laboratory for atmospheric and space...

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Laboratory forAtmospheric andSpacePhysics

Activity Report2002

University of Colorado at Boulder

University of Colorado2002 Activity Report

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Cover: The LASP Space Technology Building, formally dedicated on September 5,1991. This facility is located off-campus in the Research Park at 1234 InnovationDrive, Boulder, Colorado.

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado at Boulder

Campus Box 5901234 Innovation Drive

Boulder, Colorado 80303-0590(303) 492-6412

http://lasp.colorado.edu


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction iv

A Message from the Director v

Brief History of LASP vi

LASP Appropriated Funding vii

Current Programs 1Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) 2

TIMED Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) 9

EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) for SDO 10

Measurements of Halogen Oxides in the Troposphere 10

CRYSTAL-FACE 12

Sun-Earth Connections Program 13

Student Nitric-Oxide Explorer (SNOE) 13

MESSENGER (Mercury: Surface, Space Environment, Geochemis-try, and Ranging): A Mercury Orbiter Mission

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The Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer(SAMPEX) Mission

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LASP Occultation Research 17

POAM II/III 18

SAGE II/III 18

HALOE 18

ACE 19

Solar Occultation Science Investigations 19


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Stellar Occultation Instrument Development 25

High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder 28

Aeronomy of Ice in the mesosphere (AIM) 29

Personnel 31

Faculty Research Interests 35

Faculty Activities 41

Seminars 49

Publications 53

Papers Presented at Scientific Meetings 61

Contracts Awarded 73

Proposals Submitted 79

Introduction

This report describes some of the activities of the members of the Laboratory forAtmospheric and Space Physics (LASP) from January 2002 through December 2002.LASP is an institute of the Graduate School of the University of Colorado. LASP con-ducts basic theoretical and experimental research in planetary, atmospheric, magne-tospheric, and solar physics. LASP also conducts research to explore the potentialuses and development of space operations and information systems, as well as to de-velop scientific instrumentation. Through LASP's research programs, University fac-ulty, staff members, and students are able to participate in national space programs.In particular, students from the Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences,the Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, the Department of Physics, theDepartment of Geological Sciences, and the College of Engineering can pursue theirresearch interests under the auspices of the Laboratory.

Members of LASP explore fundamental questions in the areas of planetary sci-ence, magnetospheric physics, atmospheric composition and processes, and solarphysics. A coordinated, multi-objective research program has evolved that uses re-mote sensing spectroscopic and in situ techniques. The programs are devoted to un-


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derstanding terrestrial and planetary magnetospheres and atmospheres, and to in-vestigating processes occurring on the Sun.

LASP has taken part in major space exploration missions. This work has demon-strated LASP's ability to conceive, design, fabricate, test, and operate space vehiclesand instruments and to exploit the data from space experiments. This technologicaland scientific competence is most evident in the recent Cassini, TIMED, and SORCEmissions, and in on-going efforts to develop and perfect detector systems and otherinstruments.

Research and development programs at LASP provide new techniques for datamanipulation and image processing, as well as new instruments and sensors forspace applications. Members of LASP examine basic concepts for space operationsand information systems and develop tools and approaches to evaluate and supportthese concepts. In response to the increasingly complex needs of operating spacecraftand handling data, LASP is developing prototype operations systems for the SpaceStation, EOS, and for other future missions. The OASIS system (Operations and Sci-ence Instrument Support) is evolving into a multi-purpose operating system that willbe used on NASA's Space Station testbed, by many NASA centers, by the EuropeanSpace Agency, and by several aerospace companies as well.

A number of the research associates at LASP hold joint appointments in the De-partment of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, in the Program in Atmosphericand Oceanic Sciences, in the Department of Physics, in the Department of AerospaceEngineering Sciences, and in the Department of Geological Sciences. The large scien-tific community at the University and in Boulder provides opportunities for mem-bers of LASP to enjoy substantial collaboration and communication with experts inrelated fields. LASP has also actively conducted experimental and theoretical work incooperation with other universities in the United States and abroad. In recent yearsjoint programs have been carried out with institutions in Belgium, Canada, Finland,France, Germany, Japan and Russia.

Please visit LASP's Website for the latest developments: http://lasp.colorado.edu

A Message from the Director

The past year and a half has seen LASP go through a program review (PRP)which occurs under the University of Colorado system every 7 years. In the course ofthis review, the Laboratory did a thorough self-study which included an update of itsstrategic plan. There was also a visit from LASP's External Advisory Committee(chaired by Prof. Joseph Burns, Cornell University) and later by the PRP's externalreview committee (Prof. Lennard Fisk [U. of Michigan] and Prof. Warren Moos[Johns Hopkins University]). In all of this, we have had a chance to reflect on wherewe are and where we have been. Through our strategic planning, we have also beenable to think about future directions for the Laboratory.

The successes of SNOE, Quickscat, and other programs in the last year is very ex-citing. Newer programs under development such as SORCE and IMEX are also agreat challenge. We are aggressively pursuing new opportunities in the NASAUNESS, SMEX, and Discovery programs. Our recent success in the MESSENGER


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project (with Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory) under the Discovery pro-gram auspices, whets our appetite for new experimental challenges.

New mission activity comes along with the excitement and importance of sciencedata coming back from such ongoing missions as Galileo, Cassini, HST, UARS,ISTP/POLAR, SAMPEX, FAST, and other programs. Also, laboratory developmentsin dust detection systems, results from Space Shuttle missions (COLLIDE and MGM)and new research in the Astrobiology program have made the past year most excit-ing. The theoretical and modeling efforts that parallel the hardware, data analysis,and operations work makes for an exceptionally complete program in LASP.

We at LASP express our appreciation to the University, to the local Bouldercommunity, and to the national agencies for the continuing support that we receive.We look forward to working actively with the broad space research community inmany new endeavors. Thank you to the students, staff, and faculty of LASP for alltheir hard work. Special thanks to Ann Alfaro for her tireless efforts in preparing thisreport.

Daniel N. Baker

Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics:A Brief History

In 1946-47, a handful of American universities joined with the military and withindustry to initiate the era of space exploration. The University of Colorado was oneof those pioneering universities. The first experiments to be performed in space werelofted by sub-orbital rockets. A key obstacle to these first rocket flights was providinga stabilized platform for cameras and other experiments. With support from the Na-val Research Center and the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratory (now thePhillips Laboratory), the University of Colorado formed a research group called theUpper Air Laboratory (UAL) to solve this problem. Their solution — called thebiaxial pointing platform — cleared the way for some of the first major scientific dis-coveries made in space. Researchers and engineers from the UAL flew experimentsinto space on over 50 rocket flights before Sputnik. By 1965, the UAL had grown sub-stantially. Along with this growth came a new building on campus and a new name:the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics. The public is invited to tour ourfacility and to observe the work that LASP does today.


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LASP Appropriated Funding

During the period 1/1/2002 to 12/31/2002 LASP appropriated funding totaled$26,288,455 for support of 151 grants and contracts.

LASP Appropriated Funding

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CURRENT PROGRAMS


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Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)

SORCE Mission Description

The SOlar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE) is a free-flying satellitecarrying four instruments to measure the solar radiation incident at the top of theEarth’s atmosphere. SORCE was successfully launched on Saturday, January 25,2003, from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Cape Canaveral, Florida. As one elementof NASA’s Earth Observing System (EOS), the SORCE mission is a joint effort be-tween NASA and the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics (LASP). LASPhas full programmatic responsibility for this 5-year mission to further understand theinfluence of the Sun on the Earth system.

The SORCE mission is under the direction of Principal Investigator Gary Rott-man. LASP developed, calibrated, and tested the four science instruments, and inte-grated them onto a spacecraft provided by Orbital Sciences Corporation. Throughoutthe entire mission, the science and mission operations will be conducted from LASP’sMission Operations Center.

SORCE instruments include the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM), the Spectral Irra-diance Monitor (SIM), two Solar Stellar Irradiance Comparison Experiments(SOLSTICE), and the XUV Photometer System (XPS). These instruments will con-tinue the precise measurements of total solar irradiance (TSI) that began with theERB instrument in 1978 and have continued to the present with the ERBS, ACRIM,and VIRGO measurements. It will also provide measurements of the solar spectralirradiance from 1 to 2000 nm.


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Figure (left) – Launching SORCE into space on January 25, 2003. The L-1011 aircraftcarrier and the Pegasus climbed to 40,000 feet – the elevation required for the Pega-sus drop. Figure (right) – The Pegasus is dropped and goes into a 5-second free-fallbefore igniting the first of three stages.

Figure shows Stage 1 ignition, five seconds after the Pegasus wasdropped. SORCE was in orbit approximately 10 minutes later.

Science Rationale

Solar radiation, the Earth’s average albedo, and long wave infrared emission de-termine the Earth’s global average equilibrium temperature. Measurements obtainedduring the past 22 years show that TSI varies ~0.1% over the solar cycle with largershort-term variations. The variations occur over time scales from one day up to andexceeding the 11-year solar cycle. Climate models including a realistic sensitivity tosolar forcing indicate corresponding global surface temperature changes on the order


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of 0.2°C for recorded solar variations. However, global energy balance considerationsmay not provide the entire story, and how TSI variations are distributed in wave-length is critically important in understanding the Earth’s response to solar varia-tions.

Because of selective absorption and scattering processes in the atmosphere, dif-ferent regions of the solar spectrum affect Earth’s climate in distinct ways. Approxi-mately 20-25% of the TSI is absorbed by atmospheric water vapor, clouds, and ozone,impacting convection, cloud formation, and latent heating via processes that arestrongly wavelength dependent. Wavelengths below 300 nm are completely ab-sorbed by the Earth’s atmosphere and contribute the dominant energy source in thestratosphere and thermosphere, establishing the upper atmosphere’s temperature,structure, composition, and dynamics. Variations in the Sun’s radiation at these shortwavelengths can be factors of two or greater and lead to significant changes in at-mospheric chemistry. The solar ultraviolet influences stratospheric chemistry anddynamics, which in turn controls the ultraviolet radiation leaking through to the sur-face. Radiation at visible and infrared wavelengths, containing the bulk of the solarenergy, penetrates into the lower atmosphere. The non-reflected portion of this ra-diation is absorbed in the troposphere or by the Earth’s surface, becoming a domi-nant term in the global energy balance and an essential determinant of atmosphericstability and convection. To understand the effects solar variability has on Earth’sclimate, it is important to accurately monitor both the TSI and its spectral depend-ence.


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SORCE Science Objectives

NASA’s Earth Science Enterprise includes a space-based component consisting ofa constellation of satellites to monitor the Earth system from space. These sustainedand comprehensive observations include the measurement of solar irradiance as thedominant direct energy input to land, ocean, and atmosphere. As an integral part ofthis NASA enterprise,

• SORCE is making precise and accurate measurements of the total solar irradi-ance (TSI). These observations are connected to previous TSI measurements toform a long-term record of solar influences on the Earth. TSI measurementsprovided have an absolute accuracy of 0.01% and a long-term relative accu-racy of 0.001% (10 ppm) per year.

• SORCE is establishing a precise data set of solar spectral irradiance measure-ments of the visible and near infrared solar spectral irradiance suitable for fu-ture climate studies. The daily solar spectral irradiance measurements arefrom 1 nm to 2000 nm with a spectral resolution (Δλ/λ) of <1/30, an absoluteaccuracy of 2% to 5% in the ultraviolet and 0.1% in the visible to near infrared,and a precision and relative accuracy of better than 0.01% per year.

• SORCE is making daily measurements of the solar ultraviolet irradiance from115 to 320 nm with a spectral resolution of .1 nm. This measurement has anabsolute accuracy of better than 5% and a long-term relative accuracy of 0.5%per year. The solar/stellar comparisons are used to relate the solar spectral ir-


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radiance to the ensemble average flux from a number of bright, early-typestars.

SORCE Instruments

SORCE provides precise daily measurements of theTSI with the Total Irradiance Monitor (TIM)instrument. TIM monitors changes in incident sunlightto the Earth's atmosphere via an ambient temperatureactive cavity radiometer. Using a new development thatincorporates state-of-the-art technologies in itsElectrical Substitution Radiometers (ESRs), TIMmeasures TSI to an absolute accuracy of 100 ppm,where 1 ppm = 0.0001.

The newly developed Solar Irradiance Monitor (SIM) instrument makes the firstcontinuous record of the top of the atmospherespectral solar irradiance in the visible/near infra-red region. It uses a prism as the self-calibrating,single optical element and a miniature absoluteESR as the primary detector. The SIM instrumentmeasures spectral irradiance from 200 to 2000 nm.

There are two identical Solar Stellar Irra-diance Comparison Experiment (SOLSTICE) in-struments on SORCE to measure spectral irradi-ance from115 to 320nm, with aspectralresolution

of 0.1 nm. These instruments are an evolutionand refinement of the Upper AtmosphereResearch Satellite’s (UARS) SOLSTICE, andthey observe the same bright blue stars as along-term calibration standard. The stellartargets establish essential corrections to theinstrument sensitivity, since these stars shouldremain constant. Previous solar measurementsshow that far ultraviolet irradiance varies byas much as 10% during the Sun’s 27-dayrotation, while the bright 121.6 nm hydrogenLyman–α emission may vary by as much as a factor of two during an 11-year solarcycle.


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The XUV Photometer System (XPS) instrumentmeasures the very energetic EUV and soft x-ray flux,where the solar variability exceeds a factor or two. Itsprecision and relative accuracy requirements are there-fore on the order of ±10%. It measures broadbandspectral irradiance from 1 to 34 nm, and is designedsimilar to the XPS on the TIMED (Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) sat-ellite. The XPS extends the solar XUV irradiance meas-urements with improved accuracy, spectral range, andtemporal coverage. The solar XUV radiation is emittedfrom the hot, highly variable corona on the Sun, and

these high-energy photons are a primary energy source for heating and ionizingEarth’s upper atmosphere.

SORCE Mission and Science Operations

The SORCE satellite is orbiting the Earth every 90 minutes or 15 times daily.Ground stations at Wallops Island, Virginia and Santiago, Chile are providing thecommunication links to the satellite two times each day. The LASP Mission Opera-tions Center (MOC) provides the computer hardware and software necessary to con-duct real-time spacecraft operational activities, including command and control ofthe satellite, mission planning, and assessment and maintenance of spacecraft andinstrument health. The science operations from the MOC include experiment plan-ning, data processing and analysis, validation, and distribution of the finished dataproduct. By early March 2003, all instrument doors were open and science operationshad begun. The first validated science data were received approximately four monthsafter the launch.

Within 48 hours of data capture, all instrument science data and spacecraft engi-neering data are processed to derive Level 3 science data products in standard geo-physical units (W/m2 or W/m2/nm). The Level 3 data consists of daily and 6-houraverage solar irradiances, with higher time resolution data available to meet secon-dary science objectives, such as studying the passage of bright faculae and dark sun-spots across the visible surface of the Sun. All validated data are delivered to theGoddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences DAAC (Distributed Active ArchiveCenter) for distribution and long-term storage.

Science data processing is performed automatically within 24 hours of data re-ception and a preview release of science data is made available to the public within48 hours, following preliminary data inspection. Appropriate corrections for sometime-dependent processes (such as instrument degradation correction) require in-flight calibration data from several months into the future; therefore the daily pro-duction of science products beyond provisional quality will lag by a period of severalmonths. This results in two streams of data being created on a daily basis: the provi-sional stream of preview data that are available within 48 hours, and a secondarystream of finished validated data that supercede the preview data a few months after


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the initial preview release. The preview SORCE data are sent to Goddard DAACwithin 48 hours of reception, and the finished validated data products are sent to theGoddard DAAC approximately four months after initial data reception.

Personnel working in the LASP Mission Operations Center at the Uni-versity of Colorado, Boulder.

Understanding the Sun

The SORCE research and data collection are very important for ongoing andfuture EOS science. There is much that we will learn about the Earth’s radiation andenergy balance through continuous TSI measurements. However, global energy bal-ance considerations likely do not provide the entire story, and how TSI variations aredistributed in wavelength will be critically important in understanding the Earth’sresponse to solar variations. The Sun has both direct and indirect influences on theterrestrial system, and SORCE’s comprehensive total and spectral solar measure-ments will provide the requisite understanding of this important climate systemvariable.

For additional information on the SORCE Mission, visit the website athttp://lasp.colorado.edu/sorce/ for the latest news and updates.


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TIMED Solar EUV Experiment (SEE)

The Solar EUV Experiment (SEE), which was built at LASP, is one of the four sci-entific instruments on the NASA Thermosphere-Ionosphere-Mesosphere-Energetics-Dynamics (TIMED) spacecraft. The TIMED spacecraft was launched on a Delta-II onDecember 7, 2001 from the Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB). After initial activa-tion of the instruments, the TIMED mission began normal operations on January 22,2002. Since then, the SEE instrument has made daily measurements of the solar vac-uum ultraviolet (VUV: λ < 200 nm) irradiance. This highly variable, solar VUV ra-diation is one of the major energy sources for Earth's upper atmosphere and is fun-damental for the TIMED mission's investigation of the energetics in the tenuous, buthighly variable, layers of the atmosphere above 60 km. Changes in the amount ofsolar radiation, which range from 10% at the longer VUV wavelengths to factors asmuch as 10 or more at the shorter wavelengths, result in corresponding changes inthe photochemistry, dynamics, and energy balance of the upper atmosphere. A de-tailed quantitative understanding of atmospheric radiative processes, includingchanges in the solar VUV irradiance arising from flares, solar rotation (27 day), andthe 11-year solar cycle, is fundamental to the TIMED investigations. The primary sci-ence objectives for SEE are to accurately and precisely determine the solar VUV ab-solute irradiance and variability during the TIMED mission, to study the solar-terrestrial relationships utilizing atmospheric models, and to improve models of thesolar VUV irradiance. The LASP scientists analyzing the TIMED SEE data are TomWoods (PI), Frank Eparvier, Gary Rottman, and Don Woodraska.


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EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) for SDO

The Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) Variability Experiment (EVE) is one of three scien-tific instrument packages under development for the upcoming Solar Dynamics Ob-servatory (SDO) satellite mission. Scheduled for launch in 2007, SDO is the first mis-sion in NASA’s Living With a Star program and will observe the Sun nearly continu-ously from geosynchronous orbit for a nominal mission life of five years. EVE wasproposed and accepted for SDO in 2002 with Tom Woods of LASP as Principal In-vestigator. The EVE science team consists of researchers from eight different institu-tions, with LASP as the lead. The EVE scientific objectives are to: 1) specify the solarEUV irradiance and its variability on multiple time scales (from seconds to years), 2)advance current understanding of how and why the solar EUV spectral irradiancevaries, 3) improve the capability to predict (both nowcast and forecast) the EUVspectral irradiance variability, and 4) understand the response of the geospace envi-ronment to variations in the solar EUV spectral irradiance and the impact on humanendeavors. The EVE instrumentation consists of four subsystems: the Multiple EUVGrating Spectrograph (MEGS) and the Integrated Electronics Module (IEM) whichwill be designed and built at LASP, and the EUV SpectroPhotometer (ESP) and Op-tics-Free Spectrometer (OFS) which will be designed and built by USC. The EVE de-sign goals are to measure the solar spectral irradiance from 0.1-105 nm, with a reso-lution of 0.1 nm for wavelengths longer than 4 nm, a time cadence of one measure-ment every 10 seconds, and better than 7% accuracy and 4% long-term stability.

Measurements of Halogen Oxides in the Troposphere

Ozone depletion events occur not only in the stratosphere (the Antarctic ozonehole), but also near the Earth's surface, particularly at high latitudes in springtime.Although the mechanism for these boundary layer ozone losses is not completelyunderstood, it is believed that they are caused by gas-phase bromine compounds,


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which may originate from sea-salt. Linnea Avallone participated in the Alert 2000Polar Sunrise Experiment in Alert, Nunavut, Canada during April-May 2000 to studythe causes of the sudden ozone loss phenomenon. The radical species chlorine oxideand bromine oxide (ClO, BrO) were measured using vacuum ultraviolet resonancefluorescence techniques that have been employed previously for stratospheric obser-vations of the same molecules. The results from this study indicate that snow-covered surfaces near the Arctic Ocean are indeed sources of atmospheric bromine.Boundary layer ozone losses are also known to occur along the Antarctic coast, butthey appear to be less frequent than those in the Arctic. Members of Avallone's re-search group traveled to McMurdo Antarctica in August-October 2002 to study halo-gen chemistry in a remote, unpolluted location.

Figure: Optical components of the tropospheric halogen oxide instrument being tested on thelab bench in McMurdo Antarctica.

There is mounting evidence that halogens have an effect on the abundances ofozone and hydrocarbons in regions of the atmosphere other than the high-latitudeboundary layer. To investigate this possibility, Linnea Avallone's research group isplanning a series of measurements in regions likely to be affected by halogen chem-istry. For example, the Great Salt Lake, as well as several chemical plants on its


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shores, are thought to be large sources of atmospheric chlorine. Observations ofbursts of tiny particles along the coast of Ireland have led to the speculation that io-dine compounds, created by oceanic plants, may promote nucleation of particles. Thegroup will participate in on-going field studies at Mace Head, Ireland to elucidate therole of iodine oxide (IO) in particle formation.

CRYSTAL-FACE

Linnea Avallone's research group participated in CRYSTAL-FACE, makingmeasurements of particulate water on the NASA WB-57F aircraft. A closed-path tun-able diode laser hygrometer will be coupled to a heated, anisokinetic inlet to measurethe amount of water condensed in particles with diameters larger than about 1 mi-cron. Although smaller particles are also sampled, the instrument's sensitivity tothem is low. These measurements will be used, along with observations of water va-por made by a similar instrument operated by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, to un-derstand the fraction of water present in the condensed phase in a variety of cirruscloud types. Accurate knowledge of ice water content (IWC) and ice water path(IWP) are important for retrieving cloud parameters from space-borne instrumentsand for modeling the radiative properties of clouds. The in situ observations made byAvallone's group will help to constrain and validate IWC and IWP.

Figure: Typical convective and cirrus anvil clouds sampled duringCRYSTAL-FACE. This picture was taken from the cockpit of the WB-57 air-craft by backseater Shelley Hilden.


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Sun-Earth Connections Program

The Sun-Earth Connections program is comprised of several spacecraft measur-ing the hot, high-speed plasmas flowing past the Earth from the expanding solar co-rona. There is a large constellation of spacecraft within the Earth’s magnetosphereexamining many aspects of the plasmas that change as the sun disturbs the geospaceenvironment. There is also an international web of ground stations that is recordingthe magnetospheric and ionospheric signatures of the interaction of the variable sunwith the terrestrial environment. This program has greatly expanded our knowledgeof Sun-Earth relationships and continues to reveal the nature of the sun, the inter-planetary medium, and the magnetosphere-ionosphere system. Daniel N. Baker,William Peterson, Xinlin Li, and Scot Elkington are actively working on data andmodeling in the program.

Figure: The connected Sun-Earth system continues to be studied by the ISTP program.

Student Nitric Oxide Explorer (SNOE)

SNOE ("snowy") is a small scientific satellite that is measuring the effects of en-ergy from the sun and from the magnetosphere on the density of nitric oxide in theEarth's upper atmosphere. The spacecraft and its instruments were designed andbuilt at LASP, the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics of the University of


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Colorado. SNOE was launched on February 27, 1998, and has entered its sixth year ofsuccessful operations. It is being operated from the mission operations center at theLASP Space Technology Research building. The SNOE Data Websitehttp://lasp.colorado.edu/snoe/ contains a description of the SNOE mission, space-craft drawings and images, and provides access to the scientific data and publica-tions. Flight engineering data are updated daily. An archive of launch activities anddevelopment personnel has been retained.


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Figure: The MASCS detector package that is beingprepared for MESSENGER by LASP researchers.

MESSENGER (MErcury: Surface, Space ENvironment, GEo-chemistry, and Ranging): A Mercury Orbiter Mission

The Mariner-10 flybys of theplanet Mercury in 1974 and 1975found a strong magnetic field and anactive magnetosphere similar inmany ways to that of Earth. Giventhe small size of the planet,Mercury’s interior was expected tohave cooled and solidified long ago.The presence of an intrinsicmagnetic field, however, implied aninternal dynamo in a fluid core,posing numerous, unresolvedquestions concerning the origin,composition, and thermal history ofMercury. The Mariner-10 spacecraftalso detected intense particle burstsand magnetic field disturbances,indicating that magnetosphericsubstorms occur at Mercury.

The MESSENGER mission isunder development in the NASADiscovery program. This mission toMercury will provide uniquemeasurements that are not possibleat other planets due to the con-straints of orbital mechanics and thelarge dimensions of other mag-netospheres relative to their

planetary bodies. The MESSENGER mission will provide the essential data necessaryto formulate the next generation of theories and models for terrestrial-type planetarystructure and dynamics. The mission will also return critical measurements neces-sary for the understanding of not just the surface history and internal structure ofMercury but the formation and chemical differentiation of the Solar System as awhole.

MESSENGER is a large collaboration of 11 different institutions. It is led by SeanSolomon from the Carnegie Institution in Washington, DC and managed by the Ap-plied Physics Laboratory at the Johns Hopkins University. It will study the planet’ssurface morphology and composition, interior structure and magnetic field, and at-mospheric and magnetospheric composition. Included in this suite is the MercuryAtmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS), which will be de-


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signed, built, and operated by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics.William McClintock and Daniel Baker are both Co-Investigators on the MESSENGERscience team.

The Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer(SAMPEX) Mission

SAMPEX carries a payload of four scientific instruments which study solar parti-cles, anomalous cosmic rays, and magnetospheric electrons and ions. It has been op-erating in low-Earth orbit since July 1992. The SAMPEX instruments have sensitivi-ties >100 times greater than previous spacecraft, and these have led to new discover-ies such as a new radiation belt of interstellar material and rare hydrogen and heliumisotopes trapped in the radiation belts. SAMPEX provides unique global maps ofmagnetosphere energetic particles, and has given new insights into the processes bywhich radiation levels through the entire magnetosphere can become greatly en-hanced.

Figure: Compared to the period around 1994 shortly after SAMPEX was launched, we now have avastly improved set of observational platforms with which to study the chain of processes from theSun to the Earth’s atmosphere.


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The figure above shows how the SAMPEX mission fits into the broad sweep ofother active space physics missions. It is likely that SAMPEX can continue to operatefor several more years until it re-enters the Earth’s atmosphere.

LASP scientists Daniel N. Baker, Xinlin Li, and Josh Rigler are working on mag-netospheric data from SAMPEX. New results have been obtained by comparing rela-tively low-energy (E>25keV) electrons measured by SAMPEX with SNOE measure-ments of nitric oxide in Earth's upper and middle atmosphere. This collaborativework is being carried out with Charles Barth.

LASP OCCULTATION RESEARCH

IntroductionLASP has a mature research program involving earth atmosphere solar and stel-

lar occultation measurement techniques. Occultation measurements are made by ob-serving a light source, the sun or a star in our case, as it is occulted by a planetaryatmosphere. The spectrum (wavelength-dependent intensity) of light transmittedthrough the atmosphere is compared to the spectrum measured “above” the atmos-phere. The underlying concept is that atmospheric gases and aerosols either absorbor scatter radiation from the source, so that the occulted signal is less intense than theunocculted signal. Since the scattering or absorption spectrum depends uniquely onthe type and amount of gas or aerosol in the atmosphere, occultation measurementsare a standard approach for identifying atmospheric compositions. LASP scientistsuse occultation data to investigate processes in the earth’s atmosphere, includingstratospheric ozone depletion, coupling between the middle and upper atmosphere,and global change.

Trend-quality profilesSolar occultation measurements are generally of high accuracy and high (1-km)

vertical resolution, and are often considered to be standards in the field of atmos-pheric research. Importantly, by virtue of the comparative nature of the technique,occultation measurements are “self-calibrating”, and thus relatively immune to arti-facts caused by slow instrumental degradation. For many scientific issues that re-quire long-term atmospheric data sets, such as global change investigations, occulta-tion techniques are therefore the measurement of choice.

Limited geographic coverageThe geographic location (latitude/longitude) targeted by a solar occultation in-

strument is uniquely defined by the spacecraft orbit and position of the sun. To agood approximation, each day a given solar occultation instrument makes measure-ments at equally spaced longitudes around a circle of latitude in each hemisphere.The latitude changes daily, either slowly or rapidly, depending on the spacecraft or-bit. Depending on the orbit, certain instruments are used for studies of the polar re-gions, whereas others may be more applicable to lower latitudes. Global coverage is


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obtained by combining measurements from a suite of different instruments aboardspacecraft in different orbits.

LASP involvementLASP involvement in earth atmosphere occultation measurements is led by LASP

research scientists Cora Randall and David Rusch, and takes two forms: participa-tion in numerous national and international solar occultation instrument programs,and stellar occultation instrument development. Some of the work in these two areasis highlighted here.

Solar Occultation Instrument TeamsPOAM II/III [http://wvms.nrl.navy.mil/POAM/]

The Naval Research Laboratory’s Polar Ozone and Aerosol Measurement(POAM) II & III instruments are solar occultation instruments designed to investigateozone and related atmospheric constituents in the polar stratosphere. POAM II waslaunched in September, 1993 and operated until its host satellite experienced a failurein November of 1996; POAM III was launched in March, 1998 and is still operational.Together, the POAM instruments provide a nearly continuous, and ongoing, 9-yearrecord of polar ozone profiles extending from about the tropopause to the strato-pause. Led by Dr. Richard Bevilacqua at NRL, LASP scientists have participated inall aspects of the program since before the launch of POAM II, and are using the datato investigate polar processes relevant to atmospheric ozone distributions.

SAGE II/III [http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/]NASA’s Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment (SAGE) II & III instruments

are solar occultation instruments similar in concept to POAM, but with complemen-tary geographic coverage. SAGE II, led by Dr. M. Patrick McCormick from NASALangley Research Center, was launched in 1984 and is still operational, thus provid-ing nearly two decades of data, the longest continuous record of ozone profile meas-urements available. Unlike the POAM instruments, which continually observe thepolar regions, approximately every month the SAGE II measurement latitudes sweepthrough a wide range, covering about ±60° to ±80°, depending on season. SAGE IIIwas launched in December, 2001, with latitude coverage that is complementary toboth POAM II & III and SAGE II. Its measurement latitudes remain in the high lati-tude northern hemisphere year-round, but remain at mid-latitudes in the southernhemisphere. LASP scientists are analyzing data from both SAGE II and SAGE III toinvestigate stratospheric ozone trends and polar ozone loss processes.

HALOE [http://www-sage3.larc.nasa.gov/]The HALogen Occultation Experiment (HALOE), led by Dr. James Russell of

Hampton University, was launched on NASA’s Upper Atmosphere Research Satel-lite in 1991, and is still operational. Latitude coverage is similar to that of SAGE II, inthat the measurement locations sweep through a wide range of latitudes in about amonth’s time. The measurement latitudes are displaced from those of SAGE, how-


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ever, so that the coverage is once again complementary, not redundant. The HALOEinstrument measures more atmospheric constituents than either the SAGE or POAMinstruments. As described below, LASP scientists use these measurements to investi-gate, among other things, coupling between the earth’s mesosphere and stratosphere.

ACE [http://www.ace.uwaterloo.ca/]and ILAS II [http://www-ilas2.nies.go.jp/en/index.html]

The Japanese Improved Limb Atmospheric Sounder (ILAS) II and the CanadianAtmospheric Chemistry Experiment are solar occultation instruments that measure alarge suite of atmospheric constituents. ILAS II was launched late in 2002 and dataproduction is just beginning. The measurement locations are nearly identical to thoseof the POAM instruments, covering the high latitudes in both hemispheres year-round. ACE will be launched later in 2003. Like SAGE II or HALOE, it will coverboth high and low latitudes, but neither continually throughout the year. LASP sci-entists will be involved in data validation for these instruments, as well as scientificanalysis.

Solar Occultation Science InvestigationsMeasurement Validation

Before any measurements can be applied in scientific investigations, they must beproven valid. Validation of solar occultation measurements is a complex effort basedlargely on intercomparisons of data from different instruments. It requires funda-mental knowledge of the various instruments and their retrieval algorithms, and ofthe error sources inherent in each measurement. Validation work is thus not only aprerequisite to scientific studies, it is also a valuable precursor to effective design anddevelopment of new and improved instruments. Led by Cora Randall, LASP scien-tists have validated many of the measurements made by the POAM instruments,have extensively analyzed validation results from the SAGE and HALOE instru-ments, and will be involved in the validation of ACE and ILAS-II data once available.

As an example, the figure shown above summarizes the ozone intercomparisonsbetween POAM and the SAGE and HALOE data, as well as balloon-based, in-situozonesonde profiles. Throughout most of the altitude range, the measurements are


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all within about ±5%, which represents the limit of “believability” in the data, andthe current state of the art in terms of solar occultation measurement accuracy. Al-though not entirely consistent among the different comparisons, the data suggestthat POAM ozone is biased high near 10 km, an issue that is currently being exploredin more detail. The three satellite instruments vary by about ±10% near 50-60 km, andfuture studies are required to reveal which of the three is more correct.

Obtaining Global CoverageAs noted above, each of the different solar occultation instruments has limited

geographic coverage on any given day. However, using well-established techniques,the effective spatial coverage can be extended for long-lived constituents such asozone by utilizing their tight correlation with potential vorticity (PV) or other glob-ally-derived quasi-conservative tracers. LASP scientists use this “mapping” proce-dure to generate multi-year, global, 3-dimensional fields of ozone and other constitu-ents in the stratosphere. These so-called “proxy” fields combine data from the differ-ent solar occultation instruments in an optimal way, maximizing the sparse spatialinformation contained in the different data sets to extend the data to a global scale.The proxy fields so generated are valuable for use in a variety of different applica-tions, including initialization of 3D model calculations, validation of model results,estimation of stratosphere-to-troposphere ozone flux and estimation of troposphericcolumn ozone.

The figure shown above compares the National Center for Atmospheric ResearchMOZART 3-dimensional chemistry transport model to the proxy ozone field on 6January 2001, at an altitude of about 20 km in the lower stratosphere. The proxy fieldcontains data from the SAGE II, POAM III and HALOE instruments. On 6 January2001, these instruments were measuring at latitudes near the equator (SAGE), 60°Sand 60°N (POAM), and 45°N and 60°S (HALOE). The tracer correlation mapping al-lows us to produce the global ozone field pictured here in the left panel. Althoughthe model is not intended to reproduce any given year quantitatively, many of thefeatures observed by the satellite instruments are apparent in the model calculations(right panel). For instance, ozone is high near the North polar region, decreases to-ward the equator, increases at mid Southern latitudes, then decreases again. The ring


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of high ozone around the north polar region is characteristic of the northern winter,and results from yearly downward transport of ozone inside the polar vortex. Boththe model and the data show a region of low ozone near the South pole, a remnant ofthe Antarctic ozone hole from the previous October.

Stratosphere-Mesosphere CouplingSolar occultation data have played a significant role in advancing our under-

standing of the coupling between the middle and upper atmosphere. One of the maincoupling mechanisms is through descent of mesospheric NOx (nitrogen oxide andnitrogen dioxide) to the stratosphere during the polar night. Energetic particles im-pact the earth’s upper atmosphere, dissociating N2 and O2, and eventually leading tothe production of NOx. Once it has descended to the middle stratosphere, NOx par-ticipates in the primary catalytic cycle causing ozone destruction. Because of highsolar activity, 2000 was an exceptional year in terms of particle impacts on the upperatmosphere. We have used POAM III and HALOE data to show that NOx producedafter solar proton impacts in the mesosphere descended to the stratosphere in recordamounts during the 2000 Austral winter, causing significant loss of middle strato-spheric ozone.

The left panel of the figure (above) shows the temporal variation in NO2 meas-ured by POAM III inside the southern hemisphere polar vortex in 1998, 1999 and2000, at an altitude of about 30 km. NO2 in 2000 reached levels that were higher bymore than a factor of two compared to the previous two years. Also plotted arePOAM II NO2 mixing ratios from 1994, which had the highest NO2 enhancements ofany year measured by POAM II or III prior to 2000. The ozone mixing ratios in 2000and 1999 are plotted in the right panel of the figure, and show the dramatic decreasethat occurred in September of 2000 as the NO2 mixing ratios steeply increased.


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SOLVE Field CampaignsDuring the northern hemisphere winters of 1999-2000 and 2002-2003 NASA held

two SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment (SOLVE) field campaigns. Asthe name implies, the campaigns were dual purpose, with the goals of validating theSAGE III instrument and investigating ozone loss in the Arctic stratosphere. Since theSAGE III launch was delayed until late 2001, the first SOLVE campaign was devotedto studies of ozone loss and POAM III validation; the second SOLVE campaign wasused to validate SAGE III and to continue validation of POAM III, as well as to in-vestigate polar ozone loss. LASP scientists participated in the field during both cam-paigns.

One of the other main roles of the satellite-based solar occultation instruments inthe SOLVE campaigns was to provide a more global picture of the Arctic region thanis available from field campaign measurements. Using the proxy technique describedabove, we generated semi-global ozone fields from the POAM measurements duringthe first SOLVE campaign. These fields illustrate the evolution of stratospheric ozoneduring the winter throughout the polar region, and have been used by theoreticiansto improve calculations of photochemistry along the aircraft flight paths, and to ini-


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tialize global models. The first figure (shown above) depicts the evolution of 20-kmozone over the course of the 1999-2000 winter. The areas of blue in the February andMarch plots signify chemical ozone loss, similar to that which occurs in the Antarcticozone hole every September and October.

The 1999-2000 and 2002-2003 winters were both fairly cold winters with enoughproduction of polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) that significant ozone depletion wasobserved (PSCs are a necessary prerequisite to chemical ozone loss). There were,however, significant differences between the winters. In 1999-2000, for instance, thevortex during the early winter period remained mostly symmetric and centered overthe North pole, so that only the vortex edges were exposed to significant sunlight inJanuary. In 2002-2003, however, the vortex was pulled down to mid-latitudes inJanuary, where much of the cold air was exposed to sunlight. Since chemical ozonedepletion only occurs in PSC-processed air after exposure to sunlight, more ozoneloss was observed early in the winter of 2002-2003 than in 1999-2000. LASP graduatestudent Cynthia Shaw has been evaluating the differences between ozone loss occur-ring in the two SOLVE winters using solar occultation data in conjunction with

3-dimensional model calculations. The figure here (left panel) depicts a contour plotof the ozone loss that occurred in the early winter of 2002-2003 inside the polar vor-tex at the POAM III measurement locations. The right panel compares ozone lossnear 20 km in the 1999-2000 and 2002-2003 winters. By 1 February, approximately 0.5ppmv more loss had occurred in 2003 than in 2000, primarily because the vortex airhad been exposed to more sunlight in early January.

Figure 2. Chemical O3 loss in the NH vortex inferred from POAM III and the SLIMCAT CTM (my work) in 2002/2003 (left) and a comparison of the loss in 1999/2000 and 2002/2003 at 500 K (right).


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Antarctic Ozone Hole of 2002For the first time on record, a major stratospheric warming was observed in the

Antarctic during September of 2002. A major warming is a wintertime dynamicalphenomenon that indicates an unstable stratospheric polar vortex and results inrapid and substantial transport of air between the low and high latitudes. Usually,the Antarctic vortex is strong and stable, and effectively isolates cold stratospheric airin a large circular region around the South Pole, leading to the annual ozone hole inlate September and October. In 2002, however, the dynamical situation was highlyperturbed, and in late September the vortex split into two separate lobes. Press re-ports of the annual ozone hole showed that in 2002 the ozone hole was much less se-vere than normal at the end of September after the major warming. The ozone holeitself is defined by the ozone column – an ozone hole is said to be present if the col-umn ozone, or the amount of ozone in a column of air stretching from the surface tospace, is less than a predefined limiting value. LASP scientists have used solar oc-cultation data to help explain why the unique dynamical situation in 2002 resulted insuch substantial changes to the ozone hole.


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As an example, the figure here compares maps of 30-km ozone over the southernpolar region from 2001 and 2002 on 29 September, a time when the ozone hole is nearits peak. No satellite instrument is currently capable of measuring ozone profilesover this entire region. Nevertheless, using the proxy method described above, sci-entists have been able to “reconstruct” the ozone maps seen here from POAM,HALOE and SAGE data. The 2001 map on the left shows the nominal situation thathas been observed repeatedly for the past two decades of satellite observations. In-side the polar vortex, the boundary of which is roughly defined by the green con-tours, ozone is relatively low, with much higher ozone outside the vortex. The rela-tively low polar ozone is a well understood result of isolating air in the dark polarregion, and at this altitude is not an indication of chemical ozone depletion. Thesituation in 2002 was quite different, as illustrated in the right panel. Here, instead ofconstituting a fairly symmetric circular region centered near the pole, the low ozoneis sequestered in two small lobes separated by regions of relatively higher ozone.Maps at other altitudes above the traditional ozone hole region (which lies belowabout 23 km) are similar. The presence of ozone-rich air near the South Pole wherenormally only ozone-poor air exists, even in areas where it lies above ozone-depletedair, leads to abnormally high column ozone values. In 2002 the ozone hole was sub-stantially diminished compared to normal, but as shown by these solar occultationdata and by other meteorological data, the cause was primarily dynamics, with onlya small contribution from changes in the ozone hole chemistry itself.

Stellar Occultation Instrument DevelopmentStellar occultation measurements have the same advantages of the solar occulta-

tion measurements in terms of high vertical resolution, high accuracy, and trend-quality. In addition, stellar occultation techniques have the advantages of global cov-erage and nighttime measurement capability. For these reasons, LASP scientists be-lieve that stellar occultation measurements represent the future of satellite remotesensing of the earth’s middle atmosphere. Satellite-based stellar occultation meas-urements are in their infancy compared to the solar occultation instruments. TheUARS/SOLSTICE instrument led by LASP scientist Gary Rottman has obtained anumber of stellar occultation profiles while monitoring stars as calibration sourcesfor its solar measurements. Since SOLSTICE was not designed with the intent tomake atmospheric measurements, however, the data are not optimal. The LASPSORCE program also contains a SOLSTICE instrument, which has characteristicsmore amenable to stellar occultation measurements. LASP scientists will be examin-ing these data once routine processing is in place. Similar to the situation withSOLSTICE, an instrument onboard the U.S. department of defense MSX satellite hasobtained stellar occultation data, but it was originally designed for purposes of mis-sile detection, not atmospheric applications. Most recently, the European GOMOSinstrument was launched onboard the ENVISAT satellite. In collaboration with teammembers, LASP scientists are participating in the validation efforts for both the MSXand GOMOS instruments.


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LASP scientists proposed to build a stellar occultation instrument to measurethermospheric and mesospheric nitric oxide a number of years ago. The mission con-cept was to investigate the impact of energetic particles impinging on the earth’s up-per atmosphere. Such particles create nitric oxide in the upper atmosphere, whichcan then descend to the stratosphere and destroy ozone. Although unsuccessful, thevision of understanding coupling between the upper and lower atmosphere, and ofdetermining its role in global atmospheric change, remains at the forefront of LASPatmospheric research. Stellar occultation measurements are well suited to thesestudies. Under the leadership of LASP scientist David Rusch, LASP is now designinga stellar occultation detection system applicable to measurements of multiple atmos-pheric constituents throughout the middle atmosphere.

The goal of this program, sponsored by NASA’s Sun Earth Connections, is tostudy the applicability of monolithic Spatial Heterodyne Spectroscopy (SHS) at ul-traviolet wavelengths to stellar occultation. SHS is an interferometric Fourier trans-form technique. The result of the two-year study will be a full-up instrument conceptwith sufficient maturity so that it can be proposed for flight in the early 2004 timeframe. The proposed instrument will provide reliable profiles of important atmos-pheric constituents in the Earth’s middle atmosphere. The small size and weight alsoallow this instrument to be targeted for planetary missions.

One example of the need for, and the power of, the technique, is shown in thefollowing example. The figure here demonstrates the need to make measurements ofconstituent profiles in the polar night on Earth. The top panel shows NOx (NO +NO2) data from the HALOE instrument on UARS. The bottom panel is a model cal-culation. The shape of the contours at northern latitudes indicates vertically down-ward transport of NOx from the high mesosphere to the low mesosphere and upperstratosphere. The model indicates that this flow may be far more important at lati-tudes northward of the limit of the HALOE data. Currently there are no measure-ments of NO or NO2 during the polar night.


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A stellar occultation instrument would provide data at all latitudes throughoutthe year and help solve this intriguing question of the amount of NOx reaching thestratosphere from the mesosphere during the winter.

This is just one example of the power of this method. The instrument we will de-velop will provide the opportunity for observations on any Solar System body withan atmosphere. The concept of stellar occultation is easily adapted to any planet orsatellite. Stellar magnitudes are essentially independent of Solar System position. Weemphasize Earth measurements in this study due to the immediate need to providenew information on the impact of the Sun on life and society. Measurements of theatmospheres of other Solar System bodies will provide for fundamental comparisonsbased upon a measurement technique that is essentially independent of the constitu-ents in the body’s atmosphere.

LASP scientists involved are Dave Rusch (PI), Bill McClintock, and Cora Randall.Other team members are Scott Bailey (University of AL), David Siskind (NRL), JohnHarlandar (St. Cloud University), and Christoph Englert (NRL).


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High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS)

The High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder, HIRDLS, is a joint project betweenthe University of Colorado and Oxford University. Launch is planned on the EarthObserving System AURA satellite in 2004. LASP scientists Linnea Avallone, CoraRandall, Dave Rusch and Brian Toon are HIRDLS science team members. HIRDLS isan infrared limb-scanning radiometer designed to sound the upper troposphere,stratosphere, and mesosphere to determine: temperature; the concentrations of O3,H2O, CH4, N2O, NO2, HNO3, N2O5, CFC11, CFC12, ClONO2, and aerosols; and the lo-cations of polar stratospheric clouds and cloudtops. The goals are to provide sound-ing observations with horizontal and vertical resolution superior to that previouslyobtained; to observe the lower stratosphere with improved sensitivity and accuracy;and to improve understanding of atmospheric processes through data analysis, di-agnostics, and use of two- and three-dimensional models.

HIRDLS performs limb scans in the vertical at multiple azimuth angles, measur-ing infrared emissions in 21 channels ranging from 6.12 to17.76 microns. Four chan-nels measure the emission by CO2. Taking advantage of the known mixing ratio ofCO2, the transmittance is calculated, and the equation of radiative transfer is invertedto determine the vertical distribution of the Planck black body function, from whichthe temperature is derived as a function of pressure. Once the temperature profilehas been established, it is used to determine the Planck function profile for the tracegas channels. The measured radiance and the Planck function profile are then used to


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determine the transmittance of each trace species and its mixing ratio distribution.Winds and potential vorticity are determined from spatial variations of the height

of geopotential surfaces. These are determined at upper levels by integrating thetemperature profiles vertically from a known reference base. HIRDLS will improveknowledge in data-sparse regions by measuring the height variations of the referencesurface with the aid of a gyro package. This level (near the base of the stratosphere)can also be integrated downward using nadir temperature soundings to improvetropospheric analyses.

Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM)

AIM has been selected by NASA for flight. LASP will soon begin Phase B activi-ties. LASP will build two instruments, the Cloud Imaging and Particle Size (CIPS)and the Cosmic Dust Experiment (CDE). The Instrument Pallet Assembly will alsobe built at LASP. LASP will manage the AIM mission and will control the satelliteafter launch.

The overall goal of the Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) experiment is toresolve why polar mesospheric clouds (PMCs) form and why they vary. By measur-ing PMCs and the thermal, chemical and dynamical environment in which theyform, we will quantify the connection between these clouds and the meteorology ofthe polar mesosphere. In the end, this will provide the basis for study of long-term


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variability in the mesospheric climate and its relationship to global change. The re-sults of AIM will be a rigorous validation of predictive models that can reliably usepast PMC changes and present trends as indicators of global change. This goal willbe achieved by measuring PMC abundances, spatial distribution, particle size distri-butions, gravity wave activity, dust influx to the atmosphere and precise, verticalprofile measurements of temperature H2O, OH, CH4, O3, CO2, NO, and aerosols.These data can only be obtained by a complement of instruments on an Orbitingspacecraft (S/C).

Over the last 30 years ground based observations from NW Europe of the numberof noctilucent clouds (NLCs) show dramatic increases. These clouds, known morerecently to satellite observers as Polar Mesospheric Clouds (PMCs), are believed torespond dramatically to even small changes in their environment. Since cooling ofthe upper atmosphere (PMCs occur near 85 km) is expected to accompany the possi-ble warming of the lower atmosphere due to an increased greenhouse effect, an in-crease in mesospheric cloudiness could be one consequence of mesospheric climatechange.

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PERSONNELDaniel N. Baker, Director

LASP Faculty

Laila AnderssenLinnea M. AvalloneFrances BagenalCharles A. BarthDavid BrainJoshua E. ColwellPeter DelamereScot ElkingtonErica EllingsonWilliam EmeryFrancis G. EparvierRobert ErgunStefan ErikssonLarry W. EspositoRobert E. GrimmJerald W. HarderNoel HinnersMihály HorányiBruce M. JakoskyGreg KoppGeorge M. LawrenceSteven W. LeeXinlin LiWilliam E. McClintock

Tom McCollomMichael MellonMichael MillsSteve MojzsisKeiji OhtsukiRobert T. PappalardoAlexander PavlovWilliam PetersonCora E. RandallGary J. RottmanDavid W. RuschNicholas M. SchneiderChao ShenJamison SmithByron SmileyMartin SnowA. Ian F. StewartGlen R. StewartYi-Jin SuGary E. ThomasHenry B. ThroopO. Brian ToonThomas N. Woods

Visiting ScholarsDr. Scott Bailey, University of Alaska at FairbanksDr. Judith Lean, Naval Research LaboratoryDr. W. Kent Tobiska, Space Environment TechnologiesDr. Jan Sojka, Utah State UniversityDr. Greg Berthiaume, MIT Lincoln LaboratoryDr. Darrell Judge, University of Southern CaliforniaMr. Don McMullin, University of Southern CaliforniaDr. Barbara Thompson, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterDr. Robert Cahalan, NASA Goddard Space Flight CenterDr. Dominique Crommelynck, Royal Meteorological Institute, BelgiumDr. Claus Fröhlich, World Radiation Center, SwitzerlandDr. Peter Pilewskie, NASA Ames Research CenterDr. Roger Phillips, Washington University


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Research/Technical/Administrative Support Staff

Ann AlfaroGregg AllisonKathryn F. AndersonMichael D. AnfinsonJudy AntmanRichard ArnoldDennis L. BakerSusan BatisteHelmut P. BayRobert P. BiroBrian D. BoyleJohn BoyntonJames BraultNancy BrooksJeff BrownPatrick BrownIone CaleyMichael T. CallanZachary G. CastlemanSteve ChappellZhangzhao ChenFlemming ChristensenLillian ConnellyDavid CrotserJohn A. DaspitRandal L. DavisKip W. DenhalterJohn DonnellySharon DooleyMichael DoreyVirginia DrakePeter ElespuruSteve EricksenPhillip L. EvansJack FaberStacy Varnes FarrarTawnya FerbiakKurt FilsingerJohn FontenlaDavid Gathright

Vanessa GeorgeJudith (Dede) GleasonKen GreistBonnie Kae GroverRoger GundersonChristine HathawayKarl HeuermanMeredith HigbieCaroline HimesRose A. HoagTimothy HoldenBonnie W. HotardAndrew HuntJames JohnsonAlain J. JouchouxDavid E. JuddRyan KeenanMichelle KelleyMarjorie K. KlempBarry KnappRichard KohnertKraig KoskiBret LamprechtStephen C. LaneMark R. LanktonSally LasaterKathy LozierDebra McCabeSherry McGlochlinMichael McGrathJames MackMelanie McKinneyKaren M. MacMeekinKen MankoffJack MarshallWillie MeinRussell MeinzerNathaniel MillerSteve P. MonkAref Nammari

Toan NguyenSara OhrtmanChris PankratzNicole RamosThomas ReeseRandy ReukaufPat RingroseTimothy RuskeMarissa RusinekCynthia RussellSean RyanTim SchofieldPatti SickenKaren SimmonsByron SmileyThomas SparnStephen StegGail TateJanet TracyMatt TriplettJennifer Turner-ValleGregory UckerDouglas VincentJeffrey WeberPaul WeidmannJames WestfallNeil WhiteDave WilsonAnn WindnagelHeather Reed WithnellPeter WithnellDonald WoodraskaMia WoodyJason YoungLisa YoungSteve ZdawczynskiTorsten Zorn


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Recent Graduates

David A. Brain, Ph.D., Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences DepartmentAugust 2002

The Influence of Crustal magnetic Sources on the Topology of the Martian Magnetic En-vironmentThesis Advisor: Frances Bagenal

Peter R. Colarco, Ph.D., Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences DepartmentAugust 2002

Modeling Saharan Dust Emissions, Transport, Deposition and Optical PropertiesThesis Advisor: O. Brian Toon

Amanda A. Sickafoose, Ph.D., Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences DepartmentExperimental Dust Charging and Dynamics with Applications for Planetary Environ-mentsThesis Advisor: Joshua E. Colwell

Olga V. Kalashnikova, Ph.D., Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences DepartmentAugust 2002

Modeling Optical Properties of Non-spherical Soil-Derived Dust Particles for Remote-Sensing ApplicationsThesis Advisor: Irina Sokolik

Aimee Merkel, Ph.D., Aerospace Engineering SciencesDecember 2002

Dynamical Influences of Polar Mesospheric Clouds Observed from the Student NitricOxide Explorer SpacecraftThesis Advisor: Gary Thomas

Byron D. Smiley, Ph.D., PhysicsAugust 2002

Measurement of Charged Mesospheric Particles with a Magnetically Shielded RocketProbeThesis Advisor: Scott Robinson


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Graduate Students

Janice ArmelliniAustin BarkerAmy BarrErika BarthTodd BradleySarah BrooksShawn BrooksChelsey BryantMichael BuckMatthew BurgerEd Burin Des RoziersJeff CadieuxPhillip ChamberlinSteve ChappellPeter ColarcoZane CrawfordSean DavisMatthew DeanAnselm FernandezBrandi GamblinJennifer GannonAmelia Gates

Yu-Ning GeAnna G. HallarKeith HarrisonJennifer HeldmannGene HollandGregory HolsclawVaughn HoxieStephen JohnstoneGrailing JonesOlga V. KalashnikovaChris KelsoAngela KiblerByoungsoo KimKari KleinJay KominekCorinne KraussNancy KungsakawinLin LiMatthew Paul LippisTim LloydKevin McGouldrickLansing Madry

Eric MahrDavid MainAimee MerkelColin MitchellElinor NewmanDomic PapineauShannon PelkeyThan PutzigShubha RamaniL. Jeremy RichardsonJosh RiglerJames RobertsEric SchleicherTeresa SeguraCynthia ShawSara ShefflerRitchard ShidemantleAmanda SickafooseAndrew StefflMatt TrebellaJohn Weiss

Undergraduate Students

Alicia AllenBrett AndersonArt ArsenaultJeremy CarnahanFlemming ChristensenJosh ChristoffersonBrian ClarkeAdam CoxLindsay De RemerNathan DoyleJason DurrieLoren EasonAllison EbbetsPete ElespuruBrian Evans

Paul FeatherTed FisherStephanie FondaJason FrazeWilliam FrenchRyan FullerElizabeth GroganBen HamiltonAaron HaydenCory HendersonOdelle HofmannGene HollandJosiah JordanMatthew KanterRyan Keenan

Thomas KeohaneJay KominekEmily KramerErvin KraussKatherine KretkeNathan KunzDavid LawryHolly LewisKurt LorhammerSharon LutzBrian MadgeKevin McBrydePatrick MeagherJerel MoffattRobert Morris


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Jaeson MyersJohn NeiceLisa NguyenTrang NguyenJonathan NikkelMarshal OlsonKostas PagratisJill ParisiBrian PayneWes PattersonAnn PhamMichael Phan

William PisanoRadu PopescuErica RaineNichole RamosBryan RichterBrian RobertsKristin RoebuckNicholas RothJoshua RubinLaura ShanerMike SimpsonJarod Smilkstein

Patrick SmithJordan SpatzMichael StadlerThomas SteenMichelle StempelDalenna ThanhKatie ThompsonKaren TurkAngela WilliamsWilliam WoodTorsten Zorn

Faculty Research Interests

Linnea AvalloneExperimental and theoretical studies of tropospheric and stratospheric chemistry,

particularly of halogens and related species. Analyzing measurements of chemicalspecies to understand dynamical processes in the stratosphere and troposphere. De-velopment of instrumentation for autonomous in situ measurements of trace speciesrelated to understanding the lifetimes of anthropogenic [email protected] (303) 492-5913

Frances BagenalMagnetic fields and plasma environments of solar system objects – mainly Jupiter

and the Sun, but more recently, other planets, comets and [email protected] (303) 492-2598

Daniel N. BakerResearch in space instrument design and calibration, space physics data analysis,

and magnetospheric modeling. Study of plasma physical and energetic particle phe-nomena in the magnetospheres of Jupiter and Mercury, along with the plasma sheetand magnetopause boundary regions of the Earth's magnetosphere. Analysis of largedata sets from spacecraft; involvement in missions to Earth's deep magnetotail andcomets; the study of solar wind-magnetospheric energy coupling; theoretical mod-eling of magnetotail instabilities. Study of magnetosphere-atmosphere coupling; ap-plying space plasma physics to study of astrophysical systems. Research to under-stand magnetospheric substorms and geomagnetic storms. Teaching of space physicsand public policy, as well as public outreach to space technology community andgeneral [email protected] (303) 492-4509


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Charles A. BarthPlanetary ultraviolet spectroscopy; observation and theory of nitric oxide in the

Earth's upper atmosphere; research on planetary [email protected] (303) 492-7502

Joshua E. ColwellOrigin and evolution of planetary rings, observational and theoretical studies of

planetary rings, comets, and satellites including Earth’s moon. Impact processes onasteroids, satellites, and ring particles. Dynamics of dust in ring-satellite systems.Dusty plasma dynamics. Thermal models of airless [email protected] (303) 492-6805

Erica EllingsonThe study of the evolution of galaxies, galaxy clusters, and quasars. Investigation

of dark matter in distant galaxy clusters, the evolution of the galaxies in these clus-ters, and the properties of the intra-cluster gas. Observations with ground-based tele-scopes and use of several orbiting space observatories, extensive computer analysisand [email protected] (303) 492-6610

Francis G. EparvierResearch interests include the aeronomy of the upper atmosphere, the effects of

solar irradiance and particle flux variability on the upper atmosphere, and thesources of that solar variability. Approaches include rocket and satellite measure-ments of the solar outputs and of the atmosphere, and data analysis and theoreticalmodeling. Currently Co-Investigator on the Thermosphere- Ionosphere-MesosphereEnergetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite Solar EUV Experiment (SEE). Also Co-Investigator on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) EUV Variability Experiment(EVE)[email protected], (303) 492-4546, http://stripe.colorado.edu/~eparvier

Larry W. EspositoObservational and theoretical studies of planetary atmospheres and rings; chem-

istry and dynamics of the Venus clouds; waves in Saturn's rings; numerical methodsfor radiation [email protected] (303) 492-7325

Robert E. GrimmGeophysical investigation of planetary interiors. Groundwater on Mars, including

its roles in surficial and subsurface processes and present distribution. Tectonics ofMars and Venus. Electromagnetic methods to detect groundwater on Mars, subsur-face contaminants, and unexploded ordnance.


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[email protected] (303) 278-8700

Jerald HarderMeasurement and interpretation of solar spectral irradiance; Development of

space-borne prism [email protected] (303) 492-1891

Mihaly HoranyiDusty space and laboratory plasmas. Electrodynamic processes and their role in

the origin and evolution of the solar system. Comets, planetary rings, plasma surfaceinteractions at moons and asteroids. Aerosol charging, in situ and remote observa-tions of [email protected] (303) 492-6903

Bruce M. JakoskyTeaching and research activities focus on understanding the nature of planetary

surfaces and atmospheres and the possibility for the existence of life in the universe.Specific activities include teaching undergraduate and graduate courses, traininggraduate students, research and grant activity pertaining to planetary science andexobiology, leading the campus effort in astrobiology, and outreach to the [email protected] (303) 492-8004

Greg KoppDevelopment and characterization of the SORCE Total Irradiance Monitor for

solar irradiance measurements. Solar physics. Exo-solar planet finding (Kepler) andcharacterization (TPF). Electro-optical instrumentation and electrical substitution [email protected] (303) 735-0934

George M. LawrencePhysical chemistry, laboratory spectroscopy, experiment design and analysis,

signal conditioning, vacuum technology, IR detectors, UV detectors, imaging detec-tors, microchannel [email protected] (303) 492-5389

Steven W. LeeDevelopment of computer techniques for analysis and correlative study of multi-

ple remote-sensing data sets; Digital image processing techniques; Physics of atmos-phere/surface interactions; Mechanisms and rates of eolian sediment transport; Ef-fects of topography on regional atmospheric circulation; Educational outreach: in-corporating planetary science into K-12 [email protected] (303) 492-5348


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Xinlin LiSpace physics, data analysis and modeling. Especially interested in understand-

ing the dynamics of relativistic electrons in the magnetosphere: the source, loss, andtransportation of these MeV electrons; also interested in charged particle injectionsinto inner magnetosphere during magnetic storms and substorms, and magneto-sphere-atmosphere coupling due to energetic particle [email protected] (303) 492-3514

William E. McClintockObservational Astrophysics - Ultraviolet observations of the outer atmospheres of

cool stars and the very local (d<20pc) interstellar medium. Ultraviolet Observationsof Planetary Atmospheres. Development of state-of-the-art instrumentation for highresolution spectroscopy for the 900-2500/ wavelength [email protected] (303) 492-8407

Thomas McCollomExperimental studies of abiotic synthesis of organic compounds and the stability

of organic compounds under hydrothermal conditions. Microbial interactions withminerals and fluids in chemolithoautotrophic habitats. Mars and Europa as potentialhabitats for [email protected] (303) 735-3072

Michael MellonThe history of water on Mars, the martian permafrost, surface-atmosphere inter-

actions and the martian climate. Periglacial geology and geophysics on Earth andMars. Searching for subsurface water on Mars. Antarctic analogs to martian geomor-phology. Laboratory research in transport processes in frozen soils, including gas dif-fusion, solute migration, electromagnetic propagation and the effects of water vapor,ice, and adsorbate on transport physics. Remote sensing and thermophysical proper-ties of planetary regoliths, with specific emphasis on martian surface material.Planetary surface temperature behavior and geothermal heat [email protected] (303) 492-1711

Michael MillsResearch has focused on stratospheric sulfate aerosol. The current research tool is

a 2D microphysical model of the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. A pri-mary goal has been to assess the sources of the nonvolcanic stratospheric sulfatelayer, and understand anthropogenic contributions. Because of the role of aerosol instratospheric chemistry and radiative balance, this knowledge of its sources is criticalto understanding global change. Recent efforts have attempted to understand dis-crepancies between observed and calculated aerosol mass at the top of the layer.Other work has examined the causes of observed particle nucleation in polar winter,


39

the implications for aerosol of recently measured photolysis rates for H2SO4 and SO3,and volcanic aerosol as a potential source for polar mesospheric [email protected] (303) 492-7767

Keiji OhtsukiTheoretical studies of planet formation; origin and dynamical evolution of ring-

satellite [email protected] (303) 492-0260

Cora E. RandallPrimary interests include atmospheric chemistry and dynamics, with particular

emphasis on the polar regions. Work is experimental in nature, relying on measure-ments of trace gas species and aerosols from remote sensing satellites. Areas of ex-pertise include stratosphere/mesosphere coupling, polar stratospheric ozone loss,and validation and visualization of solar occultation data. Other interests includepolar mesospheric clouds, stellar occultation techniques, and applications of polar-ized [email protected] (303) 492-8208

Gary J. RottmanAccurately measure the solar spectral irradiance (Principal Investigator on

sounding rockets, UARS, EOS, and TSIM and Co-Investigator on SME and TIMED).Special emphasis is given to solar variability on all time scales and to comparisons ofthe solar irradiance with the output of other late type stars. Past work has concen-trated on the ultraviolet (l<300 nm) irradiance, but emphasis has now extended to thevisible and near-infrared. Application of ultraviolet spectroscopy and the develop-ment of new instrumentation for remote [email protected] (303) 492-8324

David W. RuschThe general fields of spectroscopy and aeronomy, emphasizing the measurements

of minor constituents and aerosols in planetary atmospheres such as nitric oxide andozone and the physical and chemical phenomena which determine their densitiesand temporal variations. Research in the atmospheric sciences including strato-spheric, mesospheric, and thermospheric data analysis and modeling. Application ofthe principles of molecular and atomic spectroscopy in the measurement of ultravio-let, visible, and near-infrared emission and absorption features to obtain under-standing of atmospheric phenomena. Current research involves the determination ofatmospheric processes affecting ozone and the reevaluation of ozone trends fromlong-term satellite [email protected] (303) 492-8627http://lasp.colorado.edu/~rusch/dwr.html


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Nicholas M. SchneiderThe physics of planetary magnetospheres, particularly the interactions between

planetary plasmas and the satellites of the outer planets. Extensive groundbased ob-servations of the Jupiter/Io system, especially imaging and spectroscopy of the Ioatmosphere and plasma torus. Program has been expanded to include Hubble SpaceTelescope observations. Designing and building of a spacecraft to study the Jupi-ter/Io [email protected] (303) 492-7672http://ganesh.colorado.edu/nick

Martin SnowCurrent research interests involve ultraviolet spectroscopy and comets. Results

from the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph have provided information about avariety of astronomical objects, including cool star chromospheres, quasars, and hotstar winds. Cometary research has been on the large-scale phenomena in plasmatails. Observations from the Ulysses Comet Watch involving amateur astronomersfrom around the world have greatly aided this [email protected] (303) 492-3744

A. Ian F. StewartThe investigation by ultraviolet emissions of the aeronomy of planetary and sat-

ellite atmospheres, cometary comae, and Io's plasma [email protected] (303) 492-4630

Glen R. StewartOrigin and evolution of the solar system, with an emphasis on modeling the

solid-body accretion of the terrestrial planets and the solid cores of the giant planets.Accretion of the Moon after a giant impact on the Earth. Modeling of satellite wakesand spiral density waves in planetary rings. Nonlinear dynamics of the three-bodyproblem as applied to problems in solar system [email protected] (303) 492-3737

Gary E. ThomasResearch concerning the middle atmosphere of Earth, in particular the meso-

sphere (50-100 km). Of interest are noctilucent clouds which occur in the high-latitude summertime mesopause region, around 83 km. These clouds were observedfor five years by a CU LASP ultraviolet experiment onboard the LASP SME satellite,and more recently by instruments onboard the POAM II and UARS (Upper Atmos-phere Research Satellite) spacecraft. In the last decade, interest involves globalchange in this region, possibly caused by anthropogenic emissions and by climatechanges in the troposphere. Critical parameters studied are solar UV flux, water va-por, temperature and ozone which are being monitored by instruments onboard theUARS.


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[email protected] (303) 492-7022http://lasp.colorado.edu/noctilucent_clouds

O. Brian ToonTheoretical studies of stratospheric aerosols; investigations of volcanic aerosols

and studies of polar stratospheric clouds; theoretical studies of tropospheric clouds,aerosols and radiative transfer; experimental investigations of stratospheric and tro-pospheric phenomena; theoretical investigations of planetary [email protected] (303) 492-1534

Thomas N. WoodsObservational studies of the solar ultraviolet (UV) radiation, its variability, and its

interaction with Earth's atmosphere. Principal investigator of NASA suborbital pro-gram to study the solar irradiance and thermospheric airglow. Principal investigatorof the Solar EUV Experiment (SEE) on the TIMED mission. Co-investigator of theSolar Stellar Irradiance Comparison (SOLSTICE) experiment currently making solarUV irradiance measurements on the Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)and planned for the Earth Observing System (EOS) [email protected] (303) 492-4224

FACULTY ACTIVITIES

Linnea M. AvalloneAdvisor to Amelia Gates, ATOCAdvisor to Anna Gannet Hallar, ATOCAdvisor to Matthew Lippis, MS student in Electrical EngineeringAssociate editor for Journal of Geophysical Research - AtmospheresChair, PAOS Distinguished Lecture Series Committee, Spring 2002Co-chair, LASP Curriculum Review Committee, Fall 2002Gave guest lecture on stratospheric ozone depletion, ATOC 1060, October 2002Gave three guest lectures for ATOC/ASEN 5225, December 2002.Member of Atmospheric Chemistry Technical Committee, Atmospheric Sciences

Section, AGUMember of PAOS Curriculum CommitteeMember of the LASP Education and Public Outreach CommitteeMember, American Geophysical Union Spring 2002 Meeting Program committeeMember, LASP Strategic Planning CommitteeMember, PAOS Comprehensive Exam Committee, Fall 2002Participated in field study - Made measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor

from the NCAR C-130 aircraft for the IDEAS project; to study the impact of watervapor on CO2 measurements made by infrared absorption, April 2002

Participated in field study - Made measurements of ozone, nitrogen oxides, carbondioxide, and halogen oxides at McMurdo Antarctica from 20 August - 31 October2002 to study photochemistry of boundary layer ozone


42

Participated in field study - Made measurements of particulate water from the NASAWB-57F aircraft during the NASA CRYSTAL-FACE mission, May and July 2002

Research was subject of an article written in The Antarctic Sun, a weekly publicationof the National Science Foundation Antarctic Program, 17 November 2002(http://www.polar.org/antsun/Sun111702/ozone.html)

Reviewed manuscripts for Geophysical Research Letters and Journal of GeophysicalResearch

Reviewed proposals for National Science Foundation Office of Polar ProgramsSecretary of the Atmospheric Sciences Section of the American Geophysical UnionTaught ATOC 6020 - Seminar in Trace Gas Instrumentation - Spring and Fall 2002Taught ATOC 7500 - new graduate course - Designing, Making and Interpreting At-

mospheric Measurements - Spring 2002

Daniel N. BakerAssociate Editor, Space Weather (AGU Journal) (2003- )Chair, Air Force Technical Applications Center (AFTAC) Satellite Review Panel,

continuingChair, Boulder Matrix Space Advisory GroupChair, Directors GroupChair, Electronic Publications Review Panel, AGUChair, Space Studies Board Task Group on "Assessment of Mission Size Trade-offs"Chair, STEP Results, Applications, and Modeling Phase (S-RAMP) Steering Com-

mittee, continuingChair, USRA Strategic Planning Steering CommitteeCo-Chair, SCOSTEP S-RAMP Meeting CommitteeConsultant, Ball Aerospace CorporationConsultant, SAIC, Inc.Consultant, USRA Astrophysics and Space Physics Council, Washington, DCConvenor, Core Technologies Conference, Colorado SpringsConvenor, Special session at American Geophysical Union Fall meetingCreated video for Sun-Earth Connections (NASA) called "SAMPEX - 10 years of Ra-

diation Measurements"Deputy Director, Center for Limb Atmospheric SoundingDirector of LASP/Chair of Executive CommitteeFaculty of Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling (CISM) Summer School,

Boston University, August 2002.Featured in Boston Herald, USA Today, Daily Camera, San Francisco Chronicle,

Christian Science Monitor, Science, and many other newspapers and magazinesMember of Dissertation/Thesis Committee for Eric Roden (ASEN), Amanda Sicka-

foose (APS), Jeremy Richardson (PHYS), and Corinne Krauss (APS)Member of the SAMPEX Science Working Team, continuingMember, Advisory Panel on Faculty Development in Space Sciences (2002-03Member, AGU Governing CouncilMember, Chancellor's Federal Relations Advisory Committee


43

Member, CLUSTER Science Working Team (1999- )Member, Conference on Space Weather Organizing CommitteeMember, External Advisory Board, Aerospace Engineering DepartmentMember, Federal Relations Advisory Committee (FRAC)Member, Graduate School/Institute Directors GroupMember, IGY+50 Advisory Committee (2002- )Member, MESSENGER/Mercury Orbiter Science Working TeamMember, NASA Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission, Study TeamMember, National Academy of Sciences/Space Studies Board Atmosphere-

Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling PanelMember, NOAA Strategic Planning Group (External)Member, Nominations Committee, American Geophysical UnionMember, Organizing Committee, ESPRIT Space Weather Conference, Rhodes, GreeceMember, Panel on Nonlinear Modeling in Geophysics (2003-03)Member, Polar Science Working Team, continuingMember, SAMPEX Science Working Team (1992- )Member, SCOSTEP Burean (Ex Officio)Member, Space Station Advisory Panel, American Geophysical Union (2002-03)Member, U.S. National Committee to IUGG (2000-03)Member, University Space Research Association (USRA) Council of Institutes Repre-

sentative, continuingMember, USRA Astronomy and Space Physics Council, continuingMember, Vision 2010: University Without Wall CommitteeNational Academy of Sciences/Space Studies Board Decadal SurveyOversaw LASP strategic planning processPresident, American Geophysical Union, Space Physics and Aeronomy Section, 2002-

2004Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Graduate Students Joshua Rigler and Lin

LiRecognized by Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) "Highly Cited" Researchers

ProjectRegional Editor of Journal of Atmospheric and Solar Terrestrial PhysicsServed as advisor of the Sun-Earth Connections (NASA) Roadmap committeeServed on LASP Business CommitteeSeveral television appearances (e.g., with Nick Carter on Channel 9 Feature) con-

cerning space weather.Supervising three (3) undergraduate studentsU.S. National Delegate, International Association for Geomagnetism and Aeronomy,

continuingU.S. Representative, International Union of geophysics and Geodesy, continuing

Joshua E. ColwellAuthor: Space Scene article for Boulder Daily CameraJournal referee: Journal of Geophysical Research, Icarus, Planetary and Space Science


44

Member, American Geophysical Union, American Astronomical Society, Division ofPlanetary Science

Member, Cassini Rings Working GroupMember, Cassini UVIS TeamMember, LASP Computer Systems Advisory Committee (CSAC)Outreach lectures at Monarch K-8 science classPrincipal Investigator, COLLIDE-2Principal Investigator, Dynamics of Dusty Plasmas Near Surfaces in SpacePrincipal Investigator, PRIMEProposal Reviewer: NASASupervised 7 undergraduate and graduate student assistantsTaught ASTR 1110: General Astronomy - The Solar SystemTextbook Reviewer: Addison-WesleyThesis Advisor for Amanda Sickafoose

Francis G. EparvierCo-Investigator, SDO EVEMember, American Geophysical UnionMember, LASP Curriculum CommitteeMember, LASP EPO CommitteeMember, PAOS Graduate Admissions Committee Member, Heather Lewandowski

Ph.D. Dissertation Committee (Physics) Co-Investigator, TIMED SEEMember, SPIE International Society for Optical Engineering Member, Astronomical

Society of the Pacific Chair, LASP Library CommitteePresented a seminar at NOAA Space Environment Center Presented a talk at the

NOAA GOES R EUV Workshop Presented a poster at the Living With a StarWorkshop Presented talks at TIMED Science Working Group meetings Presentedpapers at AGU, CEDAR, and COSPAR meetings Science fair judge

Robert GrimmDissertation Advisor, Keith HarrisonGroup Leader, Geophysics, Planetary Instrument Design and Definition Program

(PIDDP) PanelLASP Seminar, Naiades Mars Scout conceptMember, American Geophysical UnionMember, Mars Science Laboratory Science Advisory GroupMember, Society of Exploration GeophysicistsReviewer, PGG, MDAP, JGR, GRL

Mihaly HoranyiAssociate editor, JGR-Space PhysicsChair: Physics Department: Comps. CommitteeMember of Dissertation/Thesis Committee for Amanda Sickafoose, APS; Shawn

Brooks, APS; Daniel Main, Physics


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Member: LASP Executive Comm.Member: LASP Library Comm.Member: NASA Decadal Survey: Planetary Rings Panel, 2002Member: NASA Micro-Gravity Fluids Science Review Panel, 2002Member: Physics Dept. Undergrad. Comm.Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Graduate Students Colin Mitchell, Physics;

Corrine Krauss, APS (She continues receiving a NASA GSRP fellowship and wasawarded Outstanding Student Paper' prize at the 2002 Fall AGU meeting; L. Jer-emy Richardson, Physics (titular advisor); Byron Smiley, Physics (He completedhis Ph.D. and now is a postdoctoral researcher at LASP. S. Robertson was advis-ing the experimental portion of his thesis work); Adrianne Allen (titular, Physics);Jennifer Gannon (titular, Physics)

Principal Investigator for the Student Dust Counter for the New Horizon's Pluto Mis-sion. The project currently employs 11 students: Gene Holland Grad., Aero, Ms;Chelsey Bryant Grad., Aero, PhD; Anselm Fernandez Grad., EE, MS; VaughnHoxie Grad., Aero, PhD; Tinapan Chanthawanich Grad., EE, MS; Ervin KraussUgrad., Aero; Otto Krauss Ugrad., Aero; Matt Colgan Ugrad., Aero; NicholasBunch Ugrad., Physics; Michael Neeland Ugrad., ME; Katie Thompson Ugrad.,Aero;

Reviewed manuscripts for JGR-Space, Physics of Plasmas, Nature, Icarus, andCOSPAR

Reviewed proposals for NSF, NASA (3)Supervised Independent Study course: PHYS 3210 Mechanics, Summer course

(Adam Kay)Taught PHYS-2140 Mathematical Methods and PHYS/ENVS-3070 Energy in a Tech-

nical Society

Bruce M. JakoskyAdvisory Panel, New York Hall of Science, Extraterrestrial life exhibitAwarded First James McDonnell Distinguished Lecturer and Public Lecturer,

Washington University in St. Louis.Co-Chair, NASA Astrobiology Shared Foundations Working GroupDeveloped and taught new 4000/5000 level class in philosophy and history of astro-

biology, as part of new graduate certificate program in astrobiologyEditorial Board, AstrobiologyEditorial Board, GeobiologyEditorial Board, Int. J. AstrobiologyInterviewed for print, radio, and TV on topics related to Mars exploration and astro-

biology; 16 interviews during the year.LASP Executive CommitteeLASP Planetary faculty search committee, spring 2002.Member, American Geophysical Union Committee on Public AffairsMember, Mars Exploration program Analysis Group Astrobiology Sub-GroupMember, Mars Global Surveyor Project Science GroupMember, Mars Odyssey Project Science Group


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Member, NASA Astrobiology Roadmapping Working GroupMember, NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology Exploration (ASTEP) Program

Review PanelMember, NASA Mars Exploration Program Analysis Group (MEPAG)Member, NASA Mars Landing Site Steering GroupMember, NASA Mars Science Lander Project Science Integration GroupMember, NASA Solar System Exploration SubcommitteeMember, USRA Lunar and Planetary Institute Science CouncilPeer reviewer for journals (Nature, Geophysical Review Letters), National Research

Council (Decadal Strategy for Solar System), and NASA (Planetary Geology andGeophysics, Planetary Atmospheres, and Mars Data Analysis Programs).

Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Graduate Students Shannon Pelkey, APS;Stacy Varnes, GEOL,

Taught GEOL 4500/5700, History and Philosophy of Astrobiology

Greg KoppCoordinator, LASP Science Seminar seriesDirector at Large, Rocky Mountain Section of the Optical Society of AmericaMember, American Geophysical UnionTeam member, Terrestrial Planet Finder session chair for SORCE Science Meeting,

Short-Term Variability session - 17-19 July 2002

Thomas McCollomJournal referee: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Origins of Life and Evolution of the

Bioshpere.Participant, Europa Focus Group of the NASA Astrobiology InstituteProposal reviews: NSF Earth Sciences Directorate.

Michael MellonChair: Planetary Journal Club Seminar Series, Spring 2002Committee Member: Shannon Pelkey’s Ph.D. Thesis Annual ReviewInvited Poster: American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, A .Invited Talk: American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, A Permafrost

Perspective of Water and Ice in the Martian Regolith.Panel Member: Mars Express MARSIS Science Team Review PanelParticipating Scientist: Mars Team On Line, education and outreach program, NASA

AmesReviewer: Manuscripts for Journal of Geophysical Research-planets, Journal of Geophyiscal

Research- solid earth, Geophysical Research Letters, Nature, IcarusReviewer: Proposals for NASA Mars Data Analysis, Planetary Geology and Geophysics

Programs, and for Livermore National LaboratoryTaught: Supervised independent study ASTR 5920 “Martian Periglacial Geology”


47

Robert T. PappalardoAdvisor (UROP or URAP) for Michelle StempelAssociate Editor, Geophysical Research Letters.Co-Chair of APS Dept. Colloquium series, Spring 2002.First instructor at CU Boulder to test and use the TurnItIn.com Peer Review software,

for ASTR/GEOL 3300--Extraterrestrial Life.Member of selection committee: Arizona State University, Geosciences Alumni

Scholarship program)Member, Dissertation Committee for Shannon PelkeyMember: Committee on Planetary and Lunar Exploration (COMPLEX) of the Space

Studies Board, National Academy of Sciences (member of committee advising theNAS Space Studies Board on planetary studies that can be conducted from space,and supporting ground-based activities).

Member: National Academy of Sciences Solar System Exploration Strategy Commit-tee (Vice-chair of Large Satellites Panel and Steering Group Member of committeeadvising NASA and the Space Studies Board of the National Academy of Scienceson goals and priorities for planetary exploration for the decade 2003-2013).

Mentor to 7 undergraduate students (APS majors and minors).Principal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Graduate Student Amy BarrRepresentative to CU Geophysics Ph.D. Program, APS DeptReviewer, Planetary Geology and Geophysics Review Panel.Scientific consultant to Denver Museum of Nature and Science, planetarium show on

astrobiology.Taught Extraterrestrial Life, ASTR/GEOL 3300, Fall 2002; Extraterrestrial Life,

ASTR/GEOL 3300, Spring 2002

William K. PetersonDiscipline Scientist for Magnetospheric Physics at NASA Headquarters. In this posi-

tion I organize review panels and represent the interests of magnetosphericworkers in internal NASA discussions relating to programs and policy.

Member of the American Geophysical UnionPrincipal Investigator on the Toroidal Imagining Mass Angle Spectrograph (TIMAS)

Instrument on the Polar Satellite. A graphic illustrating some of the results of thatproject is at:ftp://willow.colorado.edu/pub/timas/timas_oveveriew_image.ps

Cora E. RandallAdjunct faculty member, PAOSAtmospheric science presentation to Ball personnel, January 2002Co-Chair: Langley DAAC UWG, since March 1998Co-I on NSF IGERT proposal: Graduate Training in Atmospheric ObservationsCoordinated LASP involvement in the BVSD High School Science Research SeminarHIRDLS team member, since 1997ILAS II team member, since 1999


48

Member, EOS-CHEM aerosol working group, since spring, 1999Member, EOS-CHEM education/outreach working group, since fall, 1998Member: Aimee Merkel graduate dissertation committeeMember: LASP EPO exploratory group, since spring 2001Member: LASP executive committeeMember: LASP pre-proposal science review committee (T. Woods SDO proposal, 1

February 2002)Member: LASP/PAOS faculty search committeeMember: PAOS graduate student admissions committee, since September 2002Member: Two PAOS grad student advisory committeesMentored Daniel Regelson, a Boulder High School senior, on his SRS science projectPOAM team member, since 1994Reviewer: JGR atmospheresReviewer: NASA ACMAP/SOSST proposalsReviewer: NASA Institute for Advanced Concepts, Phase I proposalsSAGE II team member, since 1999Science Fair judge, Bear Creek Elementary School, 7 February 2002

Nicholas SchneiderAdvisor to approximately 30 studentsChair, LASP Graduate Students Concerns CommitteeLiaison, Departmental FTEPMember, Admissions CommitteeMember, Dissertation/Thesis Committee for David Brain (APS), Mark Welliver

(Physics), and Juan Eduardo Ramire, (Physics)Member, Libraries, AV, Slide collection CommitteeMember, Masters or Ph.D Qualifying Examination Committee for Andrew Steffl

(APS) and Teddy Tian (APS)Member, Telescope Allocation CommitteeMentor to Rob Morris, APS major performing astronomical research under my di-

rectionPrincipal Dissertation/Thesis Advisor for Graduate Student Matt Burger (APS)Public nights at Sommers Bausch ObservatoryRepresentative from APS to Geophysics ProgramReviewer, NASA/NSF proposalsReviewer, Scientific JournalsStudent Advisor to 20 minor and major students in APS, and career counseling to

another ~5 undergraduatesTaught ASTR1010, Introductory Astronomy (Solar System) for non-majorsTaught ASTR5750, Observational AstronomyTaught ASTR5835, Topics in Planetary Science, on the subject of ExtraSolar Planets


49

Glen R. StewartFaculty advisor for John Weiss's successful GSRP grantManuscript reviewer for Icarus, Astronomical JournalMember, American Astronomical SocietyMember, LASP Education and Public Outreach CommitteePresented talk on "Origin of the Moon" to classroom at University of Colorado, Den-

verServed on proposal review panel for NASA's Planetary Geology and Geophysics

programThesis advisor for John Weiss, APS department

Tom WoodsManuscript Reviewer, Journal of Geophysical Research, Journal of Atmospheric and

Solar-Terrestrial PhysicsMember, American Astronomical Society, Solar PhysicsMember, American Geophysical UnionMember, NASA SDO Science TeamMember, NASA SORCE Science TeamMember, NASA TIMED Science TeamMember, NASA UARS Science TeamMember, SPIE International Society for Optical EngineeringProposal Reviewer, NASA, NSF

2002 Seminar SeriesGreg Kopp, Chair,

17-Jan Nick Schneider(LASP)

The JMEX Mission, Study Phase Re-sults

24 Jan Alex Pavlov(LASP)

Oxygen abundance in the Archeanatmosphere: What can we learn fromsulfur isotopes?

31 Jan David W. Rusch(LASP)

Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere(AIM) Small Explorer (SMEX)

4 Feb Steve NeremCU/AeroEngr

New satellite technologies for meas-uring gravity

14 Feb Xinlin Li(LASP)

Sun-Earth Connection: QuantitativePrediction of Radiation Belt Electronsin the Earth's Magnetosphere Basedon Solar Wind Measurements


50

21 Feb Tom Woods(LASP)

Timely TIMED Results

26 Feb Lee Peterson &Jason Hinkle(CU/AERO)

Space Structures Research at CU

7 Mar Alan Delamere(Ball Aerospace)

Deep Impact Discovery Mission

14 Mar Harold Reitsema(Ball Aerospace)

Kepler Discovery Mission

21 Mar Victoria Meadows(JPL/Caltech/NAI)

Toward Characterization of Extraso-lar Terrestrial Planets: The VirtualPlanetary Laboratory

4 Apr Bill EmeryCU/LASP & Aerospace En-gineering Sciences

Mapping Coastal Ocean Currentsfrom Satellite Infrared/Color Imagesand Altimetry

18 Apr Peter WardU. of Washington

New views on mass extinctions: Areimpact-caused extinctions rare inearth history?

25 Apr Linnea AvalloneCU/LASP & PAOS

In Situ Measurements in Arctic Cir-rus and Rocket Plumes: New Insightsinto Particle Sizes and Composition

9 May Jerry HarderLASP

Solar irradiance measurements in thevisible and infrared: The SORCE SIMinstrument

13 May Anthony ChanRice Univ.

Killer electrons and phase space La-grangians: Transport and accelerationof relativistic electrons in Earth’smagnetosphere

29 Aug Prof. Eric DonovanUniversity of Calgary

Enhanced Auroral Proton and Elec-tron Precipitation During the InitialPhase of Magnetic Storms

5 Sept Daniel BakerLASP

The Solar and Space Physics DecadalSurvey: What's Hot and What's Not


51

12 Sept Dr. Chiao-Yao SheCSU

Atmospheric Tides in Mesopause Re-gion Temperature and Winds as Ob-served by a Sodium Lidar over FullDiurnal cycles

19 Sept Robert PappalardoCU / LASP & APS

New Frontiers in the Solar System:Results of the Planetary ScienceDecadal Survey

26 Sept Alexander PavlovCU/LASP

Passing Through Giant MolecularCloud – Effects on Climate: PossibleLink to Snowball Glaciations?

3 Oct Stephen J. MojzsisCenter for Astrobiology

The Oldest Known Sediments onEarth and What They Mean

17 Oct Robert GrimmBlackhawk GeoServices, Inc.and CU-LASP

The Naiades: A Scout Proposal forElectromagnetic and Seismic Explo-ration for Groundwater on Mars

31 Oct Stefan ErikssonCU/LASP

Lobe Cell Convection and Polar CapPrecipitation

7 Nov Tom WoodsCU/LASP

The EUV Variability Experiment(EVE) on the NASA Solar DynamicsObservatory (SDO)

14 Nov David BrainCU/LASP

The Influence of Crustal MagneticSources on the Topology of the Mar-tian Magnetic Environment

21 Nov Byron SmileyCU/LASP

Detection of Charged MesosphericParticles Inside NLC and PMSE withElectromagnetically Shielded RocketProbes

LASP Technology Colloquium SeriesJerald Harder, Chair

4 Feb Steve NeremCU/AeroEngr

New satellite technologies for measuring gravity

29 Oct Mark LanktonCU/LASP

ASCS: The Hard Parts

19 Nov Bob PhelanBoulder Metric,

The High Fidelity Electrically Calibrated Pyroelec-tric Radiometer (HiFi ECPR)


52

3 Dec Dale A. LawrenceCU/AeroEngr

Line-of-Sight Stabilization

Planetary Journal Club Seminar SeriesMichael T. Mellon, Chair (Spring)David A. Brain, Chair (Fall)

4 Feb Stacy Varnes Presence and detection of carbonates on the Martiansurface

11 Feb Shawn Brooks Neptune's Ring Arcs: When Is the Mass of a Test Parti-cle Non-Negligible?

4 Mar Bob Pappalardo Wavy Gravy: Topography of Chaos on Europa as In-ferred from Combined Stereographic and Photocli-nometric Analyses

1 Apr Sara Martinez Genesis of the Martian hematite deposits15 Apr Kevin

McGouldrickGetting to Venus... Without Hitch-hiking

22Apr John Weiss How Will My Real Estate Investments Mature in 5 Bil-lion Years?

9 Sept Shannon Pelkey NEW Mars Odyssey THEMIS Data! Physical Properties& Geological Implications in Melas Chasma

16 Sept David Brain Recent Observations of Neptune's Atmosphere23 Sept Keith Harrison Tidal Winds on Titan30 Sept Glen Stewart The Mysterious Orbital Shifts of Prometheus and Pan-

dora28 Oct Cori Krauss Is Io's Mantle Really Molten?4 Nov Tom McCollom Experimental constraints on the chemical evolution of

large icy satellites11 Nov Peter Delamere Spokes of Saturn18 Nov Larry Esposito Puzzles of the Venus Atmospheric Composition2 Dec Bruce Jakosky Habitability of Mars' Polar Regions


53

Center for Astrobiology Seminar SeriesBruce J. Jakosky, Chair

24 Jan Alex Pavlov(LASP)

Oxygen abundance in the Archean atmosphere:What can we learn from sulfur isotopes?

25 Feb Norm Pace(CU/MCDB)

Extreme Life and Biological Diversity in Our SolarSystem

28 Feb GiullermoLemarchandU. Buenos Aires

Are we alone in the Universe? The search for Ex-traterrestrial technological activities (SETTA) Re-search Program

21 Mar Vicki MeadowsJPL/Caltech/NAI

Toward characterization of extrasolar terrestrialplanets: The Virtual Planetary Laboratory

25 Mar Ariel Anbar Novel isotopic biosignatures: Promise and progress18 Apr Peter Ward

U. of WashingtonNew views on mass extinctions: Are impact-causedextinctions rare in Earth history?

29 Apr George CodyCarnegie Inst.

Mineral Catalysts and Pre-biotic Carbon Fixation

20 May Ron GreeleyASU

Mars - The Astrobiology Connection

18 Sept Munir HumayunU. of Chicago

Life in an Antarctic Meteorite?

16 Oct. Ariel AnbarU. of Rochester

In Pursuit of Proterozoic Paleoredox: Insight fromMolybdenum Isotopes

6 Nov Robert PappalardoCU/LASP

The geology of Europa: Where are we now?

20 Nov A. Jay KaufmanU. of Maryland

Sulfur isotope constraints on the snowball Earth

26 Nov Ralph Lorenz Titan4 Dec Craig E. Manning

UCLAGeology and age of supracrustal rocks, Akilia Is-land, Greenland

Publications

Andersson, L., N. Ivchenko, J. Clemmons, A.A. Namgaladze, B. Gustavsson, J.-E.Wahlund, L. Eliasson, and R. Yu. Yurik, Electron Signatures and Alfvén Waves, J.Geophys. Res., 107, No. A9, 1244,10.1029/2001JA900096, 2002.

Arvidson, R. E., F P Seelos, K. S. Deal, N. O. Snider, J. M. Kieniewicz, B. M. Kynek, M.T. Mellon, J. B. Garvin, Mantled and exhumed terrains in Terra Meridiani, Mars, J.Geophys Res., in press, 2002.


54

Avallone, L.M., D.W. Toohey, T. J. Fortin, K. A. McKinney, and J. D. Fuentes, In situmeasurements of bromine oxide at two high-latitude boundary-layer sites: Impli-cations of variability, J. Geophys. Res., in press, 2002.

Avallone, L.M., Measurements of the temperature-dependent rate coefficient for thereaction O(3P) + NO2 -> NO + O2, J. Photochem. Photobio., in press, 2002.

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Woods, T. N., F. G. Eparvier, S. C. Solomon, D. L. Woodraska, and S. M. Bailey, Earlyresults from the TIMED Solar EUV Experiment, Proceedings of 4th TIGER Sympo-sium, http://www.ipm.fraunhofer.de/english/meetings/workshops/tiger/,June, 2002.

Woods, T., L. W. Acton, S. Bailey, F. Eparvier, H. Garcia, D. Judge, J. Lean, D.McMullin, G. Schmidtke, S. C. Solomon, W. K. Tobiska, and H. P. Warren, Solarextreme ultraviolet and x-ray irradiance variations, in Solar Variability and Its Ef-fect on Earth’s Atmospheric and Climate System, eds. J. Pap, C. Fröhlich, H. Hudson,J. Kuhn, J. McCormack, G. North, W. Sprig, and S. T. Wu, Geophys. MonographSeries, Wash. DC, in press, 2002.

Papers Presented at Scientific MeetingsAndersson, L, W. K. Peterson and K. M. McBryde, Ion Outflow in a Dynamic Coor-

dinate Frame, Fall AGU meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2002.Arvidson, R. E., K. Deal, B. Hynek, F. P. Seelos, N Snider, M T. Mellon, J. B. Garvin,

Thermal inertia, albedo, and MOLA-derived roughness for Terrains in the TerraMeridiani area, Mars, 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX,2002.

Avallone, L.M., Air Pollution: The Sea Salt Connection, Crary Science Lecture Series,McMurdo Station, Antarctica, 25 September 2002.

Avallone, L.M., Air Pollution: The Sea Salt Connection, Science Lecture Series, ScottBase, Antarctica, 27 September 2002.

Avallone, L.M., An assessment of the uncertainties in in-situ measurements of ClOand BrO, poster presented at the Arctic Ozone Loss Workshop, Potsdam, Ger-many, March 2002.

Avallone, L.M., In situ Measurements in Rocket Plumes and Arctic Cirrus: New In-sights into Particle Size and Composition, Laboratory for Atmospheric and SpacePhysics seminar, University of Colorado, 24 April 2002.

Avallone, L.M., In situ measurements in rocket plumes and arctic cirrus: New in-sights into particle size and composition, Scripps Institute of Oceanography Cli-mate Seminar, 21 March 2002.

Avallone, L.M., Uncertainties in Halogen Oxide Measurements and Kinetic Parame-ters and their Implications for Calculation of Ozone Loss Rates, invited overviewtalk at the Arctic Ozone Loss Workshop, Potsdam, Germany, 5 March 2002.

Bailey, S. M., T. N. Woods, S. C. Solomon, and F. G. Eparvier, TIMED/SEE andSNOE/SXP observations of the solar soft X-ray irradiance, Am. Geophys. Union ,83, S243, 2002.


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Bailey, S.M., G. Crowley, S.C. Solomon, and D.N. Baker, The response of ther-mospheric nitric oxide to the geomagnetic storm of April 2002, San Francisco, CA6-10 December 2002.

Baker, D., J. Blake, J. Burch, E. Donovan, M. Dunlop, H. Frey, A. Korth, S. Mende,and H. Singer. Multi-spacecraft observations of the magnetotail in the CLUSTERera: The telescope-microscope combination, Spring AGU meeting, Washington,DC May 26-June 1, 2002.

Baker, D.N., and the CLUSTER Team, CLUSTER observations of geomagnetic stormsand of magnetospheric substorm behavior in the near- and mid-tail regions,COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, TX, 10-19 October, 2002.

Baker, D.N., CLUSTER measurements of space plasmas in the context of global mul-tispacecraft observations: The telescope-microscope combination, NOAA SpaceEnvironment Center, Boulder, Co, 7 March, 2002.

Baker, D.N., CLUSTER measurements of space plasmas in the context of global mul-tispacecraft observations: The telescope-microscope combination, Invited Semi-nar, Space Physics Group, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 29 April2002.

Baker, D.N., CLUSTER measurements of space plasmas: The telescope-microscopecombination, High Altitude Observatory, NCAR, Boulder, CO, 12 June 2002.

Baker, D.N., CLUSTER, POLAR, and IMAGE observations of magnetospheric sub-storms, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, 21 February 2002.

Baker, D.N., Energetic particle measurements and MMS, Applied Physics Labora-tory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD, 14 February 2002.

Baker, D.N., Energetic particle measurements on the NASA MMS mission, LASPMagnetospheric Science meeting, Boulder, CO, 22 January 2002.

Baker, D.N., et al. Tracing the Sun-earth connection: The solar particle chain in April2002, Fall AGU meeting, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Baker, D.N., et al., Multi-spacecraft observations of the magnetotail in the CLUSTERera; The telescope-microscope combination, Spring AGU meeting, Washington,DC, 29 May 2002.

Baker, D.N., et al., Precipitating auroral electrons and lower thermospheric nitricoxide densities: SNOE, POLAR, SAMPEX, and NOAA/POES comparisons forgeomagnetic storms in 1998-2001, Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC, 28 May2002.

Baker, D.N., et al., Timing of magnetic reconnection initiation during a global mag-netospheric substorm onset, Sixth International Conference on Substorms, Seattle,March 25-29, 2002.

Baker, D.N., Follow the Energy: SNOE and particle precipitation, Invited talk, BarthSymposium, Boulder, CO, 17 May 2002.

Baker, D.N., Interactions with industry concerning space weather, CISM summerSchool, Boston, 6 Aug 2002.

Baker, D.N., Introduction to Advanced Space and Power Systems, 2002 Core Tech-nologies for Space Systems Conference, Colorado Springs, CO, 19 November2002.


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Baker, D.N., J. Blake, J. Burch, P. Daly, M. Dunlop, R. Ergun, R. Friedel, and T. Fritz,CLUSTER observations of magnetospheric substorm behavior in the near- andmid-tail regions, European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April 2002.

Baker, D.N., J. Rigler, and D. Vassiliadis, Solar wind driven radiation belt responsefunctions at 100-min time scales using SAMPEX orbit-averaged electron fluxes,COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, TX, 10-19 October, 2002.

Baker, D.N., Knowledge transfer in the CISM program, NSF/STC Strategic PlanningMeeting, Boston University, Boston, MA, 15 May 2002.

Baker, D.N., LASP Space Research Programs and Plans, Ball Aerospace presentation,Boulder, CO, 16 January 2002.

Baker, D.N., MESSENGER to Mercury, Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences InvitedColloquium, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 28 January 2002.

Baker, D.N., Multispacecraft observations during the CLUSTER era, RAPID ScienceWorking Team Meeting, Killarney, Ireland, 18 June 2002.

Baker, D.N., Multispacecraft observations of substorms: CLUSTER substorm events,GEM 2002, Telluride, CO, 24-28 June 2002.

Baker, D.N., Next steps toward an integrated solar-terrestrial data environment: Asummary view, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Baker, D.N., Observations concerning space research, Invited talk, MagnetosphericImaging – Yosemite 2002, Yosemite National Park, CA, 8 February 2002.

Baker, D.N., Precipitating auroral electrons and lower thermospheric nitric oxidedensities: SNOE, POLAR, SAMPEX, and NOAA/POES comparisons for geomag-netic storms in 1998-2001, Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC, 28 May 2002.

Baker, D.N., Space weather: Dealing with threats to human technology, APS Collo-quium, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 28 October 2002.

Baker, D.N., Space Weather: Threats to human technology, Denver Museum of Na-ture and Science, lecture presented to “Star-gazer’s Weekend”, Estes Park, CO, 7Sept 2002.

Baker, D.N., Spacecraft operational anomalies and failures, CISM summer School,Boston, 5 Aug 2002.

Baker, D.N., Strategic planning for USRA, Center for Advanced Space Science,Houston, TX, 10 January 2002.

Baker, D.N., Telescopic and microscopic views of the magnetosphere: Multispace-craft observations, Invited Review, Magnetospheric Imaging – Yosemite 2002, Yo-semite National Park, CA, 7 February 2002.

Baker, D.N., Ten years of SAMPEX radiation belt mapping, presentation NASAHeadquarters, Washington, DC, 3 June 2002

Baker, D.N., The Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling, presented at the AirForce Center for Integrated Space Forecasting, Space & Missiles Command, Peter-son AFB, Colorado Springs, CO, 18 November 2002.

Baker, D.N., The Education and Public Outreach Committee of the AGU SpacePhysics and Aeronomy Section: Supporting AGU Scientists in their EducationalEndeavors, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.


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Baker, D.N., The International Space Weather Program: Response to threats to hu-man technology, 20th Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Wellington, NZ, 9-12July, 2002.

Baker, D.N., The recent past and future prospects for research at the Laboratory forAtmospheric and Space Physics, Invited talk presented at the 50th Anniversary ofthe CU Space Program Celebration, CU Heritage Center, Boulder, CO 12 Decem-ber 2002.

Baker, D.N., The Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey, Ball Aerospace, Invitedtalk, 6 Sept 2002.

Baker, D.N., The Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey, LASP Seminar Series, 5Sept 2002.

Baker, D.N., The Solar and Space Physics Decadal Survey, NOAA Space Environ-ment Center Seminar Series, Boulder, CO, 12 Sept 2002.

Baker, D.N., Very high-energy particles and space weather, 11th International Con-gress on Plasma Physics, Sydney, Australia, 15-19 July, 2002.

Baker, K., Steve Fuselier, Jack Gosling, Jim Green, Ernie Hildner, Bill Peterson, andChris Russell, Toward an Integrated Solar-Terrestrial Data Environment invitedpanel discussion, Fall AGU meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2002.

Barr, A. C., and R. T. Pappalardo, Temperature and velocity structure of a convectingice shell on Europa, GSA Abstr., in press.

Barr, A. C., and R. T. Pappalardo, Temperature and velocity structure of a convectingice shell on Jupiter's satellite, Europa, GSA Abstracts with Programs, 34, No. 6,2002.

Barr, A. C., R. Pappalardo, F. Nimmo, and E. Gaidos, Shear heating and solid stateconvection on Europa: Implications for astrobiology. Astrobiology Science Con-ference 2002, Ames Research Center, p. 51, 2002.

Barr, A. C., R. T. Pappalardo, and F. Nimmo, Strike-slip motion and convection onEuropa, 3rd Europa Focus Group NASA Astrobiology Workshop, Flagstaff, AZ,May 2002.

Blake, J.B., J.F. Fennell, J.L. Roeder, R. Selesnick, D.N. Baker, M. Carter, T.A. Fritz, M.Grande, C. Perry, and P. Daly, Joint CLUSTER and POLAR study of energeticparticle bursts in the magnetotail, European Geophysical Society, Nice, France,April 2002.

Blake, J.B., J.L. Roeder, R.J. Selesnick, D.N. Baker, P. Daly, M. Grande, and M. Carter,Cluster-Polar simultaneous observations of energetic particles in the plasma sheet– Evidence for radiation belt leakage?, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Christensen, P.R., B.M. Jakosky, and 11 others, The martian surface as seen by the2001 Mars Odyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System experiment, AmericanGeophysical Union fall meeting, San Francisco, 2002.

Christensen, P.R., B.M. Jakosky, and 8 others, New observations of Mars from theOdyssey Thermal Emission Imaging System, Division for Planetary Sciencesmeeting, Birmingham, 2002.


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Collins, G. C. and R. T. Pappalardo, Tidal evolution and the tectonics of Pluto andCharon, in From Here to Pluto-Charon: A New Horizons PKB Mission Workshop,Southwest Research Inst., Boulder, CO, 2002.

Colwell, J. E., and M. T. Mellon, Experimental studies of collisions in planetary ringsand protoplanetary disks, 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston,TX, 2002.

Colwell, J.E., M. Horanyi, S. Robertson, and A. A. Sickafoose, Dynamics of chargeddust near surfaces in space, Sixth Microgravity Fluid Physics and Transport Phe-nomena Conference, Cleveland, 14-16 August 2002, p. 41-42.

Crumley, J., C. A. Cattell, R. L. Lysak, J. P. Dombeck, W. K. Peterson, H.A. Collin,and C. A. Kletzing. Polar Spacecraft Observations and Particle-In-Cell Simula-tions of Solitary Waves, Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC May 26-June 1,2002.

Eastes, R. W., S. M. Bailey, S. A. Budzien, K. F. Dymond, R. P. McCoy, A. C. Nicholas,S. E. Thonnard, and T. N. Woods, Correlation between the thermospheric tem-perature derived from ARGOS observations of N2 Lyman-Birge-Hopfield emis-sion and solar soft X-ray observations from SNOE, Am. Geophy. Union , 83,(47),SA52A-0378, 2002.

Eastes, R., S. Bailey, F. Marcos, J. Wise, and T. Woods, Correlation between coinci-dent solar soft X-ray flux and satellite drag measurements, Am. Geophy. Union ,83, S230, 2002.

Edwards, K, T. McCollom, and D. Rogers, Mineral Substrates as a Source of Meta-bolic Energy for Primary Biomass Production in Seafloor Hydrothermal Envi-ronments, Astrobiology Science Conference, NASA Ames Research Center, April,2002.

Edwards, K., D. Rogers, W. Bach, & T. McCollom, A role for psychrophilic, rock al-tering, chemolithoautotrophic Fe-oxidizing microbes in ocean crust alteration,Astrobiology AGU Fall meeting, San Francisco, December, 2002.

Eliason, E. M., A. S. McEwen, W. A. Delamere, J. A Grant, V. C. Gulick, C. J. Hansen,K. E. Herkenhoff, L. Keszthelyi, R. L. Kirk, M. T. Mellon, S. W. Squyres, N. Tho-mas, C. Weitz, A vision for the MRO/HiRISE operations center – getting the datato the people, 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston, TX, 2002.

Elkington, S.R., D.N. Baker, M.K. Hudson, and M.J. Wiltberger, Physical models ofthe radiation belts and the role of the plasma sheet as a source of energetic parti-cles, 20th Western Pacific Geophysics Meeting, Wellington, NZ, 9-12 July, 2002.

Elkington, S.R., D.N. Baker, P.C. Brandt, and M.J. Wiltberger, MHD/Particle simula-tions of energetic ions injected during the March 31, 2001 0630 substorm, GEM2002, Telluride, CO, 24-28 June 2002.

Eparvier, F.G., EVE: The EUV Variability Experiment for the Solar Dynamics Obser-vatory, NASA Living With a Star Workshop, Columbia, MD, Nov. 2002.

Eparvier, F.G., SDO EVE: An Example of Future Solar EUV Spectral IrradianceMonitors, NOAA GOES R EUV Workshop, Boulder, Oct. 2002.

Eparvier, F.G., T.N. Woods, D.L. Woodraska, J. Cadieux, and R. Keenan, TIMED SEEEUV Grating Spectrograph: Early Results, Calibration, and Validation Efforts, pa-per, AGU Spring Meeting, Washington, DC, May 2002.


66

Eparvier, F.G., T.N. Woods, D.L. Woodraska, S.M. Bailey, and S.C. Solomon, SpectralIrradiance Measurements from the TIMED Solar EUV Experiment, COSPAR,Houston, October 2002.

Eparvier, F.G., T.N. Woods, S.M. Bailey, W.K. Peterson, S.C. Solomon, H. Garcia, J.L.Lean, H.P. Warren, C.W. Carlson, and J.P. McFadden, Extreme Ultraviolet Vari-ability of the Large Solar Flare on April 21, 2002 and the Terrestrial PhotoelectronResponse, poster, AGU Fall Meeting, San Francisco, Dec. 2002.

Eparvier, F.G., TIMED SEE Validation, paper, CEDAR Workshop, Boulder, June2002.

Gulick, V. C., McEwen, A. S., W. A. Delamere, E. M. Eliason, J. A. Grant, C. J. Han-sen, K. E. Herkenhoff, L. Keszthelyi, R. L. Kirk, M. T. Mellon, S. W. Squyres, N.Thomas, C. Weitz, HiRISE: The people’s camera for Mars Reconnaissance Or-biter, Astrbio. Conf., Moffett Field, CA, 2002.

Gurney, K.R., S. Denning, P. Rayner, R. Law, D.N. Baker, P. Bousquet, L. Bruhwiler,Y. Chen, P. Ciais, I. Fung, M. Heimann, J. John, T. Maki, S. Maksyutov, P. Peylin,M. Prather, B. Pak, and S. Taguchi, Global-scale, seasonal carbon sources andsinks from the TransCom atmospheric inversion experiment, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Haller, A.G., L.M. Avallone, R.L. Herman, B.E. Anderson, and A.J. Heymsfield,Measurements of ice water content in tropopause region arctic cirrus duringSOLVE (SAGE III Ozone Loss and Validation Experiment), talk presented at theFall AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA; December 2002.

Head, J. W., G. C. Collins, and R. T. Pappalardo, Global mapping of Ganymede:Galileo-related views of structures, structural relationships and structural units,PGG Planetary Mappers Meeting, June 20-21, Tempe, AZ, USGS Open File Rpt.,2002.

Heldmann, J. L., and M. T. Mellon, Gullies on Mars and constraints imposed by MarsGlobal Surveyor (MGS) data, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, SanFrancisco, CA, 2002.

Horanyi, M., Dust Plasma Interactions in Planetary Magnetospheres, Symposium forE. Grün's 60th birthday, Heidelberg, Germany , April, 2002.

Horanyi, M., Dusty Plasmas in Space and the Laboratory, Physics Department Collo-quium, September, 2002.

Jakosky, B.M. and R.J. Phillips, Water and climate on the terrestrial planets and im-plications for life elsewhere, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., Houston, 2002.

Jakosky, B.M., Biological potential of Mars (invited), Water on Mars Symposium,Carnegie Institution of Washington, 2002.

Jakosky, B.M., E.S. Varnes, and T.M. McCollom, Biological potential of martian hy-drothermal systems, Division for Planetary Sciences meeting, Birmingham, 2002.

Jakosky, B.M., R.E. Ley, and M.T. Mellon, Biological potential of Mars: Possible re-cent surface/near-surface liquid water at high obliquity, Int. Society for Study ofOrigin of Life (ISSOL) meeting, Oaxaca, 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Astrobiology and the NRC decadal planning report, MEPAG Astro-biology Science Sub-Group, by videocon/telecon, 23 August 2002.


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Jakosky, Bruce, Convenor, Life on Earth--and Elsewhere?, public symposium on as-trobiology at CU, 17 September 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Is there life elsewhere?, Smoky Hills Rotary Club, Aurora, 11 Febru-ary 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Life elsewhere? So what?, First James McDonnell Distinguished Pub-lic Lecture, Washington Univ. St. Louis, 19 April 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Life on other planets?, presentation at Life on Earth--and Elsewhere?public symposium, 17 September 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Mars Odyssey results in the context of Mars exploration, LockheedMartin Astronautics, 11 September 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Planetary habitability and non-habitability, First James McDonnellDistinguished Lecture, McDonnell Center for Space Sciences, Washington Univ.St. Louis, 18 April 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Planetary habitability and non-habitability, NAI Science AdvisoryCouncil, NASA/Ames, 11 April 2002.

Jakosky, Bruce, Planetary habitability and non-habitability: Implications for life else-where, Dept. of Terrestrial Magnetism, Carnegie Institution of Washington,Washington, D.C., 28 April 2002.

Janhunen, P., A. Olsson, and W.K. Peterson, Statistical Studies of Stable Arc-associated Parameters versus Altitude (5000-30000 km) using Polar, EuropeanGeophysical Society, Spring, 2002.

Janhunen, P., A. Olsson, H. Laakso, and W.K. Peterson, Altitude dependence (5000-30000 km) of inverted-V associated parameters using Polar, Fall AGU meeting,San Francisco, CA, December 2002.

Janhunen, P., A. Olsson, W.K. Peterson, and H. Laakso Statistical Study of the Occur-rence Frequency of Auroral Potential Structures, Upgoing Ion Beams and DensityDepletions as a Function of Altitude (5000-30000 km), European Geophysical So-ciety, Spring, 2002.

Kanekal, S.G., D.N. Baker, and J.B. Blake, Magnetospheric energetic particle responseduring the April 2002 event, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Kanekal, S.G., D.N. Baker, J.B. Blake and M.D. Looper, Observations of Jovian elec-trons over the Earth’s polar regions: 1992-2001, Spring AGU meeting, Washing-ton, DC, 31 May 2002.

Kerttula, R., K. Mursula, T. Asikainen, R. Friedel, D. Baker, F. Soeraas, P. Daly, Fritz,J. Blake, and M. Carter, Energetic particle boundaries and injections during themain phase of a major magnetic storm, COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston,TX, 10-19 October, 2002.

Klimas, A., V. Uritsky, D. Vassiliadis, R. Weigel, and D.N. Baker, Self-organized criti-cality and intermittent turbulence in the plasma sheet, Spring AGU meeting,Washington, DC, 29 May 2002.

Klimas, A.J., V. Uritsky, D. Vassiliadis, R.S. Weigel, and D.N. Baker, Spreading criti-cal dynamics in POLAR UVI image sequenced as evidence for self-organizedcriticality in the plasma sheet, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.


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Klimas, A.N., V. Uritsky, D. Vassiliadis, R.S. Weigel, and D.N. Baker, The self-organized critical plasma sheet and substorm onset, European Geophysical Soci-ety, Nice, France, April 2002.

Kopp, G., Countdown to Launch: SORCE Measures Solar Variability, Colorado Sci-ence Convention, Nov. 2002.

Kopp, G., G. Lawrence, G. Rottman, and T. Woods, Phase sensitive detection for theSORCE Total Irradiance Monitor, Am. Geophy. Union , 83,(47), SH52A-0496,2002.

Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., and Rottman, G., A Summary of Spacecraft Measurementsof Total Solar Irradiance, Conference on Space Research, Houston TX, Oct. 2002.

Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., and Rottman, G., The Total Irradiance Monitor: Last ChanceCalibrations, Calibration Conference, Logan UT, April 2002.

Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., Rottman, G., and Woods, T., Phase Sensitive Detection forthe SORCE Total Irradiance Monitor, Fall AGU Meeting, San Francisco, CA, Dec.2002.

Kopp, G., Lawrence, G., Rottman, G., Harder, J., McClintock, W., and Woods, T., TIMand SORCE posters at SORCE Science Meeting, 17-19 July 2002.

Kozyra, J.U., D.N. Baker, G. Crowley, D.S. Evans, X. Fang, R.A. Frahm, S.G. Kanekal,M.W. Liemohn, G. Lu, G.M. Mason, R.A. Mewaldt, L.J. Paxton, E.C. Roelof, andJ.D. Winningham, The relative atmospheric impacts and energy inputs of pre-cipitating solar and magnetospheric ion and electron populations during the 17-24 April 2002 events, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Kozyra, J.U., M.W. Liemohn, M.G. Mlynczak, L.J. Paxton, W.R. Skinner, D.N. Baker,C.A. Cattell, G.A. Germany, S.B. Mende, and C.J. Pollock, TIMED Observations ofthe signatures of magnetic activity in the MLTI region placed into global contextby ACE, POLAR, IMAGE, SAMPEX, FAST, NOAA/POES, and DMSP, SpringAGU meeting, Washington, DC, 31 May 2002.

Lewis, M.C. and G.R. Stewart, High resolution F ring simulations with an eccentricPrometheus, DPS meeting, Birmingham, 2002.

Lewis, M.C. and G.R. Stewart, The effect of perturbation magnitude on narrow ringformation, DDA meeting, Mt Hood, 2002.

Li, X., D.N. Baker, S.G. Kanekal, and M. Temerin, Loss of radiation belt electronsbased on SAMPEX measurements and prediction model, 20th Western PacificGeophysics Meeting, Wellington, NZ, 9-12 July, 2002.

Li, X., D.N. Baker, S.G. Kanekal, M. Looper, and M. Temerin, Long term and shortterm forecast of radiation belt electrons, 20th Western Pacific Geophysics Meet-ing, Wellington, NZ, 9-12 July, 2002.

Li, X., M. Temerin, D.N. Baker, G.D. Reeves, D. Larson, and S.G. Kanekal, Dipole tilteffects on radiation belt electrons and Dst index, San Francisco, CA 6-10 Decem-ber 2002.

Li, X., M.A. Temerin, D.N. Baker, G. Reeves, and D. Larson, Quantitative predictionand real time forecast of radiation belt electrons based on solar wind measure-ments, European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April 2002.


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Li, X., M.A. Temerin, S. Monk, D.N. Baker, and G.D. Reeves, Operational real-timeforecast of MeV electrons at geosynchronous orbit based on ACE and GOES-10measurements, Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC, 31 May 2002.

Li, X., T.E. Sarris, D.N. Baker, M.A. Temerin, and G.D. Reeves, Mystery associatedwith energetic particle injections during substorms, Spring AGU meeting, Wash-ington, DC, 29 May 2002.

McCollom, Thomas, Formation of Meteorite Hydrocarbons from Thermal Decompo-sition of the Mineral Siderite (FeCO3), Astrobiology Science Conference, NASAAmes Research Center, April, 2002.

McEwen, A. S., W. A. Delamere, E. M. Eliason, J. A. Grant, V. C. Gulick, C. J. Hansen,K. E. Herkenhoff, L. Keszthelyi, R. L. Kirk, M. T. Mellon, S. W. Squyres, N. Tho-mas, C. Weitz, HiRISE: The high resolution imaging science experiment for MarsReconnaissance Orbiter, 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, Houston,TX, 2002.

Mellon, M. T., K, A. Kretke, M. D. Smith, S. M. Pelkey, A global map of thermal iner-tia from Mars Global Surveyor mapping-mission data, 33rd Lunar and PlanetaryScience Conference, Houston, TX, 2002.

Mellon, M. T., Recent gullies on Mars: Observations and Theories, American Geo-physical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2002.

Mellon, M. T., The occurrence of ground ice on Mars, American Geophysical Union,Fall Meeting, San Francisco, CA, 2002.

Menietti, J.D. J. S. Pickett, D. A. Gurnett, M. O. Chandler, W. K. Peterson, and J. D.Scudder Polar Observations of Plasma Waves and Particles in and Near the Day-side Magnetopause, Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC May 26-June 1, 2002.

Moore, T.E., M O Chandler, D C Delcourt, B L Giles, W K Peterson, C T Russell, JWygant, Ionospheric Incorporation into the Plasma Sheet, Spring AGU meeting,Washington, DC May 26-June 1, 2002.

Nakamura, R., D.N. Baker, A. Balogh, P., Daly, P. Escoubet, B. Klecker, T. Nagai, H.Reme, G. Paschmann, and the IWF-SW Team, Space weather and CLUSTER ob-servations, European Geophysical Society, Nice, France, April 2002.

Ohtsuki, K., and H. Tanaka, Viscosity of a planetesimal disk due to gravitational en-counters, 33rd DDA meeting, Mount Hood, Oregon, 2002.

Ohtsuki, K., Evolution of ring particle velocity and size distribution due to accretionin the Roche zone, 34th DPS meeting, Birmingham, Alabama, 2002.

Olsson, A., P. Janhunen, H. Laakso, and W.K. Peterson, Statistical results on the oc-currence frequency of auroral potential structures, upgoing ion beams andplasma density depletions as a function o altitude (5000-30000 km), Fall AGUmeeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2002.

Pappalardo, R. T., C. E. Bader, F. Nimmo, B. Giese, and L. M. Prockter, The thicknessof Ganymede's dark terrain lithosphere from furrow flexure, GSA Abstracts withPrograms, 34, No. 6, 2002.

Pappalardo, R. T., Geology of Europa and next steps in its exploration, GSA Ab-stracts with Programs, 34, No. 6, 2002.

Pappalardo, R. T., Ice in the Solar System, 10th International Conference on thePhysics and Chemistry of Ice, St. Johns, Newfoundland, 169-170, 2002.


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Pappalardo, R.T. Geology of Europa and the potential for intra-ice biological niches,in Bioastronomy 2002: Life Among the Stars, Hamilton Island, Australia, 2002.

Pappalardo, R.T., Geology of the icy Galilean satellites and predictions for the sat-urnian satellites, in Jupiter after Galileo and Cassini: A European Conferenceabout the Giant Planets, Lisbon, 4.1.6, 2002.

Pappalardo, Robert T., Invited talk: Ball Aerospace, Boulder CO, July 2002: NewFrontiers in the solar system: Results of the planetary science decadal survey.

Pappalardo, Robert T., Invited talk: Geological Society of America Conference, 2002Annual Meeting, Denver CO, October 2002: Geology of Europa and next steps inits exploration.

Pappalardo, Robert T., Invited talk: Physics and Chemistry of Ice Conference, St.Johns NF, Canada, July 2002: Ice in the Solar System.

Patterson, G. W., and R. T. Pappalardo, Compression across ridges on Europa: Impli-cations for crustal recycling and astrobiology, 3rd Europa Focus Group NASAAstrobiology Workshop, Flagstaff, AZ, May 2002.

Patterson, G. W., and R. T. Pappalardo, Compression across ridges on Europa, in Lu-nar Planet. Sci. Conf., XXXIII, abstract #1681, Lunar and Planetary Institute,Houston (CD-ROM), 2002.

Pelkey, S. M., B. M. Jakosky, M. T. Mellon, Physical properties of MER landing sitefinalists from MGS TES data, 33rd Lunar and Planetary Science Conference,Houston, TX, 2002.

Pelkey, S.M., B.M. Jakosky, A. Knudson, and P. Christensen, Physical properties andgeological implications in Melas Chasma from Mars Odyssey THEMIS data,American Geophysical Union fall meeting, San Francisco, 2002.

Pelkey, S.M., B.M. Jakosky, and M.T. Mellon, Physical properties of MER landing sitefinalists from MGS TES data, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., Houston, 2002.

Peterson, W.K., D. Baker, Y. Su, S. Eriksson, X. Li, J. Sigwarth, J. Scudder, E. Dono-van, A. Korth, K. Trattner, J. Slavin, H. Reme, M. Dunlop, M. Andre, H. Singer, R.Friedel G. Lu, R. McPherron, and C. Russell, The substorm at 5:45 on October 13,2001 observed from the ground, and the LANL, GOES, POLAR, and CLUSTERsatellites, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Peterson, W.K., D.N. Baker, S.K. Eriksson, J.B. Blake, J.L. Burch, P.W. Daly, M.W.Dunlop, A. Korth, E. Donovan, R. Friedel, T.A. Fritz, H.U. Frey, S.B. Mende, J.Roeder, and H.J. Singer, Timing of magnetic reconnection initiation during aglobal magnetospheric substorm onset from Cluster, Image, Polar, GOES, LANL,and lots of ground stations, GEM 2002, Telluride, CO, 24-28 June 2002.

Peterson, W.K., D.N. Baker, Y-J Su, S. Eriksson, X. Li, J.B. Sigwarth, J.D. Scudder, E.Donovan, A. Korth, K.J. Trattner, J.A. Slavin, H. Reme, M. Dunlop, M. Andre, H.J.Singer, R.H.W. Friedel, G. Lu, R.L. McPherron, and C.T. Russell, The Substorm at05:45 on October 13, 2001 observed from the ground, and the LANL, GOES, Polar,and Cluster Satellites, Fall AGU meeting, San Francisco, CA, December 2002.

Peterson, W.K., Ionospheric influence on substorm development (or lack thereof), in-vited, Sixth International Conference on Substorms, Seattle, March 25-29, 2002.


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Peterson, W.K., Ionospheric Plasma in the Magnetotail, invited, Spring AGU meet-ing, Washington, DC May 26-June 1, 2002.

Randall, C.E., Polar ozone reconstruction with POAM data, European GeophysicalSociety meeting, 24 April 2002.

Randall, C.E., Reconstruction of stratospheric ozone fields using equivalent latitudemapping, SPARC data assimilation workshop, 10-12 June 2002.

Randall, C.E., The 2002 Antarctic ozone hole and the April solar storms: Is there aconnection?, Space Environment Center, 12 December 2002.

Rigler, E.J., and D.N. Baker, Solar wind to radiation belt energetic electron responsefunctions using multi-channel prediction filters, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December2002.

Rigler, E.J., D.N. Baker, D. Vassiliadis, A.J. Klimas, and S.G. Kaneka, Evolving elec-tron loss efficiency as a function of changing solar wind conditions – A globalhistory written with adaptive linear response functions, 20th Western PacificGeophysics Meeting, Wellington, NZ, 9-12 July, 2002.

Rigler, E.J., D.N. Baker, D. Vassiliadis, A.J. Klimas, and S.G. Kanekal, Sub-daily timeresolution response functions for 2-6 MeV electrons from L=1 to L=8.0, GEM 2002,Telluride, CO, 24-28 June 2002.

Russell, J.M., III, M.G. Mlynczak, L.L. Gordley, C.J. Mertens, R. Picard, M. Lopez-Puertas, D.E. Siskind, D.N. Baker, J. Ulwick, E.E. Remsberg, J. Winick, P. Winter-steiner, P. Espy, r. Garcia, R.G. Roble, and S. Solomon, An overview and scienceresults from the SABER experiment on the TIMED satellite, San Francisco, CA 6-10 December 2002.

Russell, J.M., III, M.G. Mlynczak, L.L. Gordley, C.J. Mertens, R.H. Picard, M. Lopez-Puertas, P. Wintersteiner, J. Winick, D.E. Siskind, D. Baker, J. Ulwick, E.E. Rems-berg, R. Garcia, P.J. Espy, R.G. Roble, and S. Solomon, The SABER experiment onthe TIMED Mission: Overview and preliminary science results, Spring AGUmeeting, Washington, DC, 31 May 2002.

Schenk, P., and R. Pappalardo, Stereo and photoclinometric topography of chaos andanarchy on Europa: Evidence for diapiric origins, in Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf.,XXXIII, abstract #2035, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston (CD-ROM), 2002.

Schneider, N., Connecting Energetics with Morphology in the Io Plasma Torus, SpaceTelescope Science Institute Colloquium, 27 February, 2002.

Schneider, N., The JMEX Phase A Study Results, Ball Aerospace Colloquium, 5 April2002.

Seelos, F. P., R. E. Arvidson, K. S. Deal, N. O. Snider, J. M. Kieniewicz, W. C. Koep-pen, B. M. Kynek, M. T. Mellon, J. B. Garvin, Mantled and exhumed terrains inTerra Meridiani, Mars, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Francisco,CA, 2002.

Sickafoose, A.A., J. Colwell, M. Horanyi, and S. Robertson, Dust grain charging andlevitation in a weakly collisional DC sheath, 44th Annual meeting of the Divisionof Plasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Orlando, Nov. 11-15, 2002.Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 47, 121 (2002).


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Sickafoose, A.A., J. E. Colwell, M. Horanyi, and S. Robertson, Dust levitation andtransport near surfaces Fall 2002 Meeting of the American Geophysical Union,Eos Transactions AGU 83(47).

Smiley, B., M. Horanyi, S. Robertson, Measurement of charged aerosol particles inthe mesosphere by a rocket-borne probe, 44th Annual meeting of the Division ofPlasma Physics of the American Physical Society, Orlando, Nov. 11-15, 2002. Bull.Am. Phys. Soc. 47, 122 (2002).

Solomon, S. C., S. M. Bailey, A. B. Christensen, F. G. Eparvier, G. R. Gladstone, L. J.Paxton, B. C. Wolven, and T. N. Woods, New solar extreme-ultraviolet and soft X-ray measurements: Model comparisons with thermosphere and ionosphere ob-servations, Am. Geophys. Union , 83, S244, 2002.

Solomon, S.C. and 18 others (including B.M. Jakosky), Insights into the earliest his-tory of Mars: A new synthesis, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., Houston, 2002.

Stempel, M. M., and R. T. Pappalardo, Lineament orientations through time near Eu-ropa’s leading point: Implications for stress mechanisms and rotation of the icyshell, GSA Abstracts with Programs, 34, No. 6, 2002.

Stempel, M. M., and R. T. Pappalardo, Lineament orientations through time near Eu-ropa’s leading point: Implications for stress mechanisms and rotation of the icyshell, in Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., XXXIII, abstract #1661, Lunar and Planetary In-stitute, Houston (CD-ROM), 2002.

Sternovsky, Z., Mihaly Horanyi, and Scott Robertson, Contact charging of dusts onsurfaces presented at the 55th Gaseous Electronics Conference, Minneapolis, 15-18 October 2002.

Stewart, G.R., Balanced dynamics of Rossby vortices in protoplanetary disks, DDAmeeting, Mt. Hood, 2002.

Thornton, B., D. Toohey, L. Avallone, H. Harder, M. Martinez, J. Simpas, W. Brune,M. Avery, E. Richard, and M. Proffitt, In situ measurements of ClO near the tro-popause, poster presented at the European Geophysical Society Meeting, Nice,France; April 2002.

Toivanen, P., D.N. Baker, and W.K. Peterson, Electromagnetic pulsations in theplasma sheet at substorm onset observed by POLAR spacecraft, European Geo-physical Society, Nice, France, April 2002.

Toohey, D., K. McKinney, H. Voemel and L. Avallone, The temporal trend in bro-mine based on in situ measurements of BrO in the Arctic from 1989 to 2000,poster presented at the Arctic Ozone Loss Workshop, Potsdam, Germany, March2002.

Toohey, D.W., and L.M. Avallone, A comparison of in situ and remote measurementsof ClO in the perturbed polar vortex, talk presented at the Spring American Geo-physical Union Meeting, Washington, DC; May 2002.

Varnes, E.S. and B.M. Jakosky, Biological potential of martian hydrothermal systems,2nd Astrobiology Science Conf., Ames Res. Ctr., 2002.

Varnes, E.S. and B.M. Jakosky, Potential chemosynthetic energy yields from martianhydrothermal systems, Lunar Planet. Sci. Conf., Houston, 2002.


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Vassiliadis, D., R.S. Weigel, A.J. Klimas, S. Fung, S.G. Kanekal, R.A. Mewaldt, D.N.Baker, and E.J. Rigler, New results on the structure and dynamics of the radiationbelts, COSPAR Scientific Assembly, Houston, TX, 10-19 October, 2002.

Vassiliadis, D., R.S. Wiegel, A.J. Klimas, S.F. Fung, S.G. Kanekal, D.N. Baker, E.J.Rigler, and R.H. Friedel, Structure of the outer zone in the electron radiation belt,Spring AGU meeting, Washington, DC, 31 May 2002.

Woods, T. N., F. G. Eparvier, D. Woodraska, G. J. Rottman, S. C. Solomon, R. Roble,G. de Toma, J. Lean, W. K. Tobiska, and S. M. Bailey, Early results from theTIMED Solar EUV Experiment (SEE), Am. Geophy. Union , 83, S242, 2002.

Woods, T. N., F. G. Eparvier, D. Woodraska, S. M. Bailey, and S. C. Solomon, SolarEUV irradiance variability results from the TIMED Solar EUV Experiment, Am.Geophy. Union , 83,(47), SA61A-06 INVITED, 2002.

Woods, T. N., F. G. Eparvier, G. J. Rottman, D. L. Judge,D. R. McMullin, J. L. Lean, J.T. Mariska, H. P. Warren, G. D. Berthiaume, S. M. Bailey, R. A. Viereck, W. K. To-biska, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, and J. J. Sojka, Overview of the SDO Extreme ultravioletVariability Experiment (EVE), Am. Geophy. Union , 83,(47), SH21C-02 INVITED,2002.

Yau, A.W., Takumi Abe, Harry L. Collin, Chris M. Cully, Eric F. Donovan, William K.Peterson, Low-energy and Energetic Ion Outflows in Magnetosphere-Ionosphere(M-I) Coupling, Western Pacific Geophysical Meeting, Wellington, New ZealandJuly 9-12, 2002.


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CONTRACTS AWARDEDAvallone, Linnea Measurements of Total Water and carbon dioxide from the

NAS WB-57 during Crystal-Face

Avallone, Linnea In Situ measurements of halogen oxides in the troposphere

Avallone, Linnea Measurements of total water and carbon dioxide duringCrystal-Face

Bagenal, Frances Jupiter Book Publishing

Bagenal, Frances Analysis of MGS magnetometer data and comparison withmodels of Mars’ magnetic field and solar wind interactions

Bagenal, Frances New Horizon Pluto-Kuiper Belt Mission

Frances Bagenal Analysis of MGS Magnetometer data/comparisons withmodels of Mars' magnetic field and solar wind interaction

Bagenal, Frances Interdisciplinary study of the Io plasma torus

Baker, Daniel N. Space weather specifying outer belt electrons by data as-similation

Baker, Daniel N. GGS (CEPPAD)

Baker, Daniel N. SAMPEX – Data Analysis

Baker, Daniel N. Predicting Radiation Belt Electrons using Adaptive ARMAfilters and data assimilation

Baker, Daniel N. CLUSTER Data Analysis Program

Baker, Daniel N. The Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling

Baker, Daniel N. MESSENGER mission to orbit Mercury

Baker, Daniel N. Solar cycle dynamics of solar magnetospheric and helio-spheric particles and long term atmospheric coupling

Colwell, Joshua SOA development support, testing and documentation

Colwell, Joshua Physics of regolith impacts in microgravity experiment(PRIME)


75

Colwell, Joshua Dust dynamics in photoelectron layers near surfaces in space

Colwell, Joshua Collisions into Dust – 2

Davis, Randal ICESat Mission Operations Delta Costs for the New NominalProgram

Emery, William Ocean wind and land surface student satellite (OWLS3)

Ergun, Robert FAST Satellite operations and data analysis

Ergun, Robert Investigation of radio tomography imaging of the magneto-sphere

Ergun, Robert Modeling of parallel electric fields in the aurora

Ergun, Robert GEM: Self-consistent characterization of parallel electricfields in the lower magnetosphere

Ergun, Robert Time history of events and their macroscopic interactionsduring substorms (THEMIS)

Ergun, Robert Origins of nonlinear wave structures and particle heating incurrent driven plasmas

Esposito, Larry Atmospheric modeling and infrared observations of a tran-siting extrasolar planet

Esposito, Larry Photometric analysis of the Jovian ring system and modelingof ring origin and evolution

Esposito, Larry Cassini mission operations and data analysis

Esposito, Larry Photometry and evolution of the Jovian ring

Grimm, Robert Lithospheric dynamics of mars: Water, flow, and failure

Horanyi, Mihaly Cycle 11 General Observer

Horanyi, Mihaly Fundamentals of dusty plasma

Horanyi, Mihaly Electrostatic discharges near the Martian surface

Horanyi, Mihaly Cassini CDA investigations

Horanyi, Mihaly Student Dust Counter (SDC)


76

Jakosky, Bruce Center for Astrobiology

Jakosky, Bruce Remote sensing and geochemistry of planetary surfaces

Jakosky, Bruce Mars Data Analysis Program for Mars Global Surveyor

Jakosky, Bruce Physical properties of potential Mars landing sites

Jakosky, Bruce Mars Odyssey Project Science Group

Jakosky, Bruce Astrobiology Institute, University of Colorado Center forAstrobiology

Jakosky, Bruce Mars Odyssey THEMIS Co-Investigator

Jakosky, Bruce Characterization of Martian surface physical properties

Jakosky, Bruce Interdisciplinary Scientist for Surface-atmosphere interac-tions

Jakosky, Bruce 2001 Mars Orbiter Thermal Emission Imaging System(THEMIS)

Jakosky, Bruce Remote sensing of planetary surfaces

Jakosky, Bruce Mars Global Surveyor mission for surface-atmosphere inter-actions

Kopp, Greg Liquid Crystal intensity modulator

Lee, Steven W. Mars color imager (MARCI) for the Mars Climate Orbitermission

Lee, Steven W. Multi-decade observations of Martian surface variability andsediment transport

Lee, Steven W. Ozone, condensates, and dust in the Martian atmosphere

Li, Xinlin Source of radiation belt electrons

Li, Xinlin Energization and loss of outer radiation belt electrons

Li, Xinlin Solar wind fluctuations and their consequences on the mag-netosphere


77

Li, Xinlin Detailed study of the magnetic storms selected for GEM in-ner magnetosphere and storms campaign

McClintock, William MESSENGER; The atmospheric surface composition spec-trometer (ASCS)

McCollom, Thomas Pathways for the Abiotic formation of Organic Compoundsin Geologic Environments

McGrath, Michael Student Dust Detector review supplement

Mellon, Michael Distribution of near-surface ground ice on Mars

Mellon, Michael Geophysics of martian periglacial processes

Mellon, Michael High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) forMars Reconnaissance Orbiter - 2005

Mellon, Michael High resolution thermal inertia of Mars

Mellon, Michael Mars Subsurface Sounding Radar Characterization Experi-ments

Ohtsuki, Keiji Dynamical Evolution of Ring-Satellite Systems

Ohtsuki, Keiji Formation and dynamical evolution of planets

Ohtsuki, Keiji Origin and evolution of irregular satellites

Pappalardo, Robert Characteristics and Consequences of Faulting on Ganymedeand Europa

Pappalardo, Robert Astrobiological and geological implications of Diaprie trans-port with Europa and Ganymede

Peterson, William POLAR/TIMAS Operations and Data Analysis

Peterson, William Investigation of H+ and O+ outflows from the Earth’s atmos-phere

Peterson, William Discipline scientist in the Sun-Earth connection division

Peterson, William Discipline in the Sun-Earth Connection Division

Pryor, Wayne Ultraviolet studies of Jupiter’s hydrocarbons and aerosolsfrom Galileo


78

Randall, Cora Assimilation of ozone data sets

Randall, Cora Use of POAM III data in the SOLVE-2 campaign

Randall, Cora Validation of POAM III data

Rottman, Gary UARS SOLSTICE continued operations

Rottman, Gary EOS SOLSTICE

Rottman, Gary SORCE launch delay

Rusch, David Aeronomy of ice in the mesosphere (AIM)

Rusch, David An investigation of the effect of solar variability and particleionization on the Earth’s middle atmosphere

Schneider, Nicholas Jupiter Magnetospheric Explorer

Schneider, Nicholas Satellite Atmosphere and Io Torus Observations

Simmons, Karen Voyager 2 PPS data archiving

Solomon, Stan Energy transfer in the thermosphere and mesosphere

Stewart, Glen Dynamical Models of Solar System Formation and Evolution

Stewart, Glen Evolution of protoplanetary disks near the snowline

Stewart, Glen Dynamics of planetesimals and planetary accretion

Stewart, Glen The physics of structures in self-gravitating, collisional rings

Stewart, Ian Jovian auroral chemistry

Stewart, Ian UV spectrometer investigation – Galileo orbiter

Stewart, Ian UVS/EUV participation in Galileo Europa mission (GEM)and Galileo prime mission

Su, Yi-Jiun Cusp dynamics – particle acceleration by Alfven waves

Thomas, Gary Polar Mesospheric Cloud Studies

Toon, Brian Investigations of clouds on Venus, Mars, and Titan


79

Toon, Brian The properties of clouds in the atmospheres of early Earth,Mars, and Titan

Toon, Brian Cold saline springs in permafrost on Earth and Mars

Toon, Brian Investigations of desert dust and smoke in the North Atlanticin support of the TOMS instrument

Toon, Brian Investigations of clouds and aerosols in the stratosphere andupper troposphere

Toon, Brian Influence of nucleation mechanisms on the radioactive prop-erties of deep convective clouds and subvisible cirrus inCrystal/Face

Toon, Brian Modeling the environmental effects of large impacts on Mars

Toon, Brian Particles in reducing atmospheres: Applications to Earth andTitan

Weiss, John The physics of structure in self-gravitating, collisional rings

Woods, Thomas N. TIMED (SEE) Phase E

Woods, Thomas N. Phase A Study for the Extreme ultraviolet Variability Ex-periment (EVE) aboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO)

Proposals Submitted

Laila Anderson Micro physics of the downward current region of the aurora

Linnea Avallone Improvements to in situ measurements of ice water contentusing tunable diode laser spectroscopy

Frances Bagenal Mass and energy glow through the Io plasma torus

Frances Bagenal Magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling at Earth and JupiterSimilarities and Differences

Daniel Baker Center for Integrated Space Weather Modeling

Daniel Baker The self-organized critical plasma sheet and substorm onset


80

Daniel Baker Radiation belt specification and forecasting with data assimi-lation

Joshua Colwell Experimental studies of low velocity impacts into regolith

Joshua Colwell Collisions into Dust Experiment – 3 (Fluids)

Joshua Colwell ICAPS American Co-Investigator support

Joshua Colwell Experimental and numerical studies of low velocity impacts inprotoplanetary disks

Joshua Colwell SOA Development support, testing and documentation

Joshua Colwell Mechanical behavior and charging properties of granularmaterials in space environments

Randal Davis QuikSCAT – Year 4

Peter Delamere Variability of Mass loss from Io: Chemical and physical evo-lution of the Io Torus

Peter Delamere In-space propulsion technologies Cycle 2

Peter Delamere SKID-X: The interaction between parallel electric fields andthe transport of energy and momentum in space plasmas

Scott Elkington GEM: Transport and trapping of energetic plasma sheet elec-trons in the outer zone radiation belts

Robert Ergun GEM: Self-consistent characterization of parallel electric fieldsin the lower magnetosphere

Robert Ergun Development of light-weight wire booms and sensors forelectric field measurement on space plasma missions

Robert Ergun FAST Satellite operations and data analysis

Robert Ergun Time history of events and their macroscopic interactionsduring substorms (THEMIS)

Stefan Ericksson Lobe cell convection and polar cap precipitation

Mihaly Horanyi Jupiter’s Ring Plan Crossing of 2002-2003

Mihaly Horanyi New Horizon Dust Detector


81

Bruce Jakosky Mars Global Surveyor – Mars Data Analysis Program

Bruce Jakosky IT Support – Center for Astrobiology

Bruce Jakosky Physical properties of potential Mars landing sites

Xinlin Li Dynamics of radiation belt electrons associated with solarwind variations

Xinlin Li Radial transport and precipitation loss of outer belt electrons

William McClintock Atmospheric Surface Composition Spectrometer (ASCS) forMESSENGER

William McClintock A large-format ultraviolet array detector for ozone spectros-copy

Thomas McCollom Experimental study of Geochemical processing of prebioticorganic compounds on the early Earth, mars and meteorites

Thomas McCollom Experimental investigation of organic synthesis in submarinehydrothermal systems

Thomas McCollom Acquisition of a gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer sys-tem for laboratory study of prebiotic organic processes on theearly Earth, mars and meteorites

Michael Mellon SHARAD: Mars subsurface sounding radar characterizationexperiments, theory, and mission support

Michael Mellon Experimental studies of low velocity impacts into regolith

Michael Mills Comparisons of multi-dimensional numerical simulations ofambient and volcanic stratospheric aerosols with satellite ob-servations

Keiji Ohtsuki Collisional evolution of small icy bodies

Robert Pappalardo Astrobiological and geological implications of convectivetransport in icy outer planet satellites

Robert Pappalardo Improved calibration and rectification of Galileo NIMS datafor the four Galilean satellites and Selected Scientific Analyses

Robert Pappalardo Collisional evolution of small icy bodies


82

Robert Pappalardo Analysis of structural evolution of grooved terrain on Gany-mede using physical analog methods

Cora Randall Comparisons of multi-dimensional numerical simulations ofambient and volcanic stratospheric aerosols with satellite ob-servations

Cora Randall Occultation data inter-comparison and evaluation

Cora Randall Reconstruction of global 3-D ozone fields using solar occulta-tion data

Cora Randall Solar occultation retrieval algorithm development

Cora Randall Stellar occultation measurements: a new application of spatialheterodyne spectroscopy for determining atmospheric com-position

Cora Randall Validation of POAM III Data

Cora Randall use of POAM III data in the SOLVE-2 campaign

Gary Rottman Total Solar Irradiance Sensor (TSIS)

Gary Rottman Operations for SORCE/ICESAT launch overlap

Gary Rottman Solar Radiation and Climate Experiment (SORCE)

David W. Rusch Sun-Earth connection instrument development

David W. Rusch Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere (AIM) Small ExplorerProgram (SMEX)

David W. Rusch Stellar occultation measurements: A new application of spatialheterodyne spectroscopy for determining atmospheric com-position

David W. Rusch Development of high spatial-resolution 3-dimensional hy-pertomographic retrievals using space-based remote sensingobservations

Nicholas Schneider Satellite atmosphere and Io torus observations

Nicholas Schneider From Io’s atmosphere to the plasma torus

Glen Stewart Dynamics of planetesimals and planetary accretion


83

Glen Stewart Dynamical models of solar system formation and evolution

Glen Stewart Evolution of protoplanetary disks near the snowline

Stein Sture Mechanics of granular materials (MGM)

Gary Thomas Solar-induced variations in Polar Mesospheric Clouds: Com-parisons with terrestrial influences

Gary Thomas Polar Mesospheric cloud properties determined from SBUVand SBUV/2 measurements

Brian Toon Interdisciplinary studies of aerosols and clouds

Tom Woods Extreme ultraviolet Variability Experiment (EVE) for the SolarDynamics Observatory (SDO)

laboratory for atmospheric and space...

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