Laboratory work 1

Laboratory work 1Alkanes, alkenes, alkynesTo be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your obsevations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Burning of alkanes. Place into the porcelain cups 2 ml of heptane and light it. Describe the type of the flame. Write the equation reaction of burning of heptane.2. Interaction of alkanes with bromine. Place into a test tube 1 ml of bromine water. Then in the test tube add 1 ml of heptane and shake it well.3. Interaction of alkanes with potassium permanganate solution. Place into a test tube 1 ml of KMnO4 solution. Then add 1 ml of heptanes, shake the mixture well.4. Burning of alkenes. Place into the porcelain cup 2 ml of cyclohexene and light it. Describe the type of flame.5. Chemical properties of alkenes. Place into one test tube 1 ml of KMnO4 solution and into the other 2 ml of bromine water. Then add into each test tube 1 ml of cyclohexene and shake it well. Describe your observations.6. Preparation and chemical properties of acetylene. Place 2 g of CaC2 into Wurtz bulb equpped with dropping funnel and tank breather tube. Then add dropwise 1-2 ml of water from the dropping funnel. Acetylene will start emerge. a) bubble acetylene into the test tube with bromine water (1 ml); b) bubble acetylene into the test tube with KMnO4 solution (1 ml); c) bulb acetylene into the test tube containing 1 ml of ammonia solution of CuCl; 7. Burning of alkynes. Light acetylene and describe the type of flame.Laboratory work 2Aromatic compounds

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Burning of aromatic compounds. Place into the porcelain cups 2 ml of toluene and light it. Describe the type of the flame. 2. Interaction of alkanes with bromine and potassium permanganate solution. Place into two test tubes 1 ml of toluene. Then in one test tube add 1 ml of bromine water and into the other add 1 ml of KMnO4. Shake them well.3. Nitration of toluene. Place 2 ml of conc. H2SO4 into a flash bottom bulb and carefully add 1 ml of conc. HNO3. Then cool the obtained nitration mixture to the room temperature. Add 1 ml of toluene. Close the bulb with a plug and shake it well during 4-5 minutes. Then pour the mixture into the glass containing 50 ml of water. Pay attention that the obtained nitrocompound isnt soluble in water and its drops gather on the bottom of the glass. Laboratory work 3Alkyl halides

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Preparation of iodoform. Place 1 ml of ethanol and 2 ml of water into a test tube and add several powdered crystals of iodine. Add 5 drops of concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. Shake the test tube well till the iodine is dissolved and crystalline precipitate is formed. Describe the color and the smell of the obtained crystals. Write the reaction equation. 2. Hydrolysis of benzyl chloride and chlorobenzene. Place 0.5 ml of benzyl chloride into one test tube and 0.5 ml of chlorobenzene. Ito the other one. Then add 2 ml of water solution of silver nitrate into each test tube and shake them well. Why the precipitate is formed only in a test tube containing benzyl chloride? Write the reaction equation 3. Beilsteins test. Put into the flame the copper ware and temper it until there is no color flame. Cool the copper ware to the room temperature then dip it into chloroform and put it into the flame. What is the color of the flame?Laboratory work 4Alcohols and phenols

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. The solubility of alcohols in water. Place 1 ml of water into each of four test tubes and add 0.5 ml of ethaol into the first one, 0.5 ml of butanol into the second one, 0.5 ml of amilic alcohol (pentanol) into the third one and 0.5 g of phenol into the last one. Shake them well. The test tune with phenol use for experiment 2. 2. Preparation of sodium phenolate. Add dropwise 10% solution of NaOH to the mixture of phenol and water from the previous experiment till phenol is completely dissolved. Separate the obtained solution into two test tubes. Bubble CO2 into the first one and add some drops of H2SO4 into the second one.3. Reaction of ethanol with sodium metal. Place 2 ml of ethanol into a test tube and add a small piece of sodium metal. Observe the eruption of gas.

4. Copper glycerate preparation. Place into a test tube 2 ml of copper sulphate and add 2-3 drops of sodium hydroxide till blue precipitate appears. To the obtained precipitate add 2-3 ml of glycerol, shake well. What do you see, give explanations, write the reactions equations. Add some drops of dilute HCl solution. What do you see, give explanations, write the reactions equations.5. Preparation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol. To the water solution of phenol in test tube add 2-3 drops of bromine water. Shake well. Describe your observations.Laboratory work 5Aldehydes and ketones

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Silver mirror. a) Place 2 ml of formaldehyde and 1 ml of ammonium solution of silver oxide into test tube. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes. b) Place 2 ml of acetone and 1 ml of ammonium solution of silver oxide into test tube. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes. 2. Copper mirror. a) Place 2 ml of formaldehyde and 5 ml of Fellings reagent into test tube. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes. b) Place 2 ml of acetone and 5 ml of Fellings reagent into test tube. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes.3. Preparation of bisulphate derivative of acetone. Place 3 ml of acetone and 1 ml of saturated sodium bisulphate solution into a test tube. Shake the mixture and cool with water.Laboratory work 6Carbonic acids

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Preparation of acetate. Place into a test tube 2 ml of isoamilic alcohol (3-methylbutan-1-ol), 2 ml of glacial acetic acid and 1 ml of conc. H2SO4. Shake the mixture well and heat it in a steam bath for 5 minutes. Then cool the test tube and add 5 ml of water. Pay attention to the smell of the obtained substance and to its solubility in water.

Laboratory work 7Carbohydrates

To be allowed to take part in laboratory works you should fix in your copybook the procedure of the experiment and all the reaction equations. After the experimental part you should write your observations and your conclusions about the obtained results.1. Oxidation of glucose with solution of silver oxide and Fellings reagent. a) Place 2 ml of 5% glucose solution and 2 ml of ammonium solution of silver oxide into a test tube. Heat the ontained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes. b) Place 5 ml of Fellings reagent into a test tube and add 1 ml of 5% glucose solution. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath for 5 minutes.2. Preparation of acetylcellulose. Place into a flash bottom flask 0.5 g of cotton. Add 25 ml of glacial acetic acid, 25 ml of acetic anhydride and 0.5 ml of conc. H2SO4. Heat the obtained mixture on a steam bath till the cotton is completely dissolved. Pour the mixture into a glass with 200 ml of water. The obtained acetylcellulose will precipitate as flakes.3. The reaction of amylum with iodine. Place 2 ml of amylum solution and 2 drops of iodine solution into a test tube. The mixture will turn blue. Heat the tube on a steam bath. The blue color will disappear. On cooling the tube you will see it again. This reaction is a test reaction for amylum.