laboratory guide for teacher

8/22/2019 Laboratory Guide for Teacher

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LG 1 Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn

Kimia Tingkatan

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GuidedExperiment 1.1 Scientifc method

1. Remind students to add a little salt at a time into

the beaker. Make sure that all the salt added isdissolved beore any salt is added again.

2

InquiryExperiment 2.1 Diusion

1. Remind students that liquid bromine is toxic.

2. Make sure that students carry out the activity in

a ume chamber.

3. Use pure liquid bromine.

4. 1 mol dm3 potassium manganate(VII) solution isprepared by dissolving 158 g o solid potassium

manganate(VII) in distilled water and then make

up the volume o the solution to 1 dm3.

InquiryExperiment 2.2 The melting and reezing points o

naphthalene

1. Remind students that the level o naphthalenein the boiling tube should be below the level o

water in the beaker.

2. Make sure that the entire thermometer bulb is

submerged into the molten naphthalene and

does not touch the bottom or walls o the test

tube.

3. Remind students to stir the molten naphthalene

continuously with thermometer throughout the

activity.

3

InquiryExperiment 3.1 Empirical ormula

1. Use an electronic balance that measures to the

nearest 0.01 g.

2. Make sure that students remove the ox

layer on the surace o the magnesium rib

by rubbing it using a piece o sandpaper.

InquiryExperiment 3.2 Chemical equations

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calc

hydroxide powder in distilled water unt

saturated solution is obtained. Then lter

solution to remove the excess calcium hydroxpowder.

2. 0.2 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepa

by dissolving 66.2 g o solid lead(II) nitratdistilled water and then make up the volum

the solution to 1 dm3.

3. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepa

by dissolving 33.2 g o solid potassium iodid

distilled water and then make up the volumthe solution to 1 dm3.

4. In Activity A,(a) make sure that the test tube is clam

horizontally.

(b) ater heating, immediately disconnect

delivery tube so that the liquid is not suc

back into the hot test tube. The cold liqwill crack the test tube.

4

PEKA 1 Chemical properties o Group 1elements

1. Use a pair o orceps to hold solid lithium, sod

or potassium and cut them using a knie.

not touch these alkali metals with bare ha

because they are very reactive.

2. Small pieces o lithium, sodium or potass

that are removed rom the paran oil in a bo

must be dried using lter paper beore they

used.

3. Oxygen gas is prepared by adding a small amo

o manganese(IV) oxide powder (catalyst) hydrogen peroxide solution (10 volumes) in a

bottomed fask. Oxygen gas is collected in a

jar by downward displacement o water.

4. Remind students to stand urther away rom

water trough when solid potassium is placed

the surace o the water because a very vigorreaction will occur.

Laboratory Guide for Teachers


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LG 2Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

PELANGI Kimia Tingkatan 4

PEKA 2 Chemical properties o Group 17elements

1. Remind students that chlorine gas and bromine

vapour are very poisonous. When accidentally

contacted, the liquid bromine can cause lesions

on the skin.

2. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixingconcentrated hydrochloric acid with solid

potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) in

a conical fask or fat-bottomed fask.

3. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepared

by dissolving 80.0 g o solid sodium hydroxide in

water to orm 1 dm3 solution.

4. Once the reaction between iron wool and halogen

vapour starts in Activity B, heating is stopped

because the reaction produces a lot o heatenergy which can keep the reaction going.

GuidedExperiment 4.1

Properties o the oxides o

elements in Period 3

1. Sulphur dioxide gas can be prepared by heating a

mixture o solid sodium sulphite and dilute nitric

acid.

Na2SO

3(s) + 2HNO

3(aq)

2NaNO3(aq) + H

2O(l) + SO

2(g)

2. 2 mol dm3 nitric acid is prepared by diluting

130 cm3 o concentrated nitric acid with distilled

water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.


by dissolving 80.0 g o solid sodium hydroxide in

water to orm 1 dm3 solution.

4. In Activity B, only a small amount o aluminium

oxide powder and silicon(IV) oxide powder are

used in each test.

InquiryExperiment 4.2

Colours o transition element

compounds

1. When dissolving the crystals in water, use onlya small amount o crystals and dissolve them in

5 cm3 o distilled water, lter the solution i a

clear solution is not obtained.

2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by

diluting 140 cm3 o concentrated ammonia withdistilled water to orm 1 dm3 solution.


by dissolving 80.0 g o solid sodium hydroxide inwater to orm 1 dm3 solution.

4. Ammonia or sodium hydroxide solution is

added slowly, drop by drop, until a precipitate

appears.

5


Preparation o ionic compounds

1. Magnesium ribbon must be cleaned usin

sandpaper beore it is used in order to removthe oxide layer on its surace.

2. The oil on the surace o the sodium granule mu

be dried by rolling it on a piece o lter pape

beore it is used.

3. Chlorine gas can be prepared by mixinconcentrated hydrochloric acid with soli

potassium manganate(VII) (without heating) i

a conical fask or fat-bottomed fask. Chlorin

gas evolved is collected in a gas jar by upwar

displacement o air.

4. Iron lings must be in dry condition beore it used.


Properties o ionic and covalent

compounds

1. In Activity A, only a small amount o magnesiumchloride or diethyl ether is dissolved in 5 cm3 owater or cyclohexane.

2. In Activity C, carbon electrodes must be cleaneusing sandpaper beore they are used.

3. In Activity C, the heating o liquid naphthalenmust be controlled so that the temperature othe liquid naphthalene does not rise too higbecause the vapour o naphthalene evolved easily burnt when ignited.

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Electrolytes and non-electrolytes

1. 2 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution is prepare

by dissolving 80.0 g o solid sodium hydroxide i

distilled water to make a 1 dm3 solution.

2. The glucose solution is prepared by dissolvin90 g o glucose in distilled water and then makup the volume o the solution to 1 dm3.

3. 1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution

prepared by dissolving 250 g o solid CuSO4.5H

2

in distilled water and then make up the volum

o the solution to 1 dm3.

4. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpapebeore they are used.


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Kimia Tingkatan

5. Make sure that the students do not heat thenaphthalene strongly ater the naphthalenemelts because its vapour catches re easily.


Electrolysis o molten lead(II)

bromide

1. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaper

beore they are used. 2. Make sure that the students carry out the activity

in a ume chamber.

3. Remind the students that bromine vapour istoxic.


Electrolysis o copper(II) sulphate

solution and dilute sulphuric acid

using carbon electrodes

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solution isprepared by dissolving 25 g o solid CuSO

4.5H

2O

in distilled water and then make up the volumeo the solution to 1 dm3.

2. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting5.5 cm3 o concentrated sulphuric acid withdistilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

3. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaperbeore they are used.


Factors that determine the

selective discharge o ions at

electrodes during the electrolysis

o an aqueous solution

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 24.2 g o solid Cu(NO3)

2.3H

2O in

distilled water and then make up the volume othe solution to 1 dm3.

2. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepared

by dissolving 14.2 g o solid sodium sulphate indistilled water and then make up the volume o

the solution to 1 dm3.

3. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared bydiluting 170 cm3 o concentrated hydrochloric

acid with distilled water to make a 1 dm3

solution.

4. 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared bydiluting 1 cm3 o 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid

with distilled water to make a 2 dm3 solution.

5. 0.1 mol dm3

copper(II) sulphate solution isprepared by dissolving 25 g o solid CuSO

4.5H

2O

in distilled water and then make up the volumeo the solution to 1 dm3.

6. Clean the carbon electrodes with sandpaperbeore they are used.

7. Use an electronic balance that measures to the

nearest 0.01 g.

8. Remind the students to dry the electrodes be

weighing the electrodes.

GuidedExperiment 6.5 Purifcation o metals


prepared by dissolving 250 g o solid CuSO4.5

in distilled water and then make up the voluo the solution to 1 dm3.

2. Remind students to clean the copper plates w

sandpaper beore they are used.

GuidedExperiment 6.6 Electroplating o metals


prepared by dissolving 250 g o solid CuSO4.5

in distilled water and then make up the voluo the solution to 1 dm3.

2. Remind students to clean the copper strip

iron spoon using sandpaper beore they used.

3. Remind students to maintain a constant 0.2

current throughout the experiment by adjus

the current using the rheostat.

4. Make sure that the entire spoon is submer

in the electrolyte.

GuidedExperiment 6.7 The simple voltaic cell

1. 1 mol dm3 sodium chloride solution is prepa

by dissolving 58.5 g o solid sodium chlorid

distilled water and then make up the volumthe solution to 1 dm3.

2. Make sure that the students clean the cop

plate and magnesium ribbon with sandpabeore they are used.

GuidedExperiment 6.8 The construction o electrochem

series based on potential

dierences between metals

1. 0.1 mol dm3 copper(II) sulphate solutioprepared by dissolving 25 g o solid CuSO

4. 5

in distilled water and then make up the volu

o the solution to 1 dm3.

2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochlacid beore it is used.

3. Clean other metals with sandpaper beore t

are used.


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PELANGI Kimia Tingkatan 4GuidedExperiment 6.9

The construction o electrochemical

series based on the principle o

displacement o metals

1. The solutions should be prepared as ollows:

(a) 242 g dm3 Cu(NO3)2.3H

2O

(b) 331 g dm3 lead(II) nitrate

(c) 180 g dm3 iron(II) nitrate

(d) 189 g dm3

zinc nitrate(e) 148 g dm3 magnesium nitrate

2. Dip the lead strip into concentrated hydrochloric

acid beore it is used.

3. Clean the other metals with sandpaper beore

they are used.

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PEKA 3 The role o water in showing the

properties o acids

1. Make sure that the glacial ethanoic acid is

completely dry. This can be done by adding a

little ethanoic anhydride, (CH3CO)

2O to a bottle o

glacial ethanoic acid a day beore the experiment(1 cm3 o ethanoic anhydride to 100 cm3 o glacial

ethanoic acid).

2. Glacial ethanoic acid is corrosive. Be careulwhen handling it.

3. 2 mol dm3 aqueous ethanoic acid can be

prepared by diluting 116 cm3 o glacial ethanoic

acid in distilled water and then make it to 1 dm3

solution. 4. Ethanoic acid in dry propanone is prepared by

dissolving 116 cm3 o glacial etanoic acid in drypropanone and then make it to 1 dm3 solution.

5. Make sure that the blue litmus paper used is

dry.


The role o water in showing the

properties o alkalis

1. Barium hydroxide powder must be dried in anoven and then kept in a desiccator beore it is

used.

2. Make sure that the red litmus paper used isdry.

PEKA 4 The pH values and molarity o acidsand alkalis

1. 0.1 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared b

diluting 8.5 cm3 o concentrated hydrochlor

acid with distilled water and then make it t

1 dm3 solution.


diluting 50.0 cm3

o 0.1 mol dm3

hydrochloric aciwith distilled water and then make it to 500 cmsolution.


diluting 50.0 cm3 o 0.01 mol dm3 hydrochlor

acid with distilled water and then make it t500 cm3 solution.


diluting 50.0 cm3 o 0.001 mol dm3 hydrochloracid with distilled water and then make

500 cm3 solution.

5. 0.00001 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared bdiluting 50.0 cm3 o 0.0001 mol dm3 hydrochlor

acid with distilled water and then make it t500 cm3 solution.

6. 0.1 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution prepared by dissolving 4.0 g o solid sodium

hydroxide in distilled water and make it to 1 dm

solution.

7. 0.01 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution

prepared by diluting 50.0 cm3 o 0.1 mol dm

sodium hydroxide solution with distilled wate

and make it to 500 cm3 solution.




and then make it to 500 cm3 solution. 9. 0.0001 mol dm3 sodium hydroxide solution



and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.




and then make it to 500 cm3 solution.

InquiryExperiment 7.2 Acid-base titration

1. 0.1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by dilutin

5.5 cm3 o concentrated sulphuric acid witdistilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution

prepared by dissolving 11.2 g o solid potassium

hydroxide in distilled water and then make it t1 dm3 solution.


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Kimia Tingkatan 3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by

dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3

o 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 o distilled water is then

added and the mixture is shaken well.

4. Remind students that burette readings must be

read to the accuracy o 0.05 cm3.

8

InquiryExperiment 8.1 Preparation o a soluble salt rom

the reaction o an acid with analkali

1. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared bydiluting 170 cm3 o concentrated hydrochloric

acid with distilled water and then make it to

1 dm3 solution.

2. 2 mol dm3 potassium hydroxide solution isprepared by dissolving 112.0 g o solid potassium

hydroxide in distilled water and then make it to

1 dm3 solution.

3. Phenolphthalein indicator is prepared by

dissolving 0.20 g solid phenolphthalein in 120 cm3

o 95% ethanol. 80 cm3 o distilled water is then

added and the mixture is shaken well.

4. Burette readings must be read to the accuracy

o 0.05 cm3.

InquiryExperiment 8.2 Preparation o a soluble salt rom

the reaction o an acid with ametal oxide




2. Remind students to warm the dilute nitric acid

as this will speed up the reaction between nitric

acid and copper(II) oxide.

InquiryExperiment 86.3 Preparation o insoluble salts

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepared

by dissolving 165.5 g o solid lead(II) nitrate in

distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

2. 1.0 mol dm3 potassium iodide solution is prepared

by dissolving 166.0 g o solid potassium iodide in


3. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solution is

prepared by dissolving 97.0 g o solid potassium

chromate(VI) in distilled water and make it to1 dm3 solution.

4. 0.5 mol dm3 barium nitrate solution is prepa

by dissolving 130.5 g o solid barium nitrat

distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution

5. 0.5 mol dm3 sodium sulphate solution is prepa

by dissolving 161 g o hydrated sodium sulphadistilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution

PEKA 5 Construction o ionic equations usinthe continuous variation method

1. 0.5 mol dm3 lead(II) nitrate solution is prepa

by dissolving 165.5 g o solid lead(II) nitrat

distilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution

2. 0.5 mol dm3 potassium chromate(VI) solutio

prepared by dissolving 97.0 g o solid potass

chromate(VI) in distilled water and make i1 dm3 solution.

3. Make sure that all the seven test tubes used

o the same size, diameter and height.

4. Measure the height o the precipitate to decimal place in cm.

InquiryExperiment 8.4 Action o heat on carbonate an

nitrate salts

1. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calc

hydroxide powder in distilled water until

powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then,

solution is ltered to obtain the ltrate or l

water.

2. The heating o carbonate and nitrate salts m

be done with a very strong fame. 3. Remind students that the test tube contain

solid must be held horizontally during heati

4. Make sure that students wet the litmus pa

with water beore using it to test or gases.

5. Make sure dry test tubes are used or the hea

o each solid.

6. Students must record the colour o the resi

when hot and when cold.

7. Warn students not to inhale the brown

evolved because it is poisonous.

InquiryExperiment 8.5 Comfrmatory tests or anions

aqueous solution

1. Solutions o anions used have the concentratio

approximately 1 mol dm3, or example, Na2CO

106 g dm3, Na2SO

4(aq) 142 g dm3, NaCl

58.5 g dm3 and NaNO3(aq) 85 g dm3.


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PELANGI Kimia Tingkatan 4

2. 2 mol dm3 hydrochloric acid is prepared by

diluting 170 cm3 o concentrated hydrochloric

acid with distilled water and then make it to

1 dm3 solution.




4. 1 mol dm

3

sulphuric acid is prepared by diluting55 cm3 o concentrated sulphuric acid with


5. Reagents used should have the ollowing

concentrations:

(a) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3

FeSO4.7H

2O

(b) Silver nitrate solution 17 g dm3 AgNO3

(c) Barium chloride solution 208 g dm3 BaCl2

6. Lime water is prepared by dissolving calcium

hydroxide powder in distilled water until the

powder cannot dissolve anymore. Then, the

solution is ltered to obtain the ltrate or lime

water.

InquiryExperiment 8.6 Tests or cations in aqueous

solutions

1. Solutions o cations are prepared according to

the ollowing concentrations:

(a) Sodium nitrate solution 85 g dm3 NaNO3

(b) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dm3

NH4Cl

(c) Calcium nitrate solution 164 g dm 3

Ca(NO3)2

(d) Magnesium nitrate solution 256 g dm3

Mg(NO3)2.6H2O(e) Aluminium nitrate solution 375 g dm3

Al(NO3)3.9H

2O

() Zinc nitrate solution 297 g dm 3

Zn(NO3)2.6H

2O

(g) Iron(II) sulphate solution 278 g dm 3FeSO

4.7H

2O

(h) Iron(III) chloride solution 162.5 g dm3 Fe-

Cl3

(i) Lead(II) nitrate solution 331 g dm3

Pb(NO3)

2

(j) Copper(II) sulphate solution 250 g dm3CuSO

4.5H

2O


by dissolving 80.0 g o solid sodium hydroxide indistilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

3. 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution is prepared by

diluting 140 cm3 o concentrated ammonia withdistilled water and make it to 1 dm3 solution.

InquiryExperiment 8.7 Comfrmatory tests or

ammonium ion, iron(II) ion,

iron(III) ion and lead(II) ion

1. The reagents used are prepared according to th

ollowing concentrations:

(a) Sodium hydroxide solution 80 g dm

NaOH

(b) Potassium hexacyanoerrate(II) solutio 50 g dm3 K

4Fe(CN)

6

(c) Potassium hexacyanoerrate(III) solutio

50 g dm3 K3Fe(CN)

6

(d) Potassium thiocyanate solution 50 g dm

KSCN

(e) Potassium iodide solution 83 g dm3 KI() Iron(II) sulphate solution 139 g dm

FeSO4.7H

20

(g) Iron(III) chloride solution 81.3 g dm3 FeC

(h) Lead(II) nitrate solution 165.5 g dm

Pb(NO3)

2

(i) Ammonium chloride solution 53.5 g dmNH

4

Cl

2. Remind students that lead(II) iodide and lead(I

chloride are soluble in hot water but insoluble icold water.

InquiryExperiment 8.8 Identifcation o cations and

anions o unknown salts

1. Put two spatulaul o solid aluminium nitrate inta small plastic bag labelled K1.

2. Reagent bottles containing the ollowing solution

are prepared:(a) 2 mol dm3 dilute nitric acid

(b) 2 mol dm

3

dilute hydrochloric acid(c) 1 mol dm3 dilute sulphuric acid

(d) 80 g dm3 sodium hydroxide solution

(e) 2 mol dm3 ammonia solution

() Lime water(g) 104 g dm3 barium chloride solution

(h) 17 g dm3 silver nitrate solution

(i) 139 g dm3 iron(II) sulphate solution

(j) 83 g dm3 potassium iodide solution

9

InquiryExperiment 9.1 Preparation o ammonium

ertiliser

1. 1 mol dm3 sulphuric acid is prepared by dilutin

55 cm3 o concentrated sulphuric acid wit



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Kimia Tingkatan 2. 2 mol dm3 ammonia is prepared by diluting

140 cm3 o concentrated ammonia with distilled

water to make a 1 dm3 o solution.

3. To make sure that the ltrate is saturated enough

to crystallise, dip a small amount o the ltrate

with the end o a cold, dry glass rod. I the ltrate

is saturated, crystals will orm on the glass rod.

PEKA 6 Hardness o pure metal and its alloy

1. Make sure that students measure the diameter o

the dents in centimetre to the nearest 0.05 cm.

2. Make sure that the same size o ball bearings is

used throughout the experiment.


Rate o corrosion o iron, steel

and stainless steel

1. Clean all the nails with sandpaper beore t

are used.

2. 0.2 mol dm3 potassium hexacyanoerratesolution is prepared by dissolving 65.8 g o s

potassium hexacyanoerrate(III) in distilled w

and make up the volume o solution to 1 dm

laboratory guide for teacher

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