lake effect storms. lake effect storm types wind/shear parallel bands shore parallel bands –shore...
TRANSCRIPT
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Lake Effect Storms
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Lake Effect Storm Types
• Wind/Shear Parallel Bands• Shore Parallel Bands
– Shore based– Midlake
• Mesoscale Vortex
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Lake Superior
Lake Effect
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Lake Ontario Lake Effects
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Lake Michigan
Shore Parallel
Band
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Lake Michigan Wind/Shear
Parallel Band
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10 and 13 January, 1998
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1704 UTC - 1748UTC
• Cloud rolls over water
• Spectacular Cloud streets over land
• Effect of lake shoreline
• Gravity waves perpendicular to flow
Visible Satellite
Loop
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Characteristics of Wind Parallel vs. Shore Parallel Bands
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Convective Boundary LayerRoll Convection
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Instabilities Driving CBLOrganization
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Growth of Planetary Boundary Layer Across Lake
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Shore Parallel Bands– Wind blows roughly parallel to major axis of lake– Air warms from heat flux from water creating a strong
land-water air temperature contrast– Land Breeze is created forcing a land breeze front and
meso-beta scale convergence– Meso-beta scale lifting of air to as high as 4 km AGL
(compared to 1 km AGL for wind parallel bands) along land breeze front (s)
– Land breeze fronts usually combine into single convergence line
• Parallel to shoreline of lake• Pushed to downwind shoreline when winds are not completely
parallel to shoreline• Down center of lake when winds are exactly parallel to
shoreline of lake
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Shore Parallel Bands• Most intense snows of all the different lake-effect
snow types, because:– Concentrates all of the absorbed moisture and heat
along a single narrow band
– Mesoscale lifting deepens the system to several kilometers allowing precipitation processes to be more efficient
• Colder than –20 C
• Deeper layer Bergeron – Findeisen Process
– Bands extend off shore and drop massive amounts of snow over small region
• Buffalo, NY (Lake Erie, WSW wind)
• Gary, Indiana (Lake Michigan, Northerly wind)
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Predicting Wind Parallel Lake Effect Storms
• Lake temperature minus 850 mb temperature >13C
• Wind fetch >100 km
• Wind speed moderate to high, i.e. >10 m/s
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Predicting Shore Parallel Lake Effect Storms
• Wind nearly parallel to long axis of lake
• Lake temperature minus 850 mb temperature >13C (can occur with less temperature contrast)
• Wind speed light to high, i.e. > 5 m/s
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