LAI GELHDAN

TANGPI

Dr. Tualchin Neihsial

REVISED & ENLARGED (January 2015)

Published and distributed by Paite Literature Society,

Chapellane, Hiangtam Lamka, Lamka-795128, Manipur, India

LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Lai gelhdan a i buaina uh leh i siam theih louh uh tamzawte pen laimal gawmdan, khenzaakdan leh paipi khat nei a i gelh louh ziak uh ahipen hi. Atamzaw kibang mahleh i ngatsakna lam uh akikhat poimoh sawnsawn hi. Hiai toh kisai in mi malmalte, saptuam pawl tuamtuamte, ZCLS- te baan ah PLSte mahmah in 1982 kum a kipan in PNC HQ [tu a PTC HQ], SSPP HQ, leh YPA HQ toh pangkhawm in laigelhdan kician nei theihna diing in pan i na la uhi.1984 kum a kipan in pitu diing laibu [guide book] khat “Zoulai Gelhdan Bu” kici bawlkhia in, siamsinna innte ah sinlai naupangte tawisak in tuni tan in kal i suantou zel hi. Akhangtou zel i hi ua, a phaaktawp tan bel i tung dek nai kei ua, paina diing lampi sauzaw tham i nei lai uh hi. Laimal kibang napi gawmkhial, khenkhialkha lehang, thu tuampi kawk thei hi.

Etsakna [Etn]:

ANAUHONGPIAHI

A nau hong pia hi A nau hong pi ahi A na uh ong pia hi An a u hong pia hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

1. AW, O LEH OU ZATDAN DIING:

i) A-un, aniam leh asaugin peuhmah ah AW.

Etsakna [Etn]: Dawm, dawng, sawt, zawng

Siiklawng sung ah vuahtui/guahtui luut hi.

ii) Alaigin leh tomgin peuhmah ah O. Etn: Dom, dong, sot, zong La tom khat a sa hi. I kizonna’ng haksa diing ahihman in

hong zawn ning. Gampa lak ah bawnglong ging kiza hi. iii) Atom leh sanggin peuhmah ah OU. Etn: Gou, lou, sou, tou, zou Lou khou zou lou hi. Toukhom tung ah tu in.

[Dr. Eugenie J.A. Henderson in, Tiddim Chin: A Desriptive Analysis of Two Texts [1965] agelhna sung ah to fight cihna ah do [dou], to kill, to slaughter cihna ah go [gou], we [exclusive] ah ko [kou],to cultivate cihna ah kho [khou], to wed out cihna ah khokhia [khoukhia/ khouxia],

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

field cihna ah lo [lou], grass cihna ah lopa [loupa], to grow by itself cihna ah po [pou], to dry cihna ah pho [phou], building cihna ah to [tou], to spring up, rise up cihna ah tho [thou], small flies cihna ah thovai [thou-va:i], to be able to;to finish, complete satisfactorily cihna ah zo[zou] ci in zang hi. Phonetic sound toh kituak laigelhdan zuikha i hihman un i hampha mahmah uh hi. 1967-1968 sung in PLS in laimal “O” toh kisai in Commission mi thum- Pu Rev. H. Nengzachin, Pu T.C.Tiankham, IAS leh Pu Thangzamang Gwite, IPS a sepkhia uh hi. Hiai mi thumte’n “O” pen Aw bang a tomgin diing, Topa ci a gelh nawn louh a, Toupa ci a gelhtaak diing cih PLS khawmpi a hon luikhiak uh, PLS member tamzawte’ thupuukna bang a zatpaisuak in hong om hi. Tua ziak in, Khristian Thukizakna, Laisiangthou [1971] tel in Paite labu leh laibu peuhmah ah “o” pen “ou” bang a ging nawn lou in hong kizang hi. Jesu’n a dong [Jesus asked] cih leh Jesu’n a dawng [Jesus

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

answered] cih nuamtak in hong kikhenkaak theita hi. Laimal “O” i cih pen Greek’ laimal ah “OMICRON” [O] a cih uh toh kibang hi a, AW saugin pen Greek laimal a “OMEGA” [W] acih uh toh kibang ahi hi. Mikang lai leh pau ah “a”, “i”, “o” leh “u” vowel acihte uh pen laimal khat hinapi vowel nih gindan a ging “diphthong”cihte uh himahleh Paite’ lai leh pau gelhna ah bel “diphthong” awgin in ging thei lou hi. A pen AU, E pen EU, I pen IU, O pen OU ciin kigingsak thei lou hi.

2. J LEH Z ZATNA ANUAI A BANG IN:

Ei tualsuak thumal [kammal] khempeuh leh mi min, kho min, gam min, veng min, lui minte ah Z zat diing, namdangte’ min, kho min, gam min peuhmah ah amau zat bangbang zuihpihna in [J azat ualeh] J zat diing – Jerusalem, Jeep, Joppa, Job, Johan, Jesu, Jakob, Japan, Al Jazeera leh adangdang [=addg].

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

1983 kum, October 14 leh 15 ni a PNC [PTC] HQ, YPA HQ, SSPP HQ, PLS leh Saptuam makai tuamtuam in Joint Meeting 3vei a neihna ua thupuukna 3te lak a 2na dungzui a kipom “Zoulai Gelhdan” [Pau Leh Lai Gelhdan zong kici] laibu laimai [peek] 12-13 sung ah Dr H. Kamkhenthang in, “Nidang a lai i gelh masak hun lai in bikhiah neitak in J leh Z ana kizang hi. Tua nung hun paisa kum sawm sung in i pau gelhna ah J hong kilaluut simsim hi. Tua ahihman in zatdan bikhiah omloupi’n zatkhaak dandan in J leh Z hong kizanggawp hi. Mi khenkhat in aneem leh akhauh khenna ding in J & Z zang ni ci pawl om a, khenkhat in asau leh a tomgin khenna diing in zang ni ci pawl om hi. Tua bang hi theilou zel hi. I pau a laimal khat lohdan a neem zong midang khat in a lohdan in neem tuan lou zong tampi om hi. Lohdan kibang lou hi. Pau himhim ah mi nih in a lohdan uh kibang lou kici hi. Tua baan ah, mi khat in zong a lohdan kibang tawntung lou lai hi. Tua ahihman in aneem leh akhauh thu ah J leh Z zatna khen diing cih pen dik thei lou hi. Tua mah bang in Z ziak in gingtom in ging sau thei lou hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Agindan pen a kizompih vowel laimal ziak hi lel hi. Amawl thei penpen leh a theihnuampen leh dikzaw pen a lak theih i zuih diing ahi.Tua ahihleh hiai ahi: Ei pau taktak a J hiam Z hiam ginna diing teng ah Z zang ni uh hang. Ging khat gelhna diing a laimal nih omsak pen in nawngkaina piangsak semsem hi. Tua baan ah nam dangte’ pau leh midangte in noun min khawng a zat uh i zatpihna peuhmah ah J zang ni uh hang. Huci hileh a mawlpen leh a nuampen suak diing hi... Hiai bang in zang lehang Tedim lamte toh laigelhdan a i kibatna point khat hong hi diing hi” ci hi. A neem a J zat a, akhauh a Z zat diing cih thu ah i kipah ciang a zi [wife] pen “Ji” hi dia, heh leh lungkim louh awsuah a khauh ciang a “zi” ci a gelh diing cih hiam ahihkeiileh i kipah a i aw a neem ciang a “Zi’ ci dia, heh leh thangpaih ciang a “Ji” cih diing cih zong dik thei tuan lou hi. 1983 kum mah in ZCLS apan Rev. Paul Thuam Thang in, “Zolai Gelhdan Hoihzaw” cih a gelhna 7. J Leh Zatna ah, “Mangte J aw pen ei Zomite in kinei lo hi. Tua ahihman in Zolai gelhna ding in J a kizat theihna om lo hi. Ahih hang in minam

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

dangte min leh khaw min khawngte ah amau zat bangbang in kizatpih thei hi. Gnt. Jerusalem, Joppa leh a dangdangte”ci hi.

3. IN LEH UN ZATDAN/ZATZIA:

Agen leh asep khentuan sese lou in verb, adjective leh noun thumal baan a ‘in’ a om peuhmah ciang in ‘in’ pen a kizompih toh kaalhal a gelhmat louh diing ahi hi. Etsakna [Etn]: Verb: dingin, genin, pauin, kapin, kaapin, samin, simin, zangin ci a gelh lou in ding in, gen in, pau in, kap in, kaap in, sim

in, zang in ci a gelh diing; Adjective: awlin, asanin, hoihtakin, piltakin, siamtakin ci a gelh lou in awl in, asan in, hoihtak in,piltak in,siamtak

in ci a gelh diing; Noun: Lamkamin, bawngin, Jesuin, singin, pasalin, Paulin, Pasianin ci a gelh lou in

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Lamkam in, bawng in, Jesu in, sing in, pasal in, Paul in, Pasian in ci a gelh diing ahi hi.

Tua baan ah, abstract noun-te [verb leh adjective] ah zong itna in, zawnna in, hoihna in, huaiziak in, huchi in, dungzui in, bang in ci in gelh lehang, kibatlualna [uniformity] a om diing baan ah a thu ah simkhelhna a om kei pen hi. Tua mah bang in, khat sang a tamzaw kawk plural ‘un’, ‘ua’ leh ‘uh’ cihte ah zong kimatsak tuan sese lou a kihal a gelh diing ahi hi. Etsakna: geelun, paiun, kuanun, genun, ngenun, seemun, zongun, zuunun ci a gelh lou in, geel un, pai un, kuan un,gen un, ngen un, seem un, zong un, zuun un ci a gelh diing ahi hi. Tua mah bang in, thil khat hih dia kutna/sawmna [proposal clause]a “ni”cihte ah zong a verb toh gelhkhawm louh diing ahi: Etsakna: paini, pauni, sinni, kuanni, bawlni, tuni, saini ci a akimat a gelh lou in pai ni, pau ni, sin ni, kuan ni, bawl ni, tu ni ci a gelh diing ahi hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

4. POSTPOSITION A LEH AH:

Postposition A leh AH tuamdinsak le hang a thu zong kiciangpen hi [Postposition thu a kimzaw No.9 ah] Etsakna: ‘Aizawlah, Mimbungah, Lamkaah, Kawlpiah, Delhiah, khangah, sakah, suunah, Tedimah, Tonzangah, Singngatah, zaanah, khuaah, vaakah, vaanah ci a gelh lou in ‘Aizawl ah, Mimbung ah, Lamka ah, Kawlpi ah, Delhi ah, Singngat ah, khang ah, sak ah, suun ah, Tedim ah, Tonzang ah, zaan ah, khua ah, vaak ah, vaan ah’ ci a gelh diing ahi hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

5. LAIMAL KITHUAP/ THUAHNIH (DOUBLE

LETTERS) LEH LAI-AW [VOWEL]

KIZATNATE:

Laimal kithuap/thuahnih (double letters) leh Lai-aw (vowel) zatna thu ah athuah a laimal/lai-aw tam lua lah anop louh kia hi lou in, athuah a koih seeng diing zong ahi kei phial hi. Lai-aw thuahnih zatna toh kisai a etsakna hoih lua khat i en diing: “Nu-leh-pateen ataate uh zingsang matak, phalvaak in a thawhpih ua, jiing tuuitawi, ansuk, in nasep bangkim ahilh un asiamsak uh. A nu-leh-pate’n khawlak avaaksan kaal bang un, ahihkeileh lougiak-a, kaal khat-khat, kaal nih-nih a omkhiaksan chiang bang un atate’n in ana-ngaak ua, in-na bangkim feltakin a-nahihjeel uh hi. In a hong tunkiik chiangun a tate kizen daan amuh un nu leh pate akipak mahmah uhi. Banghiam hih felkhaak louh, hihdik louh khaak nei kha zenzen tale uh kitaai gomgom chih a om kei a, kam neem in aki-theisiamsak uh. A tate uh siamlouhna te geengeen achiing kei ua, atate uh phatna, kipahpihna aw a zasak jaw uh hi. A-neu a-lian

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

lungsim kitheituah in akhawsa ua, a kithutuak ua, lungsim mun khat ah a om uh. A inkuansung utuh apapeen a-diingin lalgam, nuu a-diingin a khawvel, huan a tate uh a-diingin paradise ahimai hi. A lungsim uh a thawveng a, a khawveel uh a vaak a, akithanopsuah ua, a mabaan uh a limchi hi .Papeen-a diingin vaaihawm anuam-a, nupeen akipaak-a, taate apangpa kei ua, bit akisa ua, amuang uh” [T.Gwite:“Development of Leadership, Life-Style and Self-Confidence” TUAILAI 2005 SEMINAR PAPER, pp79]. Tulaitak a i paipih laipau gelhdan toh kituak a gelh thak diing hileh, jiing, jeel, jaw cihte ah “J” zang lou in “Z” zang in “ziing,”“zeel,”“zaw” ciin kigelh diing a, “thawhpih”, “khawveel”, “thawveng” cihte ah “thohpih”, “khovel”, “thoveng” kici diing a, “nahihjeel” cih ah “na hihzel”ciin kigelh diing a, “peen” cih ah “pen” ci in kigelh diing hi. Ahihhang in, athuah a laimal/lai-aw koih in buaina leh theihkhelh diing tampi vaivengsak thei hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Etsakna: i) Thum (three), thuum (pray), thumna (third),

thuumna (prayer) ii) Van (goods, material), vaan (heaven); dan,

daan [law,constitution] iii) Khat (one), khaat (seldom, rare), khatna

(first), khaatna (bitterness), Khat bek (only one), Laibu khat bek hong pia in [khat sang a tamzaw lou],

Khat beek [at least one]: Laibu khat beek hong pia in [atawmpen in khat]

iv) Ding (stand), diing (shall/will); zin [travel, journey], ziin [devil, demon]

v) Sun (pierce, prick), suun (condole, console, noonday)

vi) Bukna (shelter), buukna (measurement/ standard)

v) mei [fire], meii [cloud]; vi) tang [single, own,possess], taang [millet,

youngman, verse, section, light], taangtaang [stir].

vii) Sik[pinch];siik [iron] viii)sut[snatch], suut [arithmatic, research]

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

ix) aa double pen [my, his/her, their] neihsa lahna in;

x) pi [magnutive noun suffix]; pii [lead, guide]. Etsakna [etn]: amah aa, kei aa, ei aa, amau aa, nang aa, kou aa, addg aam= deihsakluatna Rev. J.H. Cope in zong laimal kithuap [double vowel] na hahzat khol lou napi in, keel [goat], tuu [sheep] cihte ah na limzatsak mahmah hi. Vowel-“lai-awte” kia ah hi lou, consonant “laimungte” ah zong laimal thuahnih kizang hi. a) buhtangg, taangtangg, miimtangg, tanggneih

[neihtuam], mit a niintangg b) nna [work/service/job], inn[house/home]

6. BELHTE (AFFIXES):

Belhte (Affixes) ah mabelh [prefix] leh nungbelh [suffix] a om hi [Cambodian, Sudenese, Sanskrit leh Mikang pau khawng ah Infix om mah leh Paite/Tedim pau ah infix i buaipih kei hi. Mikang pau a singular apan

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

plural a kibawl ciang in alaizang a vowel om kikheekte genna in Infix kizang hi: man-men; goose-geese; mouse-mice; louse-lice; foot-feet; tooth-teeth leh adangdang]:

a. Mabelh [prefix] – ‘ki’, ‘pi’, ‘su’cihte pen a verb toh kimat a gelhkhawm diing ahi hi.

Ki - Kibuan, kidawm, kigamla, kigawm, kihua, kingai, kikum, kimawl, kinai, kipua, kisai, kisat, kitawng, kivual, kizawl, kilem, kizem, kimuang, kiteeng, kikhen leh adangdang

[Hiai mabelh ‘ki’ in ganhing hiam setan’ kii (horn) leh kipi (parrot) cihna a “ki” kici a huam kei a, hiaite bel akihal a gelh diing him ahi uh hi].

Etsakna: Ki in taang duh hi. Vompi in kii nei lou hi. “Ki”zat louhna: A nap kitolh hi [khial]. A nap tolh hi [dik].

Pi - pibawl, picin, pigen, pipian, pingaihsut, pizat, pikuan, pimuh, pipai, pipat, pisuah, pisak leh addg.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Su - subah,sulian, suneu, suthangpai, suheh, subei, sutawp, supil, suminthang, sutuailuai, suthupi, supichin, supaai, supuuk, susia leh addg.

[Ciamteh diing: prefix - Su cih mabelh [prefix] kammal zang sese lou in nungbelh [suffix] kammal dang khat “sak” belh in, liansak, minthangsak, thupisak, picingsak cihdan in zong a zat theih veve hi. Hiai mabelh [prefix] a su kicite pen numeite’ zahmoh genna ahih louh bang in verb a su kici an su, gu su, khuttum a su cihna zong ahi kei].

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve (Exceptional): Ahihhang in, a, aw, e, i, o, ou, u [lai-aw i cihte] toh a kizom aleh simkhelh om louhna diing in athekna[-hyphen] koih diing ahi hi.

Gelh khial Gelhdan dik Kiaakmitet ki-aakmitet Kiaam ki-aam Kiatkha ki-atkha

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Kiel ki-el Kiit ki-it Kiuitui ki-uitui Kien ki-en Kiotsakna ki-otsakna Kieng ki-eng Kiukna ki-ukna Maiet mai-et Nauawi nau-awi Piet pi-et Saiip sai-ip Saik sa-ik Sial si-al Tuiuum tui-uum Vaaak va-aak Zeet ze-et

b. Nungbelh [suffix]:

(i) Verb leh adjective ‘dawn (baan) a thumal belh [behlap] pawl khat – pih, sak, san,kha, khia, lum, sia, vui, paai, mai, gawp, kham, nen, pheh, phih leh adangdang ah a verb

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

hiam adjective hiam toh gelhmat ngeingei diing ahi hi.

Etsakna: sihpih,thuumpih, damsak, paisak, neeksan, pawtsan, paikhia, samkhia, satkha, siikkhial, kaplum, kaaplum, gensia, gawigawp, balnen, muukpheh, cilphih, gawivui, leh addg.

(ii) Lapau [lakam] a “Bang” leh thumal [kammal] dang peuhmah a zungpi toh gelhmat diing ahi hi. Lapau [poetry] leh thumal a “bang” leh tua “bang” cih kammal in a zuih thumal dangte hal louh a gelhmat diing ahi hi:

Bang: albang, anbang, buanbang, ciaubang, daibang, guulbang, haibang, kilbang, lawibang, mawngbang, meibang, ngabang, nibang, sabang, suulbang, tembang, uumbang, vabang, vaibang, zubang, hambang, mangbang, suumbang, sumbang, tuibang leh adangdang. [Mimbang pianna, ngabang leenna, sabang tatna, guabang hinna, lawibang

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

thang, sialbang lian, [gam] singbang saang, mawngbang kikawi, [sam] gibang khen, hambang huai, heisabang paal, addg].

Bawl: baihbawl, cihbawl, ciilbawl, dambawl, gawtbawl, haibawl, hutbawl, ipbawl, koubawl, maakbawl, kheembawl, lauhbawl, lehbawl, litbawl, ngaihbawl, nuakbawl, siatbawl, simbawl, theihbawl, thaangbawl, tawpbawl, thupibawl, huatbawl, utbawl, zuaubawl, zumbawl leh adangdang

cih/cin: gamcih/ gamcin, khocih/ khocin, luicih/ luicin, micih/ micin, muncih/ muncin, namcih/ namcin, paucih/ paucin, pawlcih/ pawlcin, sacih/ sacin leh addg

dan/zia: bawldan/ bawlzia, ciindan/ ciinzia, dondan/ donzia, etdan/ etzia, goldan/ golzia, haidan/ haizia, khoheidan/ khoheizia, itdan/ itzia, hindan/ hinzia, khandan/ khanzia, mawldan/ mawlzia, muhdan/ muhzia, nuihdan/ nuihzia, omdan/ omzia, paidan/ paizia, tatdan/ tatzia, tawndan/ tawnzia,

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

tutdan/ tutzia leh adangdang. [hiai a nungbelh ‘dan’ pen leh “daan” (zuih diing daan thupiak toh kibang lou hi.]

huai: dahhuai, enhuai, haihuai, ithuai, lauhuai, lawphuai, muanhuai, ngaihhuai, pahtaakhuai, zumhuai, suphuai, pilhuai, kipahhuai

kha: baakkha, ciamkha, dalkha, delhkha, enkha, genkha, itkha, khialkha, mukha, lawngkha, palkha, suikha, tehkha,telkha, teelkha leh adangdang.

khia: dengkhia, domkhia, dongkhia, genkhia, gelhkhia, nuikhia, kapkhia, paikhia,paukhia, kuankhia, sakhia, samkhia, satkhia, pulhkhia, kaikhia, khaikhia, zuutkhia, hongkhia leh adangdang

khial: awnkhial, bawlkhial, bohkhial, cikhial, ciilkhial, delhkhial, dengkhial, dohkhial, enkhial, gelhkhial, gelkhial, geelkhial, laamkhial, lamkhial, mukhial, nekhial, paukhial, pikhial, semkhial, sakhial, samkhial, satkhial, simkhial,

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

sinkhial, theikhial, thohkhial, tukhial, vaatkhial, zemkhial, zuikhial leh addg.

lam: dailam, gollam, giitlouhlam, hailam, hauhlam, hoihlam, kiamlam, lawplam, manlam, masawnlam, noplam, hauhlam, picinlam, pillam, siatlam, zawnlam

sa: beisa, etsa, hoihsa, pilsa, mohsa, vulsa, siamsa, zawngsa leh addg.

tan: bottan, dawttan,kaaptan, kuaitan, siiktan, vialtan, paltan, meektan, huaitan, hualtan, siikktan, zumhtan leh addg.

vai: behvai, buaivai, daivai, ciilvai, haivai, hauhvai, naupanvai, phungvai, pilvai, siatvai.

Etsakna: [a] Al bang mang kuan [khial] Albang mang kuan [dik] [b] Sawm sial bang lian e [khial] Sawm sialbang lian e [dik] [c] Tu a mawng bang ki kawi, ziing ciang

sam bang khenta diing aw [khial]

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Tu a mawngbang kikawi, ziingchiang sambang khenta diing aw [dik]

[d] Tuan a pu pa ma bang pat sa [khial] Tuan a pupa mabang patsa [dik] [e] Laam sai tawng e, gual aw e [khial] Laamsai tawng e, gual aw e [dik] [f] I sai thei lian lian nam aw [khial] I sai thei lianlian na’m aw [dik] [g] Buaina teng toh ka pawt san diing [khial] Buaina tengteng ka pawtsan diing [dik] [h] Minthang khuapi Suangmantam khua

[khial] Minthang khopi suangmantam khua [dik] [i] Tuunsung khat pan piang hi ngei ngei

hang e [khial] Tuun khat sung pan piang hi ngeingei

hang e [dik] [j] Gehen dougaal sisan vaang a i zawh hun

ciang, phiit leh sawnkai toh ai diing gaal zoh ni [khial]

Sisan vaang a Gehen dougaal i zoh hun cian, phiit leh sawnkai toh ai diing gaalzoh ni [dik]

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[k] Jesu nau bang i pom ciang in... [khial] Jesu paaibang i pom ciang in... [dik]

c. Noun Nungbelh[Suffix]:

(i) Aneu mahmahte’ genna: Diminutive – ke, me, mi, ta, si (etsakna: balke, gamke, khutme, temta, kausi, thousi, miiksi,). A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: pasi [pateh neu cihna hi lou in akeu/ago/asi abat ziak ahi hi].

(ii) Athupi leh aliante’genna: Magnutive – ‘pi’ [etsakna: asuukpi, abulpi, baalpi, daakpi, gaalpi, hapi, heipi, keupi, khipi, beelpi, huihpi, khapi, khawmpi, khopi, phualpi, lampi, natpi, singpi, singthupi, suangpi, kialpi, tuipi, nipi, pawlpi, sawltaakpi, siamsinpawlpi, tupi, zampi leh addg.]

[Ciamteh diing: Hiai noun suffix in anu-apa khenna (gender) a feminine [anu/api] genna a kizang ‘pi’ kici leh kisapna[kisakna] a nute’ nu leh pate’ nu (grandmother) genna a huam kei. Etsakna: sialpi, bawngpi, nupi, leh addg.].

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

d. Va, hon, hong, n’ong, k’ong cihte pen prefixes dan in kikoih sek mahleh prefix hi lou in verb’ nasep direction kawkmuhtute ahi zaw uh hi. A verb toh gelhmat louh diing ahi hi. Va in a kuankhe lam, hon in tutmun leh naicik a septheihte kawk a, hong in a hong naih leh a hong kuan/a hong zuan lam kawk hi. Thumal gawm (contraction) ahihleh bel hal louh a gelhmat ngeingei diing ahi hi. i. Tui va tawi in, puan va sawp in ii. An hong ne in, hong pai in iii. Nau hong la in. Sa hong goh in. iv. Puan hon pe dih.Na khut in hon pia in. v. Tangmai n’ong pe diam? [Tangmai na

hong pe diam] vi. Zu k’ong siim diam? [Zu ka hong siim

diam?]

Ciamteh diing: “Hon” leh “hong” kammal zatna thu ah object nei lou intransitive verbte ah “hon” kizang thei lou hi.Intransitive verbte ah “hong” cih kammal kizang thei hi. Intransitive verb pen transitive i suahsak

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

aleh “hon” toh kizui in a paikhawm thei hi. Leng[fly] kici pen transitive suaksak in “hihleng” ahihkeileh “lengsak” hiam i cih ciang in “hon’ cih kammal kizang thei hi. Etn: Na longleng hon lengsak mah dih! Nui [intransitive verb] pen nuihsan ahihkeileh nuihpih[transitive verb]i cihleh hon/hong kizang thei hi.

Mikang pau a silent letters-“honour/honor,” “honourable,” “hour,” “honest,” “heir,” cihte ah “h” a silent bang in, i kampaute uah “h” tel lou/ging lou in “on” hiam “ong” hiam zang mahle hang, laigelhna peuhmah ah “h” telsak in/gingsak in“hon” ahihkeileh “hong”ci a gelh ciat diing ahi. 1. Hon tu in [khial] Hong tu in [dik] 2. Hon nui in [khial] Hong nui in [dik] 3. Hon pai ve [khial] Hong pai ve [dik] 4. Toupa Jesu aw, hon kumsuk in [khial] Toupa Jesu aw, hong kumsuk in [dik]

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: [1] Mun khempeuh ah Pasian om [ommipresent] hi cih gintaakna toh thu gen i hihleh, [a] Na thupha hon pia in [dik] [b] Ka thuumna hon dawng in [dik] [c] Na Kha Siangthou in hon thuam in [dik]

[2] Vaan ah Pasian om hi cih gintaakna toh thu gen i hihleh, [a] Na thupha hong pia in [dik] [b] Ka thuumna hong dawng in [dik] [c] Na Kha Siangthou in hong thuam in [dik]

7. VERB LEH ADVERB THUAHNIHTE I

ZATKOP CIANG IN TUAMKHEN LOU A

GELHMAT DIING AHI:

Verb: diangdiang, kapkap, kaapkaap, lamlam, laamlaam, maimai, nuinui, tutu, khawlkhawl, kholkhol, paipai, taitai, taaitaai, gengen, sasa, tawmtawm leh adangdang Adverb: liailiai, mengmeng, dangdang, diamdiam, dengdeng, ngelngel, khelkhel, sese,

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

taktak, petmah, mahmah, tengteng, khempeuh, peuhmah leh addg.

8. PAU ZATKOP/ PAU NUPA (PHRASE/PARING

OF WORDS):

(i) I ngeina daan in a cih nuamnuam ahihkeileh aneuneu ahihkeileh ahat loulou kigen in kigelh masazaw hi. Huci bang kammalte kaalhalna diing in a kikal ah athekna [hyphen] koih ngeingei diing ahi hi.

Etn: abul-abaal, aneu-alian, azawng-ahau, atui-aha, agim-atawl, apil-asiam, anu-apa, amei-apa, asia-apha, amei-apa, asan-akaang, adung-avai, asing-asuang, ankhing-tuibuuk, abeh-aphung, azawng-ahau, azawng-angau, azu-ahaam leh adangdang.Laisiangthou ah,“Adam leh Evi” cih himahleh ei pau paidan ngeina ah “Evi leh Adam”cih ahi hi. Pasal leh numei kici lou in, numei leh pasal kici zaw a; pasal leh zi kici lou in, zi leh pasal kici zaw a; pa leh nu kici lou in nu leh pa kici a; pu leh pi kici

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

lou in pi leh pu kici a; gang leh ni kici lou in ni leh gang kici zaw hi.

Azawi tawn lou lah dik veve: nau leh u kici lou in u leh nau kici zel hi.

(ii) Pau nupa himahleh atung paidan zui a ‘a’ kimabelh lou, athekna a zop kuulte:

tanu-tapa, neekna-taakna, citna-siamna, anteh-louhing, guuktaak-laaktaak, dahna-kahna, khitui-naptui, ciahna-kuanna, nasep-silbawl, gimna-tawlna, leh addg.

(iii)Pau nupa hinapi a thumal/kammal khat

suahsakna dia “le” hiam “leh” hiam koihte, ‘leh’ toh i zopkhawm ciang in athekna koih kuul lou in, ‘le’ cih toh i zopkhop ciang in a khiakna leh a gentuam hi. Tuate ah athekna koih ngeingei diing ahi hi. ‘Leh’ zat ahih ciang in pau nupa ahihlam theihkhen haksa a, athekna leh le i zat ciang in pau nupa ahihna kilangsak in theihkhen nuam hi. Nu-le-pa ahih ciang in Mikang pau a parent cihna hi a, nu leh pa ahih ciang in mother and father cihna suak a, khua-le-tui

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

[citizen], khua leh tui [village and water], anuai ah etsakna ensuk ni: Lia-le-taang lia leh taang Khua-le-tui khua leh tui Nu-le-pa nu leh pa Neek-le-dawn neek leh dawn Lum-le-vot lum leh vot Lum-le-phaw lum leh phaw

(iv) Numerical zopna a “le” cih nung leh ma ah

athekna [hyphen] koih in i deih/gen nop aphazah simna [number] koih diing ahi hi:

Etsakna: Sawm-le-khat ahih ciang in eleven cihna ahi a, sawm leh khat ahihciang in ten and one cihna ahi hi. Tua mah bang in sawm-le-nih ci a i gelh ciang in twelve cihna hi a, sawm leh nih ahih ciang in ten and two cihna ahi hi. Tua bang zel in sawm-le- thum, sawm-le-li, sawm-le-nga, sawm-le-guk, sawm-le-sagih, sawm-le-giat, sawm-le-kua ci a gelh diing ahi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

9. POSTPOSITION:

English Grammar ah preposition om mahleh ei pau gelhna ah preposition om lou in, postposition om zaw hi. Leitungbup pau nam tuamtuam-German, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Turkish, Eskonian, Finnish, Hungarian leh Latin khawngte ah preposition a kizat louh bang in Paite/Tedim pau ah leng Preposition kizang lou in, Postposition a kizang zaw hi. Postposition kici English grammar a preposition toh a sep kibang ahihhang a noun nung ahihkeileh element nung a kikoih cihna ahi hi. Mikang pau a dohkaan tung ah [on the table] cih a lehkhiak ciang un Chinese [Sen pau] ah zhuozi shang [lit.table on] ciin let uh hi. Japante’n “in America” [Amerika ah]” cih a lehkhiak ciang un “Amerika ni’ a ci uh hi. Hindi kici Vaipau ah TV ke upar [Above the TV]=TV tung ah; TV ke neeche[Below the TV]=TV nuai ah; TV ke paass [Near the TV]=TV kiang ah cih ahi hi.

English Paite On the tree sing tung ah

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Under the table Dohkaan nuai ah At the door Kongkhaak ah

Tung ah, nuai ah, gei ah, toh, kal ah, kikaal ah, sung ah, ziak in, zaw, zong/leng, nung in/nung ah, beek, kia/bek, khawng, apan, sang in, loungaal, cihlouh cihte khawng ahi hi.

10. FIRST PERSONAL PRONOUN:

Mangkaangte’ neih louh i neih tungtuan uh first personal pronoun ahi hi. Exclusive ah ‘ka’, ‘kou’ cih leh inclusive ah ‘ei’, ‘i’ cihte i neih tungtuan uh ahi.

Hiai a ‘i’ pen Mangkaangte a ‘I’ toh akhiakna leh akawk kibang lou ahihman in, thuvual [sentence] kipatna lou peuhmah ah laimal neu [lower case/ small letter] zat diing ahi.

Our house i) Ka inn uh (exclusive) ii) I inn uh (inclusive) [Ciamteh diing: Inn [house] cihna ah ‘n’ athuah a zat in simkhelh a omsak kei pen hi. ‘An’

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

[food] toh kisai ah bel an neek theih cihlouh, lapau ah anbang itna cih louh ngaal, thu dang kawk thei a om louhman in ‘a’ hiam ‘n’ hiam athuah a koih kisam lou hi].

11. SUBJECT CONCORDS: “A”, “KA”, “NA”, “I”, “UH” ZATZIA:

“a” + adverb ahihleh gawm diing [Etn-atawntung in, anisim in, akaalsim in, a khasim in, akumsim in, akhangsim in addg]

“a” + adjective ahihleh gawm diing[Etn-ahoih,apha,asia,anu, apa, apil, asiam, ahau, azawng, addg]

“a” + preposition ahihleh gawm diing [Etn-atung, anuai, agei, apaam, anawl, asiik, akhang addg]

“a” + pronoun ahihleh hal [kaalhal] diing [Etn-amah a pai hi,amau a seem uh hi] (Exception: ahi hi ah gawm diing)

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

“a” + verb ahihleh hal diing [Etn- a pai hi, a sim hi, a seem hi, a ne hi, a dawng hi addg]

“a” + noun ahihleh hal diing [Etn-a van giksa hi, a siiksakol a hawl hi addg]

Condition nei “if’ kici peuhmah akizompih kammal toh gelhmat diing ahih hi. [etn- aleh, ahihleh, ualeh, keileh addg]

[a] Penglam kahi [khial] Penglam ka hi [dik] [b] Mauzuang nahi hi [khial] Mauzuang na hi hi [dik] [c] Unau khat ihi hi [khial] Unau khat i hi hi [dik] Ciamteh in: “a” ah “a” leh “hi” gawm diing;

ka hi/na hi cihte ah hal diing. “Theihnadiing”, “Painadiing”, “sepnadiing” cih toh kisai gelhdan 3te lak ah - [a] “Theihna diing,” “paina diing,” “sepna

diing.” [b] “Theih nadiing,” “pai nadiing,” “sep

nadiing.”

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

[c] “Theih na diing,” “pai na diing,” “sep na diing.”

Atung a gelhdan leh gawmdan kibang lou thumte lak ah [a] atangpen leh adikpen ahi hi. First person concord ‘ka’ (kei ka pai) leh second person concord ‘na’ (nang na pai) leh first person (plural inclusive concord) ‘i’ (ei i pai) cihte ah ka, na leh i a kizang khial mun mahmah hi. A verb/ a noun toh gelhmat louh diing ahi hi.

Kakipaak ci lou in Ka kipaak cih diing; Kainn ci lou in ka inn cih diing; Kapa ci lou in ka pa cih diing; Kanu ci lou in ka nu cih diing; Kani ci lou in ka ni cih diing; Kagang ci lou in ka gang cih diing; Kanuphal ci lou in ka nuphal cih diing; Kamaakpa ci lou in ka maakpa cih diing; Kau ci lou in ka u cih diing; Nanna ci lou in na nna cih diing; Kapi ci lou in ka pi cih diin Nanau ci lou in na nau cih diing

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Inu ipa ci a gelh lou in i nu i pa ci a gelh diing ahi.

Kangaihsun ci a gelh lou in Ka ngaihsun ci a gelhzawk diing ahi.

12. ADJECTIVE ZATNA:

(i) English Grammar bang lou in ei pau, ei lai ah noun khit [nung] ah adjective in zui hi. English ah Red Sea, Paite/Tedim ah Tuipi San cih ahih bang in, meel hoih, tui siang, puan san, mai san, mai puang, tuipi vom, tuipi si, mi lian, sing sang, gam nuam, gam thupi, minam thupi leh addg.

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: Ahoihna hiam asiatna hiam ahihkeileh ahihna a gen-ot nop ciang in, noun ma a adjective pai masa a, a noun si-le-taang in ‘a’ hong kizang hi.

Etsakna: A lamdang itna [Itna lamdang]. A minthang mahmah Peter in mi tampi a

piangthaksak hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

(ii) Superlative ‘pen’ leh ‘bel’ adjective toh gelhmat diing ahi. Nungaak mel hoihpen kiteelkhia hi. Asiambel ahong damsak theipa Jesu ahi. Hoihpen, lianpen, golpen, ngengpen. siampen, asiangbel, ahoihbel

(iii)Demonstrative adjective ‘pen’ leh ‘bel’ kizangkhawm thei a, ‘pen’ leh ‘pen’ zong kizangkhawm thei napi, ‘bel’ leh ‘bel’ kitam zatkhawm lou hi.

Etsakna: Amah pen bel ahattakpi mah hi. Nang penpen n’ong pai keileh hithei lou hi.

(iv)Tehpihna [comparative] leh Tehpih bei [Superative adjective] anuai a bang in:

Baihzaw - baihpen cinghzaw - cinghpen damzaw - dampen golzaw - golpen hauzaw - haupen hatzaw - hatpen hoihzaw - hoihpen itzaw(zawk) - itpen kinzaw - kinpen lianzaw - lianpen naizaw - naipen pheizaw - pheipen sangzaw - sangpen siamzaw - siampen sukzaw - sukpen theizaw - theipen

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

(v) Ei pau a ‘toh’ kichi English Grammar a ‘with’ toh kibang a lehkhiak teitei sawmna ziak in mun tampi ah ‘toh’ kizangkhial hi. “Siikkeu toh an ka ne” cih louh a

“Siikkeu in an ka ne” cih diing ahi. “Suang toh bawng ka deeng” ci lou in

“Suang in bawng ka deeng” cih dikzaw hi.

“Tui toh mei ka buak” i cih ciang in diklou a “Tui in mei ka buak” i cih ciang in adik ahi hi.

[Ciamteh diing: (a) Consonant ‘H’ pen glottal stop ahih dungzui in, H a tawp peuhmah asaugin thei mawngmawng kei. Bawh, Dawh, Gawh, Kawh, Mawh, Nawh, Sawh, Tawh, Zawh ciin gelh mahle hang asaugin thei kei.Gelhdan chii nih zat sang in khat zat hoihzaw ahihman in Boh, Doh, Goh, Koh, Moh, Noh, Poh, Soh, Toh, Zoh ci a gelhzawk diing ahi.

(b)Numei’ min leh pasal’ min khenkaakna diing in zong “H” behlap in kizang thei hi: Vungkhanlian kici min pen numei maw,

pasal?

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Vungthawn kici min pen numei maw, pasal?

Vung [numei’ min]; Vungh [pasal’ min] Vungkhanlian ci a i gelh ciang in numei

hi a, Vunghkhanlian ci a i gelh ciang in pasal ahi hi.

Langlamkim kici min pen numei maw, pasal?

Lang [numei’ min]; Langh [pasal’min] Tua mah bang in, sungte [Innkuante] leh

sunghte [in-laws] in khenkaak hi. 13. ABSTRACT NOUN

Adjective, verb leh noun khenkhat apan abstract noun hong kibawlkhiakna kammal – dan, zia, leh na cihte hong pianna kammalte toh hal lou a gelhmat diing ahi. Dong - dotna dotdan dotzia Kap - kahna kahdan kahzia Pai - paina paidan paizia Hoih - hoihna hoihdan hoihzia San - sanna sandan sanzia Lui - luina luidan luizia

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Abstract noun ahihlam mangngilhkha in apianna thummal leh - dan /zia kal ah diing kizangkha pahpah hi. Etsakna: Na dotdan diing cih sik-le-taang in Na dot diingdan. Anih tuak in sentence dik ahi ua, himahleh agen ut leh kawk tuam ahihman in pilvaanhuai mahmah hi.

14. PLURALITY:

(i) Tulai in English Grammar a plural bawlna a ‘s’ toh kibang a ‘te’ chih koih teitei sawmna ziak in mun tampi ah kizangkhial hi. ‘Te’ cih pen ‘plural marker/ collective marker’ bel ahi peuhmah a, himahleh i pau uah plural form pen noun kia a kipan kibawl lou in, parts of speech [Pau Sehkhenna] tuamtuam adjective, verb leh adverb a kipan leh pronominal elements khawng a kipan in zong plural hihna kibawl hi.

a. Numeral number in plural hihna pia hi. Bawngpi thum ka mu [dik]. Bawngpite thum ka mu [khial].

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: Ama lam a bawngpi thum tungtang kigensa leh theihsa hileh bel “bawngpi thumte ka mu” kici thei hi.

b. Pronominal elements: ‘un, ua, uam, uh’

cihte’n plural hihna bawl hi. Etsakna: Ka hong pai uh hi N’ong pai diing uam? Hong kuan teitei un. Anuai a sentencete en mah dih: [1] Naupangte in la sa hi [khial] [2] Naupangte in la sa uh hi [khial] [3] Naupangte in la a sa hi [khial] [4] Naupangte in la a sa uh hi [dik] Hilhcetna: [1] “Naupangte in la sa hi” cih in naupang khempeuh huam a thugen hinapi plural element “uh” tel lou a, “hi” a atawp mawk ziak in naupang khat la sa genkha ahihman in dik lou hi. [2] Anihna pen in naupang honpi a lasate huam a gen nuam hinapi, naupang lasate genkikna diing “a” akizat louh ziak in dik lou hi. [3] Athumna

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

pen in naupang honpi huam a lasate gen nuam napi, pronominal element a plural “uh” cih zang lou a singular “a” azat ziak in dik thei lou hi.[4]Alina pen in a noun plural[naupangte] toh kituak a pronominal element a plural [uh]a zat ziak in dik hi.

c. Noun, verb, adjective leh adverb khawng

a ‘te’ i belhleh noun suak ua, ‘te’ cih omna ziak in plural hihna pia hi – ahonpi, alompi genna in kizang hi.

Paupute, Lampute, Thangpute, Lamkate, Tedimte, Biate, Gaalte, Gangte, Guite, Mangte, Simte, Sukte, Ngaihte, Khaute, Khelte, Samte, Simte, Thawmte leh addg.

(ii) A subject ah ‘te’ behlap lou in adjective, adverb leh verb ah ‘te’ kibehlap zaw hi. Mi hoihte, mi laisiamte, ui liante, mi

kisualte, mi gilou mahmahte, mi zawngte, mi zongte

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: Thumal khenkhat ah khat sang a tamzaw genna in ei, te, i leh mi cihte kizang mahleh mun

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

khenkhat ah kamsiamna pau [polite form of speech] a akizat ciang in khat sang a tamzaw genna hi tuan lou hi:

Etsakna: Zi khat kia nei, pasal zong khat kia mah nei

hinapi a zi hiam a pasal hiam genna in - [a] ei pasalte zaw… [b] mi zite zaw... [c] En bang i thei dia? [d] Mi hicih ke’n [=Nang kei hon hicih kei in] [e] Ei nungaakte zaw… [khat kia gen hinapi] [f] Cih simsimte maw… [‘te’ akizat hang in khat kia[bek] genna mah ahi hi].

15. NOUN LEH NOUN KIZOM THEI LOU:

15.1. Laigelhna ah laipau aa diing in noun leh noun kizomsak louh diing ahi hi.

(a) Jesu Jerusalem ah hong si hi [khial] - Jerusalem ah Jesu hong si hi [dik] (b) Neinou Tomi in man hi [khial] - Tomi in Neinou man hi [dik] (c) Dahpa lou akuan nuam kei hi [khial] - Lou ah Dahpa akuan nuam kei hi [dik]

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

(d) Khupcing Ngambawm in deihta hi [khial]

- Ngambawm in Khupcing deihta hi [dik]

A zawi tawn lou lah dik veve: Sentence sung ah abstract noun nih kizom thei a, tuate A zawitawn lou lah dik veve case in pai hi.

Neulai nopdan na thei hiam? Itna mit deldan thei in. Naungeek an pia in. Suangnou tanghou suaksak in. Inn gua hah lou a gam gua hah. Inn gua leh gam gua kitehpih ngei lou.

15.2.1 Apostrophe a noun nih kaalhal diing

ahi. Sentence sung a concrete noun nih ahihkeileh concrete noun leh abstract noun akizomkhaak ciang in neitu ciamtehna apostrophe [’] koih diing ahi. Hiai apostrophe pen neitu ciamtehna lah hi pah, noun nih kaalhalna lah hi pah hi.

Dahpa’ khuang Thanghou’ sial Khupching’ neulai Dawikungpu’ sial in kii li nei hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

15.2.2 Thumal contract form i zatte pen expanded form a gelh louh lahna in apostrophe koih hoih hi.

Ken – kei in – ke’n Non – na hon – n’on Koh – koi ah – ko’h Aman – amah in – ama’n Leng – lehang – le’ng

15.2.3 Apostrophe zat louhna mun diingte:

Verb leh adjective lak a laimal NG a tawp peuhmah deflected form tawpna a ‘G’ pen hong mang (declined – tonmang/tummang) hi: Thang – than Piang – pian Luang – luan Mang – man Siang – sian Dawng – dawn Ging – gin Khang – khan Sang – san Saang – saan Ciang – cian Niang – nian Tuang – tuan Muang – muan Tong – ton Song – son Suang – suan Zuang – zuan

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Siangthou – sianthouna cih in omze neitak in hong kikheek uhi. Tua ziak in sian’thouna, minthan’na, gin’na, pian’thakna ci lou in sianthouna, minthanna, ginna, pianthakna cihsuk ziau diing ahi hi. Hiai declensionte ah apostrophe koih kuul lou hi.

15.3. Declension: Leitung a pau tuamtuamte

lak ah Kawlpau [Burmese] leh Hebru [Hebrew] cih khawngte ah declension a om louh hang in Arabic, Czech, Dutch, Finnish, German, Irish, Russia, Polish, Slovak, Ukranian, Lithuanian, Latvian, Greek, Latin, Middle English, Old English leh Paite/Tedim pau ah declension a om tham hi.Lai a ginat louh ziak a i pau zui a kigelh hi zenzen lou in, i pau ua declension om toh kituak a kigelh hi zaw hi.Kawlpau leh Kawllai’ huzaapna ziak in mi pawlkhat in declension maihkha nak uh hi. I pau uah verbte i zatdan zui in agindan ahihkeileh a awgindan leh amel-apuam tanpha hong

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

kikheek lamdang uh hi.Verb a kipan kia hi lou in adjective leh noun khawng a kipan in zong mel tuam leh lohdan tuamtuam nei in kammal hong piangkhia hi. Regular verb apan in Irregular verb hong piang a, tua pan in abstract noun hong piangsawn hi. Etsakna: De-det, tung-tun, kia-ke/kiak/kiat. Verb mah bang in, noun form nih- Direct form leh Oblique form zong om hi.

Direct form akipan Oblique form a suah ciang in amel-apuam hong kikheek lamdang hi.

Etsakna: Direct Form Oblique Form Gua Go gopi/gotuai/gokha Khua kho khopi/khota/khopel Ngia nge nge-ek/ngenou

Regular Verb Irregular Verb Abstract Noun Bia be/biak biakna Kia ke/kiak/kiat kiakna Pia pe/piak piakna

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Phia phe/phiat phiatna Sia se/siat siatna Zia ze/ziat ziatna Mu muh muhna Hilhcian hilhcet hilhcetna Len let letna Gial gelh gelhna Vial velh velhna Khial khelh khelhna Sial selh selhna Verb, Noun leh Adjective Declension Gencetna Bia be Pasian be diing in kuan ni. Gia ge Aakge sawnkai bang hi. Kia ke Na nau a kekha diing, pilvaang

in. Pia pe Mipa a meelse mahmah hi. Zia ze Ze-etna a zekai lua hi. Bua bo Niin va bo ve. Gua go Gopi’ taang asau mahmah hi. Kua ko Buipi a ko sung ah luut hi. Khua kho Khopi sang in khota nuamzaw hi. Lua lo Hoih lo mahmah hi. Vua vo Mipi’n gupata vogawp uh hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

16. ENGLISH GRAMMAR PAIDAN LEH PAITE

GRAMMAR KILEHBULH HI:

Paite pau ah, [1] Akum, akha, ani leh adaak in zui diing hi.

Etn: 1984 kum, March 27 ni, Suun daak 12 in Moreh ah “Moreh Thupuukna” kibawl hi.

[2] A gam, a khua, a veng leh a kongzing min/a lamlian min in zui hi.

Etn: Paite Laipau Saipawl [PLS] kici 1945 kum a Paite Literature Fund [PLF] ci a hong kipankhia ahi a, 1953 kum in Manipur South a om Hanship khua ah Paite Literature Committee [PLC] ci in hong kikheng hi. 1954 kum, May 10 ni in tulai a Lamka zang i cih ua om Pearsonmun khua ah Paite Literature Society [PLS=Paite Laipau Saipawl] ciin hong kikheek hi.

Etn: Manipur gam in a huap Tangnuam khua ah 1949 kum, June 27 ni in Paite Upa kikhawmte’n Paite National Council [PNC ci a i theih uh] phutkhia uh hi.

[3] Pa’ min/nu’ pai masa dia, tua pen tapa’/tanu’ min in zui diing hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Etn: Tedim ah Pu Khanthuam’ tapa Kamhau leh Pu Mangkam’ tanu Chiinngul kiteeng uh hi.

Etn: Kiteenna uap dia ngaihnat cialna Tedim khopi sung a Sakollam veeng a om Pa Pum Za Mang leh Nu Hau Lun Dim’

tapa thumna TAANG THANG DEIH SANG

leh LIA CING LUN NIANG,

Kawlpi khua Pinlong veeng a om Pa Lian Za Khup leh Nu Cing Sian Neem’

tanu nihnate’ moupawi ah n’ong kihel na’ng un k’ong sam uh hi

17. TRANSLATION [LEHKHIAKNA] TOH KISAI

THEIHTUAK KHENKHAT:

Pau khat a kipan pau dang a lehkhiakna thu ah pau kivolhdan [syntax leh morphology] kibang vek lou ahi cih ciamteh masak diing ahi hi. Principles of translation kici translator peuhmah in lehkhiakna a bawl ciang ua

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

guidelines azuih uh genna ahi a, tua ah bangci bang approach/method zang a letkhe diing ahi uh hiam cihte a tuang hi. Adeihhuai leh deihthusaam [duhthusaam] cingpen ahihleh -

[a] Literal translation [Ahi bangbang a tangtak a lehkhiak] ahi hi. Laisiangthou lehkhiakdan ci tuamtuamte lak a deihhuaipen leh deihthusaam cingpen hi a kigen Literal Translation ahi a, literal translation taktakte’n a thu-mal-mal [word-for-word] a kiletkhia Interlinear acihte uh, Hebrew-English Interlinear/ Greek-English Interlinear acihte uh ahi hi. A pau leh a lai a tuam dungzui in grammar leh pau kivolhdan, paizia leh thumal piandan ngeina toh kituak a lepthak bel kuul hi.

[b] Literal approach translation adeihhuaipen leh kingakna taakpen ahi hi. Literal Approach hoih a kigen King james Version/New King James Version, American Standard Version/New American Standard Bible a cihte uh ahi hi.KJV sang mah in leng American Standard Version in a Greek ahi

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

bangbang a diktak a lehkhiak teitei a tupna ziak in, mun khenkhat ah, English [Mikang pau] lam hoih zou lou in deuh hi a theih ahi hi. Ahi bangbang a tangtak a lehkhiak ahihna ah soiseelna diing om kei mahleh King James Version letkhetute’ Greek text zat-Textus Receptus [Received Text] zang lou a Eusebio-Origen Text ahihkeileh Westcott-Hort Text a zatna uah soiseelna a om cih thu ahizaw hi. Hiai KJV leh ASV/NASB i cihte pen literal hoih hun lel a kiletkhia ahi ua, literal taktak-Internlinear-te bel hi lou in, literal theipen Literal Approach a kiletkhhia ahi ua, apau a tang in a kiciang hi.

[c] Common Language Ahihkeileh Dynamic Equivalenncy Translation [Pau Taangpi ahihkeileh Akibatpih/Akikimpih pau zang a Lehkhiak]: Dynamic equivalent method of translation kici tulaitak a Wycliffee Bible Translation leh Bible Society tampite’n a thansak uh leh a zat tampen uh ahi hi. Hiai thought for thought translation hoih zoh louhna khat a kigen ahihleh mite theih diing deih luatna ziak a agam mite’ ngeina leh

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

theihphaakna toh kituak a lehkhiak ahihna ahi hi. Etsakna: Isai 1:18 a “Vuuk bang a ngou” [will be as white as snow] cih a hon lehkhiak ciang un vuuk [snow] kici mukha ngei lou Africa minam mawlte’ khualna in, “zubi sung a ngou bang a ngou” [as white as a coconut] ciin hon letkhia uh hi. Tua mah bang in Marka 1:10 a Jesu’ baptisma tanna ah a tung ah, “vakhu bang in Pasian’ Kha a hong tu” cih lehkhiakna diing in South Pacific tuikulh a om Ulithian kici minamte’n vakhu [dove] a muh ngei louh uh gentaak louh a pau kammal ua zong omkha lou ahihman in tua minamte’ theih vasa neu dang khat gigi in hon letkhia uh hi. Kua ahia tua vakhu pen gigi a kheek theihna’ thuneihna nei? cih i dotna ahi hi. Pasian in tua vasa nihte [vakhu leh gigi] asiam tuaktuak ahi a, atuamna leh akibat louhna uh Pasian in thei law tham diing hi. Tuiphuumpa Johan in Jesu’ tung a tuang a muh pen zaw vakhu ahi a, gigi hi lou peuhmah hi. Huaiziak in, common language/ dynamic equivalency translation method

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

zang a lehkhiak in Pasian deihna [cih leh gen] peel a mihing’ ngeina leh pau pibawl a batna om thei hi. Tedim lam a Mikangte’n Laisiangthou a hong lehkhiaksak tuung un Matthai 19:24 a “Pasian’ kumpigam a mi hausa a luut sang in phim bilvang a camel [sangawngsau]a luutpaisuak a baihzaw” a cihna mun ah ei Zoumite’ theihpen, thupisakpen “SAIPI” ciin hong lehkhiaksak ua, tuni ciang in Kawlpau [Burmese] zui in “KALAOH [sangawngsau]” ciin hong kikheek thak hi. Ei pianpih pau a alehkhiakna diing a om keileh leng a kituahpih hiam a kikimpih hiam mawk zat louh in original Hebrew/Greek ahihkeileh Mikang pau apan [letkhese lou a] bawllem tawm kammal [transliteration] koih hoihzaw diing hi. Letkhe sese lou a TRANSLITERATION [A AWIKAIH ZUI A KIGELH] kammal kibawl khenkhatte ahih ualeh Amen, angel, cherubim, Halleluijah, Maranatha, Hosanna, baptisma, Baptist, hell, paradise, Sheol, Hades, Setan (Satan),

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

evangelist, apostol [sawltaakpi], Pulpit leh adangdang.

[d] Paraphrase Translation [Hilhcian Thoh A Lehkhiak]: Hilhcian thoh a kiletkhia pen lehkhiak taktak hi lou in letkhetu’ ngaihdan leh deihdan/theihdan bang a kigen thak ahizaw hi. Tuate ziak in khenkhat in Running Commentary a cihsak ua, khenkhat in bel “free translation” ahi a cihsak uh hi. Tulai in AHI BANGBANG A LEHKHIAKDAN [Literal approach translation] taisan a HILHCHIAN THOH A LEHKHIAK [paraphrased translation] a kithangsak hi. TODAY’S ENGLISH VERSION (Good News Bible), THE LIVING BIBLE-PARAPHRASED, NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION, EASY-TO-READ-VERSION cihte leh a dangdang sim seng louh phial a om hi. Aletkhetute’n a gen tup pen genkha diing atupna leh deih luatna ziak un SENSE TRANSLATION a hong suak a, hilhcian thoh a deihkaih a lehna mun om nuam mahmah hi. Laisiangthou pen adiktak a lehkhiak diing ahi a, hilhcian diing ahi kei.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Hilhcetna kicite pen HILHCIANTUTE’ [commentatorte’] nasep diing ahi a, LETKHETUTE’ [translatorte’] nasep bel ahi bangbang lehkhiak lel diing ahi hi. Ahitak in, Laisiangthou lehkhiak kici himhim mi khat hiam in alehkhiakte sang in committee [mi kipawlkhawm] in a lehkhiak uh a muanhuai in a kingak taakzaw kici hi.

Adikgeih- AHI BANGBANG A KILETKHIA leh HILHCHIAN THOH A KILETKHIA kikal ah kibat louhna i theihkaak kei leh hon pikhial thei hi. Hiai toh kisai in TODAY’S ENGLISH VERSION, LIVING BIBLE-PARAPHARASED i cihte pen hilhcian thoh ngenta ahi ua, mun tamzaw ah a letkhetute’ ngaihdan a kihilhciankha om hi. Hibang a hilhcian thoh a kiletkhete pen Laisiangthou siangtak a kiletkhia hilou ahihman in a dik pumpi in a kipom thei kei hi.

[e] Eclectic Translation: Laisiangthou letkhetute’n Greek hiam Hebrew hiam ahihkeileh khutgelh omsa khat meilet leh

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

pansan nei lou a deihna lailai laklaak a lehkhiakna kibawlte pen ECLECTIC TRANSLATION kici hi. Hiai toh kisai a etsakna hoih lua khat ahihleh NEW INTERNATIONAL VERSION [NIV] ahi hi. Hiai NIV preface [thumapi] i simleh a Greek text zat uh “ECLECTIC TEXT” ahi a ci a, hiai omdan bel Greek text zat tumta nei tuam lou a deihna munmun laklaak a lehkhiakna nei cihna ahi hi. Sanggampa Tommy J. Hicks in NIV sunkhetu New York International Bible Societyte’ kiang a adotna’ adawnna uah, “United Bible Societieste’ Greek New Testament na neih aleh huaite ah na en le teh eclectic text ka zatna uh 98% hiam 99% tan ka zuihna uh na mu diing” ciin dawng uhi. Paite pau a kiletkhia Laisiangthou i neihte zong eclectic translation pian ngenta ahi uh hi.

Etsakna: [i] Ke’n an ka ne I (nominative) food (pron.concord) eat a. I food eat

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

b. I eat food [ii] Ama’n laibu pua in a paita hi He (nom.) book carry adverb particle

has gone (pron.concord) copula a. He book carry has gone b. He has gone by carrying the book [iii]I eat food with a spoon Kei ne an toh khat siikkeu a. Kei ne an toh khat siikkeu [literal] b. Ke’n siikkeu toh an ka ne [dikzou lou

deuh] c. Ke’n siikkeu in an ka ne [dik]

Ciamteh diing: Laisiangthou a kigelh Pasian’ thute cih louh taangthu phuahtawm [novel,fiction], lemciin [drama/cinema, movies],lapau, kahla, kahtam [poetry/ poem] leh thugelh himhim khawngte ah literal translation/ literal approach translation sang in dynamic equivalency leh paraphrase khawng a lehkhiakte pen mite’n theih nuamsa in a paakta zaw uh hi.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

APPENDIXES

1. NI KHAT HUN SUNG KHENNA

Ni khat kici suun khat leh zaan khat kigawm-daak kaal 24 sung genna ahi hi. Sim leh Mal, Suah leh Tum a omte’n tulai a i Niciamtehna [Calendar] uh leh i daak kaal sim kipat hun uh a tuam dungzui in ciamtehdan kibang lou zekzek om hi. Tua baan ah, Nipi lai a ni sawtdan leh Phalbi lai a ni tomdan a kibat louh toh kiton in nisuah leh nitum hun zong kibang lou sawnsawn hi.Tua ziak in, Phalbi lai a aakkhuan hun leh Nipilai a aakkhuan hun zong kibang gige lou hi.

Zaan daak 24 hun pen zaankim kici hi. Ziinglam daak 2:30 leh 3 pen aak masa

khuan hun, Ziingsang lam daak 3:30-4 pen aak nihvei

khuan hun, Ziingsang lam daak 4-4:30 pen aak thumvei

khuan hun, Ziingsang lam daak 4-5 kikal pen ziingkhua

vaak, taikhua vaak hun,

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Ziingsang lam daak 5 leh 6 kikal hun pen nisuah hun,

Ziingsang daak 8 vel pen vaaikuan hun, Ziinglam daak 9 vel pen vaaihaam san hun, Ziinglam daak 10 leh 11 kikaal pen suun

hun, Suun daak 12 hun pen suun laitak, suun

tanglai, Nitaak lam daak 1 vel hun pen suun leh kaai

kawmtuah hun, Nitaak lam daak 2 vel hun pen nikaai hun, Nitaaklam daak 3-3:30 vel pen meiseem

paak hun, an huan hun, Nitaaklam daak 4 vel hun pen sial hawl hun, Nitaaklam daak 5 leh 6 kikal pen

vaaiciah/vaaipai hun, Nitaaklam daak 6 leh 7 kikal pen khomial

hun, unau meel haih hun, aakgil tan hun, Nitaaklam daak 7 leh 10 kikal hun pen

leengla vaak hun, nungaak heel hun, Nitaaklam daak 10 leh 11 kikal pen leengla

pai hun, lup hun [ihmut hun/ihsip hun].

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Ciamteh diing: (i) Mitphiat kaal khat= Second khat sung (ii) Tuibuuk muamtam khat= minute 10-30

kikaal. “daak” i cih pen mipawl khat in “nai” aci uh hi.

2. NIPIKAAL SIMNA

Nipini Sunday Seppatni Monday Sepnawnni Tuesday Nilaini Wednesday Ningani Thursday Sintawpni Friday Kiginni Saturday

3. KHA SIMNA

1. Theinousih kha - Jannuary 2. Tuun kha - February* 3. Douta kha - March 4. Doupi kha - April 5. Ziing kha - May

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

6. Gam kha - June 7. Taangsih kha - July 8. Khodou - August 9. Taang kha - September 10. Phal kha - October 11. Nou kha - November 12. Kau kha - December

*Gregorian Calendar dungzui a kum 4 sim a February ni 28 hi gige pen ni 29 hong pha pen “Leap Year”a kicih bang in i pupate’n zong kum 4 cinna pen “Behiang Kum”a ci uh hi.

4. KHOHUN KHENNA HUNBITE

1. Phalbi lai - Winter 2. Khaal lai - Spring 3. Nipi lai - Summer 4. Phavaang lai - Autumn

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

5. TEHNA

1. An neek loh nih = Pota khat 2. Pota nih = Lohbeu khat 3. Lohbeu nih = Haai khat 4. Haai nih = Seeng khat 5. Seeng nih = Seu khat 6. Seu sawm = Beem khat

Ciamteh diing: Numeite’ puakte pen “seeng” kici a, pasal adiak in tangvaalte [taang] in a puakte pen “seu” kici hi.Taangseu i cih ciang in tangvaal [taang] khat in a puak zoh buh tin 3 taakna seu [seeng]dim genna ahi hi. ASAULAM TEHNA 1. Samzang cia 2. Khutcin vom cia 3. Khutme cia 4. Khutpi cia 5. Khuttum cia[=tuuk khat] 6. Khutkhaap khat 7. Zabou khat 8. Tong khat 9. Aanglang

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

10. Laam khat 11. Mauciang tawn tan 12. Louciing khat

6. MIN LOHNA

1. Aak apate = Alui Aak anute = Api [a nu] 2. Aak apicing ahihhang a tui nai loute =

Aakla 3. Aaktui a keuh thei loute = Adah 4. Bawng, sial atal golte = Akul 5. Bawng, sial, sakol a kipan ganpi ta nei lou

anute =Ala 6. Ganhing anu ta nei thei loute = Aciing 7. Pa’ pa leh nu’ pa = pu 8. Pa’ nu leh nu’ nu = pi 9. Zi’ innkuante = sunghte 10. Sanggam pianpih numei’ pasal= maakpa 11. Zi’ sanggam numei’ pasalte = nuphal 12. Pasal’ sanggam’ numeite = ni 13. Pa’ sanggamnu’ pasal = gang 14. Tate’ ta = tu 15. Ta nei thei lou numeite = taseel/aciing

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

16. Lou/[k]haicii pawina diing a vuah [guah] zu masapen = khopi vuah/guah

17. Nitaak a aaksi golpen = nitaak aaksi 18. Sai, zaangsial, ngal a tanghtatte = akhaat 19. Ui a gualnoute = amungdeeng 20. Voknu ta nei nai loute = vokkhial 21. Zawng apa a golte = akuh 22. Zusa apa gol atangh teente=atol 23. Ziingsang tuung a aaksi golpen=ziingsol 24. Inn huang sung a gan kikhoite =

huangvulh ganta

7. CIBAI BUUKNA’ [GREETINGS’]

KAMMALTE

1. Ziingpha - Good Morning 2. Suunpha - Good Afternoon 3. Nitaakpha - Good evening 4. Mangpha - Good night 5. Hong dam maw? - How are you? 6. Hoih Lel ung - We are fine 7. Kipaak/lungdam! Thanks!

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8. KHAT LOHNA

1. Aisa li = kop khat 2. Bi tel thum = phuuk khat 3. Bi phuuk nih =puak khat 4. Daak thum = bu khat 5. Kam- mal khat 6. La-dawng khat 7. Lou = ciing khat 8. Moza nih = bulh khat 9. Khedap nih = bu/bulh khat 10. Innsun nih = tuah khat 11. Sing at mi nih = kap khat 12. Leengkai gan nih = kap khat/tuah khat 13. Voknou khat = vual/gual khat 14. Suangthu thum = Thuk khat 15. Thu-gui khat 16. Thau-lawng khat 17. Pat hual khat = tot khat 18. Tanghou tuun khat = pheel khat 19. Zabeel khat = tang khat

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

9. ZUIH LEH BAWL DIA DOCTORTE’

GELH LAAKTOMTE

[ABBREVIATION USED IN PRESCRIPTIONS]

Abbreviation

Latin English Paite

a.c ante cibum before food Anneek ma

ad lib ad libitum to the desire amount

adeih/apoimoh zah

b.d. or b.i.d.

bis in die twice a day ni khat a nihvei

c. cum with toh/in

o.m. omni mane every morning

ziingsang teng in

o.n. omni nocte every night nitaak teng in

p.c. post cibum after food anneek khit

p.r.c. pro re nata whenever necessary

apoimoh hun teng in

q.d. quaque die every day Niteng in/ nisim in

q.d.s. quaque die sumendum

four times daily

ni teng a livei

q.i.d. quater in die four times a day

ni khat a livei

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

q.q.h. quater quaque hora

every four hours

daak kaal li teng in

R recipe take ne in/dawn in/zang in

s.o.s si opus sit if necessary apoimoh aleh

stat. statim at once khatvei thu in/thakhat in

t.d.s. ter die sumendum

three times a day

ni khat a thumvei

t.i.d. ter in die three times a day

ni khat a thumvei

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

10. REFERENCES

1. Tarni Prasad: A Course in Linguistics, New Delhi: PHI Learning Private Limited, 2009

2. Bloomsbury’s Dictionary of Grammar, London: Bloomsbury Books, 1994

3. Austin Hale: Research on Tibeto-Burman Languages, New York: Mouton Publishers, 1982

4. M.S. Thirumalai: Thaadou Phonetic Reader, Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages, 1972

5. Dr. H. Kamkhenthang: Zoulai Gelhdan Bu, Lamka: Paite Literature Society, 1997

6. M. Nguldoukhup: Pau Leh Lai Gelhdan Suina [Paite Grammar & Composition, Lamka: Paite Literature Society, 2000]

7. Rev. Go Khen Thang: Zolai Malgawmzia Leh Lai Paizia, Kalamyo: Zomi Christian Literature Society, 1996.

8. Le Thi Vui: Gender In Paite: Delhi: Department of Linguistics: University of

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

Delhi, [unpublished dissertation of Master of Arts in Linguistics] 2001

9. Sarat Chandra Singh: A Descriptive Grammar of Paite [unpublished Ph.D thesis submitted to the Manipur University], 1985

10. G.A. Grierson: “Tibeto-Burman Family” Linguistic Survey of India, Vol.III, Part 3, 1904.

11. Pa Thang Khan Dal: Zomite’ Zia, Zat leh Kam Hau Upadi [Nihvei Khetna], Yangon: Hebron Printing Press, 2013.

12. Prof. C. Thang Za Tuan [Edited]: ZOLUS Journal, No .12, 13, 14, 17

13. Rev. Gho Khan Dal at el [edited]: Zolai Simbu Kum Sawmgiat Leh Kum Nga Cin Ciaptehna Laibu [1913-1998] Souvenir: Kalaymyo: Zomi Christian Literature Society, 1999 March.

14. H. Gin En Cin [edited]: NAMKIM BU, Tedim.n.d.

15. Dr. S. Ngulzadal [edited]: Paite Zoumite’ Laipau, New Lamka: Convention Press, 2000.

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

16. Sia Khampeek, Liantuang, Tg. Do Lem Kim@Kimpi [edited]: Tongsan: Kum(5) Cin Phawkna Magazine (2006-2010)

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

BEHLAPNA:

Paite sung a Pawlpi lian leh mi dottham teng in kum thum vingveng (1982, 1983 leh 1984) abuaipih nung ua thupuukna alaakte uh Paite Literature Society [PLS] in mipi’ thupuukna ahi chi a pom in, seh leh sawl a a om bang in hun sawt kuam a na kithuzaak leh kihou khit nung uh, 1984 kum, March kha ni 27 ni in Moreh ah Kawlgam[Burma/Myanmar] a om unaute’ sik-le-taang in Zomi Christian Literature Society (ZCLS) toh anuai a bang in thupuukna laak ahi hi. Tua pen Moreh Resolution i cihsek uh ahi hi. Laimal pen Roman alphabet 26 zat a, alamdan vowel teng ei lam [mallamte aa] leh zatdan a lam diing. Tua baan ah, consonant 'C' pen 'cha' leh 'G' pen 'ga' hihsak a, vowel a 'O' tulai [1984 ma lam vel] a zatdan 'O' leh 'OU' kal a ginsak diing ci a thukim ahi hi.

Hiai Moreh Resolution dungzui in Roman Alphabet 26 zat diing, lai-awte/vowels [a, e, i, o, u] eilamte ginsakdan a ginsak a, C pen cha leh G pen ga chih diing cih ahi hi. O leh AW kal ah buaina di a omlouh bang in C pen ‘si’ ahi kei a

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LAI GELHDAN TANGPI

‘cha’ ahi hi. Hiai pen kuamah aa hilou in ei aa liauliau ahi cih theih hi. Himahleh ‘C gelh veuhvouh’ chi a ho mahmah i tam ziak in lungpi geeltak in PLS Board of Directors in 1988 kum, June 11 ni a atutkhawmna ua thupuukna kician leh kitel mahmah Thupuukna 3(iii) dungzui in mahni lemtan bang a C leh CH zat theihna diing in kikhahkolna om hi. Tua ziak mah in hiai laibu sung ah leng C leh CH kizangtuah hi.

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