Adopter 01

6. CRO + Probes 01 Set

7. Spring board + Connecting wires 01 Set

Procedure :

1. Connections are made as shown in circuit diagram.

2. A sinusoidal input of frequency 100Hz and amplitude 0.5V is applied from a function

generator.

3. Rectified output is observed on the CRO. To get equal amplification in both cycles the DC

offset from function generator is carefully adjusted.

4. Input and output voltage levels are noted.

5. A plot of Vo V/S Vi plotted by feeding Vi to channel A and Vo to channel B and time knob to

X via A mode.



Design of FWPR:

Specification : For 10VA

110 & 1 , 10f i iChoose R K R K R K

1 2

1

10 1010

1 10

f f

V

i i

R R K KA A A

R R K K

For 1VA ,

Choose Rf = 10kΩ & Ri = 10kΩ

1 2

10 101

10 10

f f

V

i i

R R K KA A A

R R K K

Result :

Tabular column :

Sl. No. Theoretical values of AV Practical values of AV

FWPR:

1.

2.



Circuit Diagram:

Inverting amplifier:

Non-inverting amplifier:




Frequency response of an op – amp amplifier under Inverting and non -

inverting configuration

Aim: To design inverting and non-inverting amplifier for a given gain and analyse the frequency

response of an op-amp amplifier.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.

No. Particulars Range Quantity

1. Op Amp µA741 - 01


3. CRO Probes - 03

4. Multi meter - 01

5. Fixed voltage power supply ±15V 01

6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Procedure:

1. Rig up the circuit as shown in figure.

2. Connect the Vcc, VEE supply as +15V and -15V carefully to the respective pins of the

IC - µA 741

3. Set the suitable frequency & amplitude in the source (Vsin) to get the distortion less output.

Note down the amplitude of the input signal.

4. Keeping the input amplitude constant, Vary the frequency in suitable steps and note down

the corresponding output amplitude.

5. Calculate AV and gain in decibels. Plot a graph of frequency Vs gain in dB. From the graph

calculate f L, f H and band width.



Design:

Inverting amplifier:

Given Gain Value ( Av ) =1

Let R1 = 10KΩ

C1=C2=0.1µF

1

2

R

RAv : Therefore R2 = 10KΩ.

Non-inverting amplifier:

Given Av= 2

11

R

RA

f

v

Let R1 = 10KΩ Therefore Rf = 10KΩ

Ideal Graph :

f L = Lower cutoff frequency f H = Higher cutoff frequency



Result:

Tabular column:

Vi = ___________ V

F in Hz Vo in Volt AV = Vo / Vi Gain in dB = 20*log AV



Circuit Diagram:

RC-PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR

Output waveform

Vo

T



Experiment No. : 3 Date: __ /__ / _____

RC-Phase Shift Oscillator using Op-Amp

Aim: Design and verify the output waveform of an op – amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired

Frequency.

Apparatus Required:

Sl.

No. Particulars Range Quantity

1. Op Amp µA741 01

2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -

3. CRO Probes - 1 Set

4. Multi meter - 01


6. Spring board and connecting wires - -

Procedure:

1. Components / equipment are tested for their good working condition.

2. Connections are made as shown in the diagram.

3. Dual power supply (15V) is switched ON and feedback resistor Rf is adjusted to get

sustained oscillations.

4. Observe the output wave form on CRO and measure the frequency.

5. Verify the frequency with the designed value.



Design:

Result:

fo Theoretical = _____________ Hz

fo Practical = _______________ Hz



Circuit Diagram:

Wave forms:

Transfer characteristics:




SCHMITT TRIGGER

Aim : To design a Schmitt trigger circuit for the given specifications and hence to plot its output

wave form and transfer characteristics.

Apparatus :

Sl.No. Particulars Range Quantity

1. Op-amp µA741 01

2. Resistors as per design -

3. Multimeter 01

4. Spring board & connecting wires 01 Set

Procedure :

1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. A sinusoidal input whose amplitude is greater than the magnitude of the UTP & LTP is

applied, a square wave output is obtained and observed on the CRO.

3. UTP & LTP points are noted.

4. To obtain transfer characteristics, input is applied to channel A and output to channel B.

5. UTP & LTP are measured on the transfer characteristics.

Note : The amplitude of the input voltage should be greater than the magnitude of

UTP & LTP level.



Design :

Specifications :UTP = 6V, LTP = -2V

1 2

1 2 1 2

1 2

1 2 1 2

6 1

2 2

R sat

R sat

V R V RUTP

R R R R

V R V RLTP

R R R R

2

1 2

1

1 2

1 2 8 2 3

1 2 4 2 4

sat

R

V RUTP LTP

R R

V RUTP LTP

R R

Let Vsat = 12 V & R2 = 10kΩ

kR 20)3( 1

4 3RV V

Result :

Tabular Column:

Sl.

No.

UTP LTP

Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.



Circuit Diagram:

(a) Voltage comparator circuit

Wave forms:

(b) Zero crossing detector.

Wave forms:




Voltage comparator and Zero crossing detector

Aim: To verify the operation of an op – amp as voltage comparator and zero crossing detector.

Apparatus:


1. Op-amp µA 741 02

2. Resistors - -

3. Multimeter 01

4. Adopter 01



Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the figure

2. Apply the supply voltages of +15V to pin 7 and -15V to pin 4 of IC 741 respectively

from IC Trainer kit. Connect the ground to the ground point.

3. Set the reference voltage as 1V DC.

4. Apply sine wave of 10Vp-p with1KHz frequency from the function generator as Vi.

5. Check the output in CRO and calculate the amplitude of the output wave form.

6. Compare the output wave form amplitude with input signal amplitude.

Result:

Vref(V) Vi (V) Vo(V)



Circuit Diagram:

(a) ADDER

Design: Rf = 10k R1 = R2 = 10k

If R1 = R2 = Rf = R, then

V0 = - (V1 + V2)

(b) Subtractor

Design: Rf & R = 10k , R1 & R2 = 10k

If Rf = R1 = R2 = R, then V0 = V2 - V1

Vo = V2 – V1




Verify the operation of op – amp as an adder, subtractor, integrator and

differentiator

Aim: Design and verify the operation of op – amp as an adder, sub tractor, integrator and differentiator.

Apparatus:


1. Op-amp µA 741 02


3. Multimeter 01



PROCEDURE:


2. Apply AC input signal to the input terminals of an op-amp.

3. By adjusting the amplitude and frequency knobs of the function generator, appropriate

input voltage is applied to the inverting input terminal of the Op-Amp.

4. Observe the output wave forms on CRO.

5. Measure the DC output voltage using multimeter.



C. Integrator

Design:

Given: Triangular output waveform with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 4 V

The input is a ±5 V square wave with a frequency of 500 Hz

C1=0.1 µF

msf

Tt 1

2

1

2

Vv 4

At

vCI 4001

1

KI

VR i 5.12

400

5

1

1

R2=20R1=250 KΩ (270KΩ)

R3=R1



Waveforms:

d) Differentiator

.

Waveforms:



Design:

Design a differentiating circuit to give an output of 5V when input changes by 1V in a time of 100 µs.Use

an op-amp with a bipolar input stage.

I1 ≥≥ IB(max)

I1=500 µA

KI

VR 10

500

5

1

02

FV

tIC 05.01

1

50020

21

RR

R3=R2

VCC ≥ ±(V0+3V)

Result:

Tabular Column:

V1 V2 Vo theoretical Vo practical

Adder

Subtractor



Integrator:

Input- Square wave Output -Triangular wave

Amplitude Time period Amplitude Time period

Input-Sine wave Output -Cosine wave


Differentiator:

Input- square wave Output -Spikes


Input- sine wave Output -cosine




Circuit Diagram :

Low pass Filter

Expected graph :




FIRST ORDER BUTTER WORTH ACTIVE LOW PASS &

HIGH PASS FILTER

Aim: To conduct an experiment to study the frequency response of an 1st order active Low

Pass and High Pass Filter.

Apparatus:


1. Op-amp μA 741 01

2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design 04

3. CRO + Probes - 01 set

4. Adaptor - 01

5. Spring board + connecting wires - 01 set

Procedure:

1. Check the components/Equipments for their working condition.


3. Apply sine eave signal of amplitude 5V peak to peak(approximately).

4. Vary the frequency and note down the corresponding output amplitude.

5. Tabulate the readings and plot a graph of frequency Vs Gain in dB.



Design :

Specification : Pass Band Gain (Av ) = 1.586

Cut-off frequency fH = 5kHz

) 1

10

101.586 1 17.064

f

V

A

f

A

A

Ri A

R

Assume R K

KR K

R

fH = 1 / (2RC)

Assume C = 0.1µF Then 3 6

1 1318 330

2 2 5 10 0.1 10H

R Use stdf C X X X X

R1 = R = 318 Ω

Tabular Column :

Vi = _______________ V

f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi

Gain in dB = 20 Log

Av



High pass Filter

Expected graph :

3dB

+20dB/dec Gain(dB)

fL f (Hz)



Design :

Specifications : Pass Band Gain (Av ) = 1.586

Cut-off frequency fL = 5kHz

) 1

10

101.586 1 17.064

f

V

A

f

A

A

Ri A

R

Assume R K

KR K

R

The cutoff frequency fL = 1 / (2RC)

Assume C = 0.1µF Then

3 6

1 1318 330

2 2 5 10 0.1 10L


R1 = R = 318 Ω

Tabular Column :

Vi = _____________ V

f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi Gain in dB = 20 Log (Av)



Band pass filter

Expected graph :

3dB

-20dB/dec

fL fH f (Hz)

B.W

+20

dB/dec

Gain (dB)



Design :

Specification : Pass Band Gain ( Av ) = 1.586

Cutoff frequencies f L = 5 kHz, f H = 8 kHz, Bandwidth = 3 kHz

i) 1f

V

A

RA

R

1010 1.586 1 17.064f A

A

KAssume R K Then R K

R

ii) LPF:

The cutoff frequency fH = 1 / (2RaCa)

Assume Ca = 0.1µF Then

3 6

1 1198 220

2 2 8 10 0.1 10a

H


iii) HPF:

The cutoff frequency fL = 1 / (2RbCb)

Assume Cb = 0.1µF Then

3 6

1 1318 330

2 2 5 10 0.1 10b

L




Tabular Column :

For BPF: Vi = ____________ V

f in Hz Vo in Volt Av = Vo / Vi Gain in dB = 20 Log Av

Result:

Low Pass Filter : Cut off frequency, fH Theoretical = _________

Cut off frequency, fH Practical = _________

Pass band gain Av Theoretical = _________

Pass band gain Av Practical = _________

Roll off Theoretical = _________

Roll off Practical = _________

Band Pass Filter:

Cut off frequency, fH Theoretical = _________

Cut off frequency, fH Practical = _________

Cut off frequency, fL Theoretical = _________

Cut off frequency, fL Practical = _________





Bandwidth Theoretical = _________

Bandwidth Practical = _________

High Pass Filter : Cut off frequency, fL Theoretical = _________

Cut off frequency, fL Practical = _________







Circuit Diagram :

OP-amp based function generator to generate sine, triangular & square waveforms

Wave forms:




Function generator using op-amp

Aim: To generate sine, triangular & square waveforms & to determine the Frequency of oscillations.

Apparatus:


1. Op-amp LM 324 01

2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design

3. CRO + Probes - 01 set



Procedure:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram shown in Fig.

2. Vary the pot & observe the output on the CRO.

3. Calculate theoretical and practical output signal frequency and compare them.

Result:



Circuit diagram:

Design :

Specification:

Design a 4 bit R-2R DAC for an output voltage, V0 = 5V, when the input is 10V. (i.e.,

binary no. 1010).

D3 D2 D1 D0

( 10 )10 = ( 1 0 1 0 ) 2

Therefore D3 = 1 (MSB), D2 = 0, D1 = 1, D0 = 0 (LSB)

1 2

1 2 3

1

1

2 4 816

55 0 2 0 8

16

85 8

5

f foV o V i V

i

f ref

o o

f

f

f

R RV KA V A V A A A

V R K R

R VV D D D D

R

R

R

RR R

R

5 & 2 10

8f

Let R K R K

R K




4-BIT R-2R DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTER

Aim : To design 4 bit R-2R ladder DAC using Op-Amp for an output voltage of 5 V when the

input is 10 (Binary 1010).

Apparatus :

Sl.

No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1. IC µA741 02


3. Multimeter - 01

4. Base board + connecting wires - 01 Set

Procedure :


2. Digital input data is given at D3, D2, D1, D0 and corresponding analog output voltage V0 is

measured.

3. Tabulate the readings & plot the graph between Vo on y-axis Vin on X-axis.

Note :

1. D0.D1.D2 & D3 are binary input.

2. Vo is the analog output.

3. Binary inputs Do.D1.D2 & D3 can take either the value ‘0’ or ‘1’.

4. Binary input Di (i = 0 to 3) can be made ‘0’ by connecting the i/p to ground. It can be made

‘1’ by connecting to –5 V.

Logic 0 0V

Logic 1 +5V



The output voltage is proportional to the relation below

refo

o VdDDD

V

4

3

3

2

2

1

1

0

2

2222

Result :

Decimal

Value

Binary Inputs Analog O/P

Vo(volts)

Theoretical values

Analog O/P

Vo(volts)

Practical values D3 D2 D1 D0

0 0 0 0 0

1 0 0 0 1

2 0 0 1 0

3 0 0 1 1

4 0 1 0 0

5 0 1 0 1

6 0 1 1 0

7 0 1 1 1

8 1 0 0 0

9 1 0 0 1

10 1 0 1 0

11 1 0 1 1

12 1 1 0 0

13 1 1 0 1

14 1 1 1 0

15 1 1 1 1



Circuit Diagram:

Two bit Flash ADC

Truth Table of ADC

http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-PE_7XOlkqc0/T3dNn-GgVdI/AAAAAAAAAyk/8Kh_WGW-mQw/s1600/Analog+to+Digital+Converter+ADC+truth+table.png




Realization of two bit Flash ADC

Aim : To realize two bit Flash ADC

Apparatus :

Sl.

No. Particulars Specification Quantity

1. IC

LM324

7404

7432

7409

04

2. Resistors 1K 04

3. Multimeter - 01

4. Base board + connecting wires - 01 Set

Procedure :


2. Apply the different analog input voltages and note down the output.

Result:



Circuit Diagram :

Monostable multivibrator

Design :

Specification : output pulse width =Delay time =0.5 ms

Output delay time 1.1d AT R C

Let RA = 10 K Then

0.045 0.047 standard r1.1

d

A

TC F Use F capacito

R

Here 2

upper threshold voltage3

UT CCV V

Choose T T dR C T

Select 10

dT T

TR C

Output duty cycle 1

Input trigger pulse frequencydTd f

T T

Adjust input frequency ‘f ’ from the pulse generator to f = 1KHz

i.e., T = 1ms (i.e., twice the output delay time




IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse

Aim: To design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse

Apparatus :


1. IC 555 timer 01

2. Resistors & Capacitors As per design -

3. Diode BY127 02


Procedure:

1. Check the components/Equipments for their working condition.


3. Switch on the power supply and observe the output waveforms on CRO and measure Td

value and verify with the designed value.

4. observe the waveforms at different points as shown in the waveforms.

Result :

MULTIVIBRATORS Ton Toff Td

Monostable



Expected waveforms :



Circuit diagram:




Designing of Fixed voltage power supply using IC regulators

Aim: To design & construct regulated power supply using IC regulators 78 and 79 series

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL no Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Diode(BY127) - 4

2 Resistor 1KΩ 1 each

3 Step down Transformer 12-0-12 1

4 CRO - 1

5 Probes - 1set

6 Capacitors 1000µF 2

PROCEDURE:

1. Rig up the circuits as shown in the Circuit diagram.

2. Apply 230V, 50Hz input to primary of the transformer.

3. Observe the rectified output waveform across the load resistance RL.

4. Using multimeter measure voltage across resistors(V01 & V02).



Regulated power supply using IC 7812 and 7912

Graph:

Design: For without filter,

Given VDC = 12 V, IDC = 12mA,

RL = VDC / IDC = 1 k, PRL = VDC2 / RL = 0256 W

VDC = 2Vm/π , Vm = 18.37 V, Vrms = Vm / 2, So Vrms=13.43 V, ( 12 V )

Choose transformer of rating 12V - 0 – 12V / ≥ 12mA for bridge rectifier

Choose RL = 1 k / 0.256 W, C = 470 f / ≥ 12.V

IL

Vo1

Vo2

+12V

-12V



Design:(Additional calculation for with filter),

Given VDC = 12 V, IDC = 12ma, =0.006,

From = 1 / ( 4 3 fCRL ), C = 481 f, ( 470f ) ( f = 50 Hz )

Result:

Tabular Column:

Vdc Vrpp Vrrms=Vrpp / 2 3 V01 V02



REFERENCES

1. Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits by Ramakant A Gayakwad, Pearson Publications, 4th

Edition 2015.

2.Operational Amplifiers and Linear ICs by David A. Bell Oxford University Press publications,

3rd Edition 2011.

3. Linear Integrated Circuits; Analysis, Design and Applications by B. Somanthan Nair, Wiley

India Publications, 2013.

4. Linear Integrated Circuits by S. Salivahanan, etal, Mc Graw Hill publications, 2nd Edition,

2014.

5. Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits K. Lal Kishore Pearson publications, 1st

Edition, 2012.

6.Linear Integrated Circuits by Muhammad H Rashid, Cengage Learning publications, 1st

Edition,2014.

7.Op-Amps and Linear Integrated Circuits, Concept and Application by James M Fiore, Cengage

publications, 2009.



VIVA QUESTIONS

1. What is Op-amp? What are the ideal characteristics of op-amp.

2. Give the practical values of voltage gain, Zin, Zout of an op-amp.

3. What is meant by CMRR? What is its significance.

4. Why gain of op-amp should be infinite.

5. What is slew rate, output offset voltage.

6. What is meant by maximum output voltage swing.

7. What is meant by inverting amplifier.

8. What is meant by non-inverting amplifier.

9. What is a voltage follower? How do you realize a voltage follower.

10. What is a comparator?

11. Why the output of comparator is always square wave.

12. Which circuit is called regenerative comparator and why.

13. What is trip point in comparator?

14. What are the limitations of comparator?

15. What is the condition for the circuit to work as integrator and differentiator.

16. What is ZCD and give one of its applications?

17. What is summer.

18. What is Schmitt Trigger.

19. Explain the working of Schmitt trigger.

20. What is meant by UTP and LTP.

21. Define Dead band or Dead zone.

22. Mention the applications of Schmitt Trigger.

23. Define Rectifier.

24. Name the types of Rectifier.

25. What is Precision Rectifier.

26. Realize the rectifier circuits using diodes.

27. Mention types of precision rectifier.

28. Explain the working of Full Wave Precision Rectifier.

29. Define Conversion.



30. Different types of D/A Converter.

31. Working of R-2R D/A Converter.

32. What do you understand by DAC and ADC? Where is it used.

33. What is advantage of R-2R DAC over other type DAC.

34. What is resolution (step size) in a DAC.

35. What is offset error in a DAC.

36. What are the different types of ADC.

37. Which is the fastest ADC? What are its limitations.

38. Which is the most commonly used ADC.

39. What is a filter.

40. Distinguish between active and passive filters.

41. Distinguish between analog and digital filters.

42. What are the advantages of active filters over passive filters.

43. Explain the classification of filters.

44. Define low pass filter.

45. Define high pass filter.

46. Why inductors are not often used in filters.

47. What are the applications of filters.

48. Mention some of the linear applications of op–amps

49. Mention some of the non – linear applications of op-amps?

50. What happens when the common terminal of V+ and V- sources is not grounded?

51. What is a comparator?

52. Explain barkhausen criterion for oscillations?

53. What is a voltage regulator?

54. What are the advantages of IC voltage regulators?



Qusetion Bank

1. Design a schmitt trigger circuit for the given values of UTP = ____V & LTP = ____V and

draw the relevant waveforms.

2. Design a 4-bit R-2R ladder DAC to give an analog output voltage of ____ V when the

digital input voltage is ____ V.

3. Conduct an experiment on full wave precision rectifier for a given gain _______.

4. Design a first order butter worth active low pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fc =

_______KHz (<10KHz) .

5. Design a first order butter worth active high pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fc =

______KHz (<10KHz.

6. Design a first order butter worth active band pass filter for a given cutoff frequency fh =

______ KHz and fl = ______KHz.

7. Design a Monostable multivibrator for a given pulse width _________.

8. Design and realize an op – amp based function generator to generate sine, square and

triangular waves of desired frequency.

9. Realize two bit Flash ADC.

10. Design and verify an IC 555 timer based pulse generator for the specified pulse.

11. Design a Fixed voltage power supply using IC regulators 78 series and 78 series.

12. Design and verify the operation of op – amp as an (a) adder (b) subtractor (c) integrator and

(d)differentiator.

13. Verify the operation of an op – amp as (a) voltage comparator circuit and (b) zero crossing

detector.

14. Design and verify the output waveform of an op – amp RC phase shift oscillator for a desired

frequency.

15.Design and realize to analyse the frequency response of an op – amp amplifier under

Inverting and non - inverting configuration for a given gain.



APPENDIX

PIN CONFIGURATIONS

1. 741 IC 2. 555 TIMER

3. 78XX and 79XX

78XX 79XX



IC LM324

Single Supply Quad Operational Amplifiers

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