Chapter 1

Laboratory Safety- ExitDos (You must have ATLEAST 4 in this column)1.2.3.4.

Print pictures to add to your posters! Do nots (You must have ATLEAST 4 in this column)1.2.3.4.

Do Now- JournalMake as many observations as you can about this picture.

Think about thisWhat is the scientific method? What are the 5 senses?Chapter 1STUDYING SCIENCE

31.1 Science Skills and MethodsObjectivesIdentify and use science skills.Describe a controlled experiment.Apply a scientific method.4What is Science?Science is a way to gather and organize information about the natural world.Scientists do this by using such skills as observing, inferring, estimating, measuring, predicting, classifying, hypothesizing, recording, organizing and analyzing.

5Science SkillsAlthough there are many different fields of scientific study, all scientists use these basic science skills to search for knowledge about the natural world.

Acoustics The study of sound. Aeronautics Aircraft design, construction, and navigation. Agronomy science of soil management and crop production Anatomy The study of organisms and their parts. Anthropology The study of the origin, behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans. Archaeology The study of past human lives by examining remaining material evidence. AstronomyThe study of outer space.Astrophysics The branch of astronomy that deals with the physics of stellar phenomena.Bacteriology The study of bacteria, especially in relation to medicine and agriculture.Biochemistry The study of the chemical substances and processes in living organisms.BiologyThe science of life and living organismsBotanyThe study of plants.Cardiology The medical study of the heart.CartographyThe art or technique of making maps or charts.ChemistryThe science of the composition, structure, properties, and reactions of matter, especially of atomic and molecular systems. CosmologyThe study of the physical universe considered as a totality of phenomena in time and space. Crystallography The science of crystal structure and phenomena.Ecology The study of organisms and their environment.EmbryologyThe study of the formation, early growth, and development of living organisms.Endocrinology The study of the glands and hormones of the body.Entomology The scientific study of insects.Enzymology The study of the biochemical nature and activity of enzymes.Forestry The science and art of cultivating, maintaining, and developing forests. GelotologyThe study of laughter. Genetics The study of heredity and inherited traits.Geochemistry The chemistry of the composition and alterations of the solid matter of the earth or a celestial body.Geodesy The geologic science of the size and shape of the earth.Geography The study of the earth and its features.GeologyThe scientific study of the origin, history, and structure of the earth. Geophysics The physics of the earth and its environment, including the physics of fields such as meteorology, oceanography, and seismologyHematology The study of the blood and blood-producing organs.Histology The study of the microscopic structure of animal and plant tissues.Horology The science of measuring time and making time piecesHydrology The study of the properties and effects of water on earth.IchthyologyThe study of fish.Immunology The study of the immune system of the body.Linguistics The study of language and phonetics.Mechanics Design, construction, and use of machinery or mechanical structures. Medicine The science of diagnosing and treating disease and damage to the body.Meteorology The study of weather and atmospheric conditions.Metrology The science of measurement.Microbiology The study of microorganisms and their effects on other living organisms.Mineralogy The study of minerals, including their distribution, identification, and properties.Mycology The branch of botany that deals with fungi.Neurology The study of the nervous system and disorders affecting it.Nucleonics The study of the behavior and characteristics of nucleons or atomic nuclei.Nutrition The study of food and nourishment.Oceanography The exploration and study of the ocean.Oncology The study of the development, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of tumors.Optics The study of light and vision.Paleontology The study of prehistoric life through fossils.Pathology The study of disease and its causes, processes, development, and consequences.Petrology The study of the origin, composition, structure, and alteration of rocks.Pharmacology The science of the composition, use, and effects of drugs.PhysicsThe science of matter and energy and interactions between the two.Physiology The study of the functions of living organisms.Psychology The study of the mental process and behavior.Radiology The use of radioactive substances in diagnosis and treatment of disease.RoboticsThe science of technology to design, fabrication, and application of robots.SeismologyThe study of earthquakes.Spectroscopy The study of radiant light.Systematics The science of systematic classification. Thermodynamics The study of relationships and conversions between heat and other forms of energy.Toxicology The study of poisons and the treatment of poisoning.Virology The study of viruses and viral diseases.Volcanology The study of volcanoes and volcanic phenomena.Zoologythe study of the structure, physiology, development, and classification of animals. 6ObserveThe most direct way to gain knowledge about something in nature is to observe.

When you observe, you use one or more of your senses.

Your senses are sight, touch, taste, smell, and hearing.7Look at the objects in Figure 1.1.

1.1List as many observations as you can about each object.Which senses do you use most often?Sight8InferWhen you suggest a possible explanation for an observation, you make an inference, or you infer.You often can make more than one inference to explain the same observation.

What can you infer about these symbols?You use your past experience when you infer. For example, if we learn that John ran a red light and is being treated for injuries at the local hospital, we can reasonably draw an inference that he was injured in an accident.

In general the symbols are warnings of safety hazards. You can probably infer the meanings of most of them.9EstimateWhen you estimate, you make a careful guess.Estimating skills are used to gather information when exact measurements aren't needed.

Estimate the number of blocks in the cube above.64 blocks10MeasureWhen you need exact information about an observation, you measure.

Count the number of crystals for a more exact measurement.1811PredictWhen you predict, you state what you think might happen in the future.Predictions are based on past experiences and observations.

Predictions include a reason why. We can confidently predict that day follows night because it has done so for millions of years.When I PREDICT, I use clues from what Ive observed and know to determine what might happen next.

When I INFER, I use clues from my observations and what I know to determine what the my observations have not told me.

Last go back to the John, the guy who ran a red light and is being treated for injuries at the local hospital, we can reasonably draw an inference that he was injured in an accident. Make a prediction based on past experiences and observations.

12ClassifyWhen you classify, you group things together based on how they are alike.You can group things in many different ways, such as size, color, shape, or any other characteristic.

What are some different ways to classify these rocks?Size, color, texture, weight, hardness, etc.13HypothesizeWhen you state a hypothesis, or hypothesize, you suggest a possible answer to a question or problem.Your answer is based on information that you know.Think of a hypothesis as an explanation that states why something may always occur.

QUESTION: Does learning to walk a balance beam improve a childs reading?(hypothesis 1) It won't make any difference(hypothesis 2) Yes, it will make a difference.We can construct an experiment to test the hypothesis.14Testing Your HypothesisYou can test a hypothesis by conducting an experiment.Your observations, research, and the results of experiments should support your hypothesis.

What if it doesnt?

If it doesnt you need to think about your hypothesis again and state a new one. 15Record and OrganizeCareful record keeping is an important part of science.You can record and organize data in a number ways such as using tables, charts, graphs, diagrams and flowcharts

16AnalyzeAfter data are recorded and organized, you need to analyze it.When you analyze data, you look for trends or patterns to see whether or not your data supports your hypothesis.

DATA17ExperimentsA good way to get answers to questions in science is to do experiments.Experiments need to be carefully designed to test an idea, prediction, hypothesis, or inference.

18Controlled ExperimentsMost experiments are controlled experiments.A controlled experiment has two test groups-the control group and the experimental group.Scientists repeat experiments to check their data and conclusions.

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Control & Experimental GroupsThe control group is a standard by which any change can be measured. In the experimental group, all the factors except one are kept the same as those in the control group.The factors that are kept the same are called constants.The factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment is called the variable.

What is do you think the scientists is trying to test in this experiment above ?Constants? Sunlight, water, air, flowerVariable? soil20Question:

WHY DOES MY GRANDMOTER ADD SALT TO THE WATER BEFORE SHE COOKS SPAGHETTI?

Hypothesis: Adding salt to water will increase the temperature at which water boils.

21A Controlled ExperimentHypothesis: If adding salt to water will then it will increase the temperature at which water boilsEach beaker has the same amount of distilled water.Each beaker of water was heated at the same setting.Salt was added to the experimental beaker.The water in the beakers were stirred for one minute.A thermometer measured the temperature in both beakers.

Constants amount of water, heated same, stirred same, thermometer,Variable - salt 22The unsalted water boiled at 100C. The salted water boiled at a higher temperature.

Do the observations and results support the hypothesis?

YES Hypothesis: Adding salt to water will increase the temperature at which water boils.

23Scientific MethodThe phrase scientific method can be used to describe how scientists find out about the natural world.The scientific method refers to a systemized method of using science skills to test ideas, inferences, predictions, and hypotheses.

24Scientific MethodThink of a science problem or question.Now, write a description of an experiment that will solve it.Use the steps in Figure 1.6 on page 8, with the exception of analyze data and conclude to help.

Can rock music help plants grow faster?How much electric does a robots arm use to lift a five pound weight?Does excessive cell phone use cause brain cancer? (Excessive cell phone use does not cause cancer because more people would be dying of brain cancer than 20 years ago)What material is the best insulator?Does wearing oil-free make-up cause acne?

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Designing and Planning an Experiment26

Decision MakingFor example, you are a member of the town council and you have to vote for or against a proposal for a town recycling project. Right now you are uncertain on how to vote. Apply the steps of decision making in order to help you make the best decision.27Facts, Theories, and LawsIn science, a fact is a true statement. Science facts are always based on observations, studies, and repeated tests and experiments.Gathering facts is an important part of developing a good hypothesis.

We know that the Earth is round because we can travel due west and eventually end up where we started from.28Facts, Theories, and LawsA scientific law or theory is a hypothesis that has been thoroughly tested and no contradictions have been found.

Darwin s theory of evolution29Facts, Theories, and LawsA Scientific law describes how an event occurs. Scientific laws are usually stated in mathematical terms.

Some scientific laws, or laws of nature, include Archimedes law of bouyancy, the law of gravity, Newton's laws of motion, the laws of thermodynamics, Boyle's law of gases, the law of conservation of mass and energy

30Models in ScienceModels are used to represent real objects. Some models are drawings, such as diagrams and maps. Often models are built from real materials and are working models of the real object.

Plane ModelAll models are plans from which real objects can be builtThere is a mathematical ratio between measurements of parts on a model and those on the real object.

3132Chapter 1Section 2Measuring with Scientific Units331.2 Measuring With Scientific UnitsObjectivesIdentify the base units used in the SI system.Explain the use of scientific notation.Compare volume, mass and density.Measure length, mass and temperature using SI Units.

34Measuring With Scientific UnitsDid you know that your feet get bigger during the day?

The earths gravity pulls blood and other body fluids down to your feet. 35SI UnitsThe system of measurement used throughout most of the world today is the Systeme International d'Unites, or SI system.It is also called the metric system.

Basic SI Units of measure36SI UnitsUnlike other systems of measurement, SI units are based on multiples of ten.

Prefixes such as kilo- or centi- indicate units larger or smaller than the basic SI units.

A brick has a mass of about 1 kilogram and a paper clip has the mass of about 1 gram.37LengthThe basic SI unit of length is the meter (m).

You will measure many distances that are less than 1 meter. The numbers to the top of this metric ruler represent centimeters.

How many centimeters is this pencil? 19 cm.

19 cm38VolumeVolume is the amount of space that something occupies.The SI unit of volume is the cubic meter (m3).A convenient unit for everyday use is the liter (L).A graduated cylinder is used to measure liquid volumes.

MeniscusTo read the liquid in a graduated cylinder, observe the level of liquid at eye level and read the bottom of the meniscus.39MassMass is the amount of matter that an object contains.The basic SI unit of mass is the gram (g).

To determine an object's mass, you use a tool called a balance.

40DensityMass is related to another important quantity called density.Density tells you how much matter is packed into a given volume of space.The units of density are grams of matter per cubic centimeter (g/cm3).

The number of mL the water level rises is equal to the volume of the submerged objectDensity may also refer to how closely "packed" or "crowded" the material appears to be - refer to the styrofoam vs. ceramic cup. In plain water, an egg will sink to the bottom because its density is greater than the density of water. When sugar is added to water, however, it increases the density of the water so much that now the density of the sugar water is greater than that of the egg, causing the egg to float instead of sink. Oil, although it looks heavier than water, is actually less dense than water, and therefore rises to the surface of the water. The density of the oil and water combined is not enough to exceed the density of an egg. Therefore, because the density of the egg is greater than the oil and water, it sinks.41DensityYou can calculate the density of an object by using this mathematical formula:Density = g/ml

Example: Calculate the density of a piece of aluminum if a 50 mL block weighs 135 g.

Solution: Apply the formula:

Density = 135 g = 2.70 g/mL 50 mL 42TemperatureWhen you are healthy, your normal body temperature is about 98.6o Fahrenheit (F).

On the Celsius scale, which is used internationally and in science, your normal body temperature measures about 37o Celsius (C).

On the Celsius scale, water freezes at 0oC and boils at 100oC43TimeThe basic SI unit of time is the second (s).Amounts of time less than one second are measured in milliseconds (ms).One millisecond is 1/1,000 of one second.

44Scientific NotationScientists often work with very long numbers.To save time, they write these numbers in scientific notation.In scientific notation, a number is written as the product of two numbers. 2.68 X 1015 or 1.5 X 10-12For example, the distance from the earth to the moon is about 384,400 km (238,855 miles) or in scientific notation, 3.844 x 105 km.

45Skills WorkoutList some things that you think are so big or so small that scientific notation would be needed to write their measurement.

The thickness of a piece of paper = app. 1.0 X 10-4 mThe circumference of the Earth = app 4 .0 X 104 kmThe distance from Earth to Pluto = app. 6.0 X 109The size of a virus = app. 2.0 X 10-9

4647Chapter 1Section 3Graphing481.3 GraphingObjectivesDescribe three types of graphs.Identify the parts of a line graph.Analyze data and plan a graph.49GraphingA graph is a picture of data that shows numerical data in diagram form. A graph makes it easier to understand information.

50Kinds of GraphsThree kinds of graphs are circle, bar and line graphs.Each kind of graph shows numerical data in a different way.

CircleBarLine51Circle GraphsA circle graph is a circle divided into parts.This kind of graph makes it easy to compare how one part relates to the whole amount.

What two gases make up most of the air? Which of the two is there more of?What percentage or what part.52Bar GraphsThe wide columns on a bar graph are used to compare measurements, such as weight, height, and length, about groups or individual items.

Which city has the highest yearly temperature? Which has the lowest?53Line graphs are useful for comparing sets of numerical data.They also show change and patterns, or trends in data.

Line Graphs

Compare and contrast Raul and Rosa's growth patterns. Who is taller at age 8? At age 14?5455Chapter 1Section 4Science Tools & Technology561.4 Science Tools & TechnologyObjectivesDescribe the connections in science.Give examples of technological tools.Compare science and technology.Infer why tools influence science research. 57Connections in ScienceHave you ever wondered what your fingernails are made of?Why a light turns on when you flip a switch?How television and radio signals reach your home?Getting the answers to these questions involved scientific study of why and how things happen in the natural world.Tough protein called keratinClosed an electrical circuitthe television receives wirelessly transmitted electromagnetic waves and converts them into acoustic and light energy for viewing.

58Connections in ScienceScience has many divisions, but they are all connected. For exampleThe study of matter can be identified as two connected sciences, chemistry and physics.Chemistry is the study of matter and its changes.Physics and Physical Science are the study of energy and how it affects matter.

Chemistry can explain why cake rises, how acid rain forms and how your body uses food.Physics can explain how a bicycle and telephone work, how birds and airplanes fly and why stars shine.Physicists study the many forms energy takes such as heat, light, sound and motion.59Tools and TechnologyScience research explores why and how things happen in the natural world. Technology is the use of physical science principles to help answer those questions.Scientists use technological tools, both simple and complex to gather data about the natural world. Radio TelescopeWind Tunnel

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The rapid calculations done by a computer can help people identify things that are too tiny or too distant to see.

The spectrogram produced by a spectroscope indicates what kind of matter makes up a star or other object in space.Some of the tools that make it possible:61

To study how matter and energy interact, physicists "shoot" tiny particles of matter at a larger particle in a particle accelerator.Electrophoresis gel - Biochemists use electricity to separate the proteins and nucleic acids that make up living things.

62Check and Explain pg. 25The specialty biochemistry combines biology and chemistry. Chemical reactions are studied in chemistry and life processes are studied in biology.Spectroscopes are used to study objects in space. Microscopes are used to study very small objectsScience explains how and why things happen in the natural world; technology is the use of science principles to solve practical problems.Some tools enable people to observe objects that are very small or very far away. By using tools, scientists are able to make more detailed observations.

63Prehistoric TechnologyWhen you think of the word technology, what do you think of?Actually, technology based on the principles of physical science is ancient.

computers, lasers, compact disks, or other moderninventions65Prehistoric TechnologyThe stone tools made about 1.9 million years ago in Africa are one example.The technology in a stone ax is a simple machine called a wedge.

A gold ring of Pharaoh Ramses II (1290-1224 B.C.) and a stone cutting tool made by Homo habilis.66Prehistoric TechnologyMillions of years ago, people learned to control and use fire for cooking and heating.Many other technologies became possible once fire was controlled.

Metals such as iron, silver, and gold could be obtained by heating rocks that contained ores. Bowls made of clay could be fired into waterproof containers and used as cooking pots. Precious metals could be worked into jewelry.67