laboratory perforation and flow testing using reservoir ... · brenden grove, schlumberger chris...
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Brenden Grove, Schlumberger
Chris Chow, ProDuce Consulting
Laboratory Perforation and FlowTesting
Using Reservoir Wellcore
May 14, 2014
2014 International Perforating SymposiumIPS-14-16
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Agenda
• Brief intro to the perforating laboratory
• Overview of “typical” test programs
• Survey of programs based on actualreservoir wellcores
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Perforating Laboratory: BriefIntroduction
• Originated in 1953• Fundamental and targeted studies• Perforation depth, cleanup• Well productivity, skin, perf for stimulation / SC
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Laboratory
Perforating…Field to Lab
Overburden stress
Horizontalstress
Pore fluidtype &
pressure
ConfiningStress
Pore fluidpressure
Reservoir
Rock typeStrengthPorosityPermeabilityEtc.
Perforating Objective:establish a highly productiveflowpath between reservoir
and wellbore
Casing(s) CementPerforatinggun system
Wellbore
Wellbore
Reservoir
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Field
Laboratory
Perforating…Field to Lab
NearField
FarField
NearField
FarField
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Perforating Test Programs: High LevelDrivers
• Match critical shot-time conditions• Wellbore fluids, dynamics for perf cleanup• Pore fluid, and core boundary conditions
• Match flow conditions• Fluid, field rates• Assess flow efficiency (well skin, PI); sanding propensity, etc.
• Investigate range of wellbore fluid / reservoir interactions on full size core• Stimulation – eg acidizing• Sand consolidation treatments• Well control: Non-damaging loss control fluids while perforating
Field Objectives
Lab Objectives
Maximize / Quantify:• Well productivity• Well inflow reliability over the long term• Operational & rigsite efficiency• Operational & rigsite safety
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P
Q
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Laboratory Programs Using ReservoirCores
• Off & on since mid 1990’s• Advantages & disadvantages• Survey of recent programs
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AdvantagesThe “real thing” – strength, porosity, permeability, heterogeneitiesOften no surrogate outcrop exists that matches all propertiesMost reliable indicator of actual formation response to perforatingEspecially suited to chemical/interaction phenomena (completionfluid interactions; production flow watercut, etc.)
DisadvantagesLimited sizes; requires additional fixturing, scalingHeterogeneities (not really a “disadvantage”?)
Other considerationsCoring orientation often in the “wrong direction”Cores often already picked over / slabbed / pluggedLimited supplyInterpretation is key for field (design, implement, produce)
AwarenessIs completion/perforation strategy always considered early in well’slife, when cores are taken?
Advantages & Disadvantages
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Typically fit into one of 3 main categories:A. Shaped charge penetration depthB. Perforation depth, cleanup, inflow
performanceC. Perforation stability / Sanding propensity
over life of well scenarios (depletion stress,watercut)
Brief Survey of RecentWellcore-Based Programs
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A. Wellcore Penetration Programs
3 examples1. Sandstone – ultrastrong / heterogeneous2. Coal – shallow, weak, naturally fractured3. Carbonates – moderate and high strength
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Wellcore Penetration Example #1
Sandstone – ultrastrong / heterogeneous• Driver: hydraulic frac environment; formation breakdown challenging• Very strong formation; 20-55ksi UCS• Obtain wellcores; map UCS profiles; stress to DH conditions, perforate• IPS-12-04; SPE 159771
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Wellcore Penetration Example #2
Coal – shallow, weak, naturally fractured• Driver: fill gap in industry knowledge re: coal perforating fundamentals• Obtain coal cores; map UCS profiles; stress to DH conditions, perforate• SPE 102309
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Wellcore Penetration Example #3+
Carbonates – moderate & high strength• Evaluate candidate perforating strategies• Confirm model predictions• Various - unpublished
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B. Wellcore Penetration, Cleanup,Inflow Performance
Example• Moderate strength sandstone• Offshore environment• Assess penetration, cleanup, inflow
performance by current and alternateperforating techniques
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Prepare
Flow
Perforate
Overview (1/2)• Obtain wellcore; prepare, clean• Assemble into test cell; establish initial permeability• Perforate at field conditions (static & dynamic)• Assess flow performance
Wellcore Penetration, Cleanup,Inflow Performance
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Overview (2/2)• Obtain wellcore; prepare, clean• Assemble into test cell; establish initial permeability• Perforate at field conditions (static AND dynamic)• Assess flow performance• Establish penetration performance & flowfield
Wellcore Penetration, Cleanup,Inflow Performance
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C. Tunnel Stability & Sanding PropensityUsing Reservoir Wellcore
2 examples1. Deepwater, offshore asset – oil producer2. Deepwater, offshore asset – high rate gas
producer
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Wellcore: Tunnel Stability & Sanding #1
Deepwater offshore – oil producer• Driver: assess whether C&P is feasible completion strategy
• Is mechanical sand control required, or perf for sand prevention OK?• SC “insurance” can be expensive, esp. if well performance is compromised• What about later in well’s life: depletion stress, watercut?• Minimal sand production might be acceptable, if within facilities constraints
• Perforate wellcores @ DH conditions, flow, stress, watercut• Also, drilled hole tests• Test results + modeling + interpretation field recommendation
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Deepwater offshore – high rate gas producer• Driver: Assess whether C&P is feasible completion strategy
• Goal = reliable, low skin completion for life of well• Goal = zero sand tolerance
• Perforate wellcores @ DH conditions (gas in pores)• high-rate flow (gas) *• increase rate & stress to simulate depletion• Collect any sand produced in fine mesh filters
• Test results + modeling + interpretation field recommendation
Wellcore: Tunnel Stability & Sanding #2
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Scaling lab rates field ratescritical; taking into account reservoir P,T (incl. at depletion)
*
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Summary
• Perforating Flow Laboratory entering 7th decade• Reservoir wellcores can
• be a useful part of a perforating laboratory program
• provide guidance on completion strategy, in ways outcropcannot
• be the best way to assess how the actual reservoir willrespond (eg to depletion stress, watercut, etc.)
• It’s ideal, though not absolutely necessary that cores are:• as large as possible• not yet slabbed
• Perforating / completion concerns should be considered early inreservoir’s lifecycle, when cores are first taken
• Interpretation can be key to translating results to the field
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