EXPERIMENT OF LIPID

Dr. Rosmilah Binti Misnan

UMI ABIBAH BT SULAIMAN D20091034811SITI RAHAYU BT MOHAMED NOOR D20091034855

AZMA AMIRA BT MOHAMAD D20091034859NUR AFIQAH BT MUHAMAD APANDI D20091034872

AMEERA BT YAHYA D20091034814

ABSTRACT

The saponification number indicate the number of fatty acid chain length of triglycerides. The experiments used two different fat sample which is corn and palm oil. The product of hydrolysis is titrated with HCL to determine the saponification number. Result shown that corn oil is higher in saponification number compared to palm oil. So, the palm oil has longer chain of fatty acid and the amount of KOH needed to break down the hydrolysis process is higher since the triglycerides have long chain of fatty acid. The amount of left KOH used to hydrolysis the fatty acid is titrated with HCL.

Saponification triglyceride is actually the reaction of triglycerides when they are turned into soap. Soap is produced when triglycerides react with a base like sodium. In technical terms, saponification involves base that is hydrolysis of triglycerides, which are esters of fatty acids, to form the sodium salt of a carboxylate. In addition to soap, such traditional saponification processes produces glycerol. "Saponifiable substances" are those that can be converted into soap. Depending on the nature of the alkali used in their production, soaps have distinct properties. Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) gives "hard soap", whereas, when potassium hydroxide (KOH) is used, a soft soap is formed.

INTRODUCTION

PROCEDURE (CONTROL)

25ml of the 0.5M KOH was added into the small

beaker

Solvent was added to the same level of final volume

Placed it in boiling water and bathed

for 30 minutes

Allowed to cool 3 drops of

phenolphtalein was added

Titrated with 0.5 HCl

25ml of the 0.5M KOH was added into the small

beaker

4 ml solvent was added to the same

level of final volume

Placed it in boiling water and bathed

for 30 minutes

Allowed to cool 3 drops of

phenolphtalein was added

Titrated with 0.5 HCl

PROCEDURE (SAMPLE)

Add 1.0 g palm oil

RESULT FOR SAPONIFICATIONSampel Vol of HCL

(Blank) in literVol HCI (sampel)

in literMol for blank (molarity of KOH X vol

HCLblank (L)

Mol for sampel (molarity X vol HCL sampel (L)

Mol of reacted KOH(blank –

sampel)

Saponification (mol of reacted

KOH X Mw KOH X 103

Palm oil

0.0212 0.0205 0.0106 0.011 3.5 X 10 ^-4. 19.64

Corn oil

0.231 0.0206 0.0116 0.0103 0.0013 72.93

DISCUSSION• The product of tryglycerides which is fatty acid and glycerol is popular in

oleochemical industry and used as raw material in food, cosmetic and pharmaecuticel.

• The saponification value gives an indication of the nature of the fatty acids constituent of fat and thus, depends on the average molecular weight of the fatty acids constituent of fat.

• The greater the molecular weight (the longer the carbon chain), the smaller the number of fatty acids is liberated per gram of fat hydrolyzed and therefore, the smaller the saponification number and vice versa.

• From our result, saponification number of palm oil is lowered than the corn oil.

• The result show palm oil have long fatty acid chain compared to corn oil.

• The result show is unproportional with literature review which is the palm oil have higher saponification number than corn oil.

• From the theory (Chermopharm)Saponification number for palm oil = 196-205

corn oil = 187-193

• For any chemical reaction to occur, including saponification, it is necessary for the reactants to be in the same phase (in this case, aqueous or organic).

• Hydroxide will almost entirely exist in the aqueous phase, and the triglyceride will be almost entirely in the organic phase.

• Increasing stirring/agitation will create more interface for the reaction to proceed. And, as the reaction continue, it will producing glycerin and fatty acid salts, which can have appreciable solubility in both phases.

• So, the reagents will increase in concentration in the phase most favored by the other as the reaction progresses. The higher the concentration of the reactants, the more opportunity they have to react and the faster the reaction.

• According to Bahrami et al. (2001), solubility in NaOH is due to saponification. Saponification is the hydrolysis of an ester under basic conditions to form an alcohol and the salt of a carboxylic acid. Saponification is commonly used to refer to the reaction of a metallic alkali (base) with a fat or oil to form soap. Saponifiable substances are those that can be converted into soap.

The result show the error in handling experiment. This maybe due to the

a) The amount of KOH added is unsufficient for the hyrolisis process.

b) The temperature of water bath provided for hydrolisis is adjusted by the handling error.

c) The titration process which is the process for determine the reacted KOH that hydrolysis the triglycerides.

The hydrolysis of triglycerides basicly involved two stage which is1. Formation of glycerol through the steam hydrolysis2. Fatty acid is neutralized in KOH to form the soap.

As the increasing need of hydrolysis product from triglycerides which is fatty acid and glycerol lead to the alteration and improvement of method in yield a good quality of fatty acid and glycerol.

3. Various concentration of KOH prepared4. Temperature5. Enzyme

• The triglycerides with longer fatty acid have lower saponification because the amount of KOH needed to break down the hydrolysis process is higher since the triglycerides have long chain of fatty acid.

• So, the titration shown the lower amount of KOH that react with HCL. The KOH left is unreacted KOH from the hydrolisis process.

• The different of molar amount of HCI to neutralize the control and the amount of HCI needed to neutralize the sample (the amount of KOH left) = amount of reacted KOH to breakdown the ester bond of triglycerides in the sample.

• So, this differences is equivalent with the amount of KOH used to saponify the test sample.

CONCLUSION

• The soponification number of palm oil is lower than corn oil. This result is indirectly proportional with the fact that palm oil is higher in saponification number compared to corn oil.

• Higher the saponification number, lower the carbon chain in fatty acid.

• The difference between the blank and the test reading gives the number of milliliters of KOH required to saponify 1g fat.

APPENDIX

After the hydrolysis process of fat sample and control

Palm oilcontrol

Titration process

REFERENCES Salimon, J., Abdullah, B. M. and Salih, N. (2011).Hydrolisis optimization

and characteristion study of preparing fatty acid from Jatropha curcas seed oil. Journal of Chemistry Centre 5, 67.

Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.chempro.in/fattyacid.htm obtained at May 20, 2013

Copyright ©  www.realhandmadesoap.com 2006 info@realhandmadesoap.com Last updated: 11/02/06

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APPLICATIONS-making soap-

INTRODUCTION

Soap is a mixture of sodium salts of various

naturally occurring fatty acids. Air bubbles added to a

molten soap will decrease the density of the soap and

thus it will float on water. If the fatty acid salt has

potassium rather than sodium, a softer lather is the

result. Soap is produced by a saponification or basic

hydrolysis reaction of a fat or oil. Currently, sodium

carbonate or sodium hydroxide is used to neutralize

the fatty acid and convert it to the salt.

OBSERVATION

Sample Qualitative measurement

Palm oil -rough-Brittle-Dustly and sandly.-slippery -Dry

Soap (Palm oil)

• quite hard and dry• not easy to shape it and quit slippery

when touch.• odour produced more stronger • Palm oil is a saturated oil • contain high percentage of free fatty acid.

Figure 1: Steps involve in soap making

Figure 2: Colouring the soap

DISCUSSION

• Soap was made from the reaction between triglyceride with strong base which is 6M NaOH.

• The saponification equation as shown below:

• Soaps are amphiphiles, which means the soap molecules have both:

polar end non-polar end.

• One part of the soap is soluble with grease and part of it is soluble with water.

• Soap combines with both grease and water and washes away in a shower.

• Hydroxide exist in the aqueous phase, and the triglyceride exist in the organic phase.

• In order to mixed it together, increasing will create more interfaces for the reaction to proceed.

• As the reaction goes, it will be producing glycerol and fatty acid (salts).

• The higher the concentration of the reactants, the more opportunity they have to react and the faster the reaction will go.

• When grease are mixed with a soap, the soap molecules work as a bridge between polar water molecules and non-polar oil molecules.

• Since soap molecules have both properties of non-polar and polar molecules the soap can act as an emulsifier. An emulsifier is capable of dispersing one liquid into another immiscible liquid.

• This means that while oil (which attracts dirt) doesn't naturally mix with water, soap can suspend oil in such a way that it can be removed. The soap will form micelles and trap the fats within the micelle. Since the micelle is soluble in water, it can easily be washed away.

REFERENCES

Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.elmhurst.edu/

~chm/vchembook/554soap.html.

LIPIDS: SAPONIFICATION (THE PROPERTIES AND SYNTHESIS OF SOAP). Obtained on May 20, 2013 from http://www.ipfw.edu/chem/112/kimble/9-Lipids%20-%20Saponification.pdf.