Liver, spleen;Circulatory, respiratory and excretory systems

Principles of AnatomyANSC 2202Fall 2006

Kidney diseases Bacterial infection in

a trout Salmonella green

kidneys in pigs Polycystic kidney

disease (PKD): genetic multiple cysts in the

kidneys start out very small

but they grow larger eventually severely disrupt the kidney kidney failure

Kidney diseases Kidney stones (calcium or potassium – any cation) Chronic renal failure:

Hypertension Infections Autoimmune disorders (i.e. lupus glomerulonephritis)

Acute renal failure Poisoning Injury Drug

Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’

Humans: size of fist ½ lb

Role: remove toxins, waste products, and extra water from

entire body urine bladder (200 quarts of blood/d)

hormones that: Stimulate the production of red blood cells Regulate blood pressure Maintain normal chemical balances in your body Regulate bone calcium content

Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’

Nephron = functional unit of kidney

Urethra

Excretory system: kidney = ‘filtering factory’

‘Loaded blood’: Afferent arteriole Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus (twisted mass

of tiny tubes, main filter of nephron) for water + soluble wastes

Out of Bowman's capsule proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle Collecting duct (urine) Ureter bladder urethra.

‘Filtered blood’ (clean): Out of the glomerulus Efferent arteriole

Loop of Henle

Spleen diseases Enlarged spleen possibly caused by

recurrent malaria, pneumonia/pulmonary edema

Tumors

Spleen Long ‘tongue-shaped’ organ (pigs, humans) 3 roles/3 tissues:

Reticuloendothelial tissue: phagocytosis of erythrocytes and cell debris from the

blood stream RBC

Venous sinusoids + power of contraction of the spleen: expulsion of the contained blood (for increased circulatory demands in certain animals).

White pulp: lymphocytes (antibodies)

Liver diseases Infectious Canine Hepatitis (ICH)

Adenovirus Vomiting, diarrhea, fever, coughing, swelling of the head and

neck due to lymph node enlargement, abdominal tenderness and even central nervous system signs (like poisoning).

Clotting factors disrupted If minimal symptoms: ocular lesions during the convalescent

phase Copper Toxicosis (Copper Storage Disease)

Copper accumulates in hepatocytes instead of being excreted with bile inflammation and scarring, ultimately leading to liver failure

Bedlington, West Highland white terriers, some Dobermans and Skye terriers.

Acute: lethargy, anorexia, and vomiting - death can occur in 2-3 days

Chronic: anemia (pale mucous membranes), depression, lethargy, and anorexia (weak, underweight).

Liver diseases Cirrhosis: atrophy of the

liver parenchyma + hypertrophy of the connective tissue.

Jaundice: accumulation of bile pigment in the blood stream (obstruction of the duct system)

Liver: great vascularity often secondary metastasis of cancer

Roundworms and parasites

Hepatitis C (picture)

Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’ Hepatocyte = functional unit of the liver Role of the liver:

Energy storage Nitrogen excretion Regulation of the water and blood

distribution Detoxification (drugs, alcohol,…) 50% lymph production Blood clotting factors

Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’

Liver = ‘energy and detoxifying factory’

Organization: Left lobe: smaller Right lobe: on the side of

the gallbladder fundus Highly vascularized

Food/alcohol intestines diffuses to blood:

Portal vein Hepatocytes charged in

toxins Bile bile duct (branches

with duct from pancreas) small intestines (emulsify fats)

Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’ Heart diseases: numerous Heart = cardiac muscle (not smooth,

not skeletal) Autonomic nervous system control Organization of the heart:

2 atria + 2 ventricles (left is the most powerful)

Valves Arteries and veins Connection with lungs and rest of the body

Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’

Definition: not based the level of oxygenation of the blood: Artery = vessel through which blood exits the heart Vein = vessel through which blood goes into the

heart Structure:

Artery: tough, elastic; no valves Vein: thin wall because exposed to less pressure;

valves Arteries-arterioles-capillaries-venules-veins

Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’

VEIN

Thin wall-less pressure

ARTERY

Tunica intima

Tunica intermedia

Tunica adventitia

lumen

lumen

Circulatory system and heart = ‘body pump’

Vena cava (superior and inferior) (deoxygenated blood)

Right atrium Atrioventricular valve Right ventricle Pulmonary valve Pulmonary arteries

(deoxygenated blood) Lungs: oxygenation of the

blood Pulmonary veins (oxygenated

blood) Left atrium Mitral valves Left ventricle Aorta (oxygenated blood)

Circulatory system

Dissected blood vessels

Lung diseases Emphysema Pulmonary

edemas Asthma Other respiratory

problems (brucellosis,…)

Respiratory system and lungs: ‘oxygenating factory’

Heart and lungs: intertwined system

Respiratory system and lungs: ‘oxygenating factory’

Alveoli = functional unit of the lungs

Air Trachea Bronchioles Alveoli

O2 from the breathed-in air diffuses through the capillary and charges the blood (coming from pulmonary arteries) in O2

CO2 from blood diffuses out of the capillaries and charges the air in CO2.

Thin epithelium: simple squamous !!

Dissection views

Heart and lungs Liver, spleen, kidney