lustrated Guide'to

a"&11 e

Contents The Lessons

The Three 8asic Sentence Types 2

2: Sentence Particles 10

3: DeSll d- -Masu 18

4: Simple Questions with ~Ka 24 5: Doing Things with Suru 32

6: Modifying Verbs Adjectives & Desu 40 7: ModiingNouns 50

8: ExplanatoryNo 58

9: GaMarks the Subject 64

10: oMarks the Direct Object 68 11 : WaMarks the Topic 74

12: Ko-so-a-do Words 82

13: Some High-Traffic Particles 92

14: Connecting Words 102

15: Quoting wi thTo 112

16: Complete Sentence Modifiers 118

17: Question Words 128

18: The Past Forms 138

19: The - -TeForm 148

20: Negative Verbs 15

21 : Negative Adjectives & Desu 166

22: s00 It! 176

23: Desire 182

24: andWhen 188

25: More -Te Form Expressions 198

26: obalySurely Maybe 208

27: Commands 214

28: can 00 222 29: Passive Verbs 228

30: Making It Happen 236

31: Giving and Receiving 242

32: Appearances and Hearsay 254

a LibrarianKarl ReMake

Tables and Sidebars

The Four Politeness Levels 4

Basic Verb Facts 5

Sentence Structure 10

Summary: Sentence Particles 17

Summary: Desu andMasu 22

In terjecti ons 23

Summary: Simple Questions 29

Existence 31

Honorific Language 38

Relative Time Table 44

A Generic Counting Sequence 45

The Basic Numbers and Units 46

How Units Are Combined 46

Frequently Used Counters 47

Dates and Durations 49

Nouns 57

Personal Pronouns 63

Kinship Terms 91

Hours and Minutes 93

Quoting Structure 112

Some Common Question-Word + Ka Forms 135 Summary: Question-Word Sentence Structure 137

Summary: Past Fonns 147

Summary: -Te Fonns 155

Summary: Negative Verbs 160

Summary: Negative Da/desu dAdjectives 175

Summary: The Let' s/l '11/1 Think l' 11 "" Forms of Verbs 178

Summary: -Ba Fonns 190

Summary: The Abrupt Command Forms ofVerbs 217

Summary: The ofVerbs 227

Summary: The Passive and Honorific Fonns of Verbs 235

Comparing Passive and Can/Be Able To" Verbs 235

Summary: The Causative Fonns of Verbs 241

Summary: Verbs of Giving and Receiving 253

EThe Three Basic Sentence Types Japanese isillonbasicsenlee1ypCS: ve.ctiveand s(n.And t simplesen. ofeach Iypc could hardly be simpler. A ve............. acti wordlike "go"-all ilSClfmnpletesenae.v4 ribingw Iike'Id'~ -byi fc makeacaI tlnJnese meaningof verb''10 be" is buill riJhI in. A

-a WI~lhal nampepleingor ide&-musl come wllh a sepatlle ve10be." 1only a lIingle nn haslo be.so 10 give English compari.simplcslJa-nesenlCs(sarele:

Goes. Wenl. Came. WiII co.15 cold. Was fanlaslic. Is e.Wem.

(vcIypc:aclion) (adjcctive Iypc: describing) (noun 1ypC: naming(Jdenlifying)

ln Englishaeare senfragmenuUICeydon1have IUb~al is Ihey don'l Ywho'singchc lICIion or whal is being d ridor idenliflCC-and8 s81Ive English speak whoskeIhis way would sound rather ailly. In JapaneseIghlCnIikechcsc Ilynormal; in facl h 0quileunnlolncluIjcctwhcn il's aIyobvious from what came before in 1 conversalionor simply fromcsialion. Some peoplc 10lhese mis.4Iino sueclSand complain Ihal Japancse is 8 vaouc lan

gucbul il's belter 10inkofesubjects mcrely18ledradanahogcther absenl. The speciCb1isn1a1way!J Included inlolisheichcr; much ofnelsubslelike "hc" or "shcfills ils placc insld. How do you know who "hc" or "shc" is? By whal me before in lhe conversalion or by lhetlIon.The samc holds fl Ihcuns18lcd sub Isin Japanese. so long you' payinoauenlion Ihe c IcltluslIyfills in Ihc IU~

THE THREE BAS SENICETYPES3

'

Non-pa8t" veSIn fig. 1.nomll is lhe pladlarytormof ve for'aska favor." andfi..2 ftc .;kll is lhe plain. dictionary fonn of the vc f "80."But thentut in fig. 2 dem81slhat the vctr8nslated"will go"-that is. futureten.In Japanesc. the plain. dictionary fonn ofa veisudto speak of bopsentand events.50 it's bcst 10 call it the n-put torm.

?

??

'AttnebarL8nHart rrpa nMaahasl enraJlngon nonatop about the woman who imein for the first tlme18gh1fwhen thal very !mantoyshe has gottlttry 10ftrr[ agalneprtannounathatshewanls me. i btm@ m"thedan

forMlo/l110."nilclear IMI 1M .peaker i. 1M lub.ct-i.e..rhc penon w wlll80.

MtdII:!!Ib!!

!"(2)

-m u changes the polltnessl8Vhne verbsdon'l

4EStION1

TS:

4...vd.PU .;JI/(:ewic:1onds.PI..3 0irile:yourm ove Ic:h.AVi wiICWtICpp.J-39).

The four polltenea1vSAJlhoup many subtJar grscllIsl. f4m lpurJXil'senobdisbf4rlcvels ofli:1=ejsccnding:PU = plainlrupl/familiar:PL3 ..i;

dPLA:a vepolilc.loisokywi111emoslly the miJe IWO levels. MOSI scnleOCC8 aren1made up of orya single verb ar

nothing clsc of cosedotber clemenlS in tbe senten canaffecl tbe poliislevel well.Bul if the main verb is in a plain form il ul1ymthesente=Pu.uuit'sin one ofthe fi nsof -mQ$U it m ttypically maIhePL3.

AlarkIngdinner the client abruptly 9 up101 ve;whenhethatlCYhas10Iowo t

ofhlstrucInprepWa f

Cllent:.KMri"-wiUJO~'1wgohome."

! 8

5 ''I'U be lea1111"(..3)

k~JU PUronn ofwmtmbamnwj DepcndUlJlheinlof view or lhe spe.~rucanme cither"80Jme/Ive"or.'mehomeIarrive."

only the pol n 818 dlfferent ionyformld-masll form differ only in polalcness r meaningoumber person or tensc.11al dilS poli formikimasll are51verbs: arenon andnomimosu.mimeruand mitomemosu and Iulcruldkuerimu.C leltlwlll lell whcther the ev -lion spoken of is1or fut.Ipoantu:.note: PU scnlencund quilc familiar ond even auptey8

finfonnalsilualIon.'1 51versarionsamong family endSI.r-)I1.'1ofhigrstarus speaking 101 person.'1 of lower.PL3 senlen5 sound qui abil rnofom.andcyare appropriate when speings ngcrsncwarivelydistanl 8in-tanccs and one's elders dsocial 8UperiOrs. There's nothing intrinsica1ly rudc a'ulPL2forms bullO avoid the risk of rudeness'OI1lingcm81cwrongmc bcgningleamefJapanesc will do besllo stick wilh PL3 f4nsal firsl.

Z E - Emz:ummfTh justsat down 'or a specl ih j

t&su. r wiU avuke "Iwitake." ~ Let'.t!"(PL3)

;1kill'lOJuis lhe polironn of ;lodoA:u (Mrc").ve C be;usedspcak or eivin&anyt.but lhe m IIDIIeoflu B11 (nrmi"ulII"lIJ'ft"inninaof.m1.&5 Ebere. or 111 other lIDwhcobei.-viorclr.whened lhi. wy;IodokiIQ$UCS11)'1MSIwe"bulreeliDaQII frumV

'HE THREE BAS SENTENCE1'YAS 5

Ba81c verb fact8 1ac table shows a few oth basicverbs worth 1 mingright away. In .ch theplain dictionary fl isgivennl followed byepolite -moSII fnand in e hceeioftbcse by i lf mCsmplctcnc:cin t.htsin.ln thc abscnf yrcal-lifc Kllexl random bC1Shave been igr toshowwhatsmightme.MtdussiOl1of verb grnwaillDlIthePL2ldoervbfonns are

ucedinemdbalf ofthe book but it's WIbrieflymentioning d nhere. Janese j tworVIbsdtinto0( two groupsiUustratedin lhe table. For Group 1 tmetim1JedII-Vbs)epolite fonn is made by changingefmal11of the dictionary form 10;and adding -masII (owing 10 the irlarromanization in the SQ and la rows of the kana tIb~lnIrOdverbs ending inSIIare wrilten -shimasII rather Ihan -.f;nSII and those ending in -ISII are wrilten -chimasII merthan -Is;masll). For Group 1 (somelimes called -vcrbs)politcfonn ia madc by TCplaciog Ihc fmal -nI with -mD.fll. Theputatmesbcfore -mas" in pol f

(e.g.kol-in A:o.ima.)is calledestem orpreIlUlSIIrormofthe vb.1nsomeceSac versionpattem is themefl allve groupsif you work fromm. isbook giv bot plainand polite fonn for

chnewvethetfew ti5il appears. If you leam both fonns you'U casily be able to tigure 1whatkind ofve itis simply bymparingelWo.leindex yfor chvV its

sImpnoun-type8Mn8wlthdesu

m nlng

buy

drink

eal

lkatJ walCh

come

do

A noun-type senintimething(you will also leam Ialer auta speclgroupofven).Like vb-typenoun-types oft occ witexplic-Yswed subjec.1it's qtep

DO8U=thverb"lobe" D~su mOSIJIIlD1y10lhe verb "10 be" in En.11 is thc non151ftofwha1lingui.sts call a linking vCJb. and il's usednamede ribeor wcbjccloft 2;givetbc aubjccl's 1lonor:10 indilcuonorhingelse U!IOCiedwitbesubject:dIOlink wor 10t subjeclavariely of other waAs with action verbs de d S dngefOlnwnberor person or fut.il

1uiva1enl8D1"is""are" or "will be:pcndingon mxl.Dtsll ck nOIchange fonn inH waysaIaction verbs doIil d

ThedlerenIsonly In pollteness Da W1d desu diffcr only in lhc lcvcl of lilencssnol meaning or lensc 1nhey aren1always grammalically inlerchangeable 1you cumcIhey are unless you're lold olhe i

i 8 t hearsdesu1 t8 ntofthemnyncluc thatlhere's a f1re s 1na.llrnsoto othe iL

Employee:-r!Kuji dd!! n"It's n fi".re!"(PL2)

Employee:-!!Kuii dd!.' lo'lre!" (PL2)

"'uten-kun:U;&. !!Shachd. koji dtlU!! Enp!lllYP.idenl "Slr! It.nre!" (PL3)

to}i i~ wrIttcn wllh kanji mcaning "lire" IIIincidcnl"and 11'5 Ud Iyror IIccidenlDUInlclivefiS.

o lhe elunlllBled da aoDin "'psenlsIIn exc1l1mBlion.epresidenl Mmcsi"1I11J1 exclamarion or .Iann.

o JIarM 1 wrillcn wilh kanjl meaningompany"IInd "heldJchielJ ker"lO aive lhe mclUling "cumny pn:bidem:' Jllpurehuvc lrudi. rronrally IIddrclldlheir hUpcriOfll by lillc rulher Ihrm by n--thuughcentyean haveenMM1lC movemenlwayfmm thi~ cUAlom.

0 111.huwFurilen.kun u11PL3pehwhcn ~peingdicllyIlIlhe pre~idenl of hmp y.

Some more examples Two possible lnmlalioflSa givenfor each senlencc. 1I should E difticullfor you 10 imaginc silulllions in which cilhcr m ning-or!lliII othcr meanings-rnighlply.

.~".ff'1 dc.'". dr:r 18 heatc:her'"Thlo111 my leDcher" (PL3) H ..WIIId/1. ICGIOow I1Istomorrow." It wlll be tnorf'Ow" (PL3) o whcne811Ulllon or 11 11cword poinlJlIhe I'UIun: dtsu c mn"will ~."

.t'lwklJrfllJ du ho!:olulr i. ....'olate"ey'rec:hoc:olale8" (PI.2) 4hIJkIJriluili lhe JupICliCI'C'eringor En8lihoc:ol11:." (;akkIJ (/.." H "11'fiCh1'"HealKh1" (PL3) o Jf'JU nl'ler 11 plnce nlln cllnimply Ihwhc lhe~ubJecl I~.

THE THREE BAS SENTENCETYPES 7

"EXIT" Whe dldIt break out?"

Wow! Wec:anereaJly welll"

eE8S

SlmpledJev.. type..nt Anadjecti typoriblispea SII'C U 10haYia~Vwork in lwo wayo: c18directly bcforenlotbewhat the no refenrh.aholday.mina.everb "10 bc" toscbee bctofthce("1be day 111 Iwt.Japa eadtivU inbotbofeoeways. .butsor:VV havethenofthe"1Itiameas lanveby it rc rullyreplel'ltence:it natmd alone u .mple1ejtlikevorb.wianimpll 8ubct. Itcan have 111 own explicidy stat.

E3HusMleagraed to m tTack'1he-iment store enIntwo houra. The husband waltl I

m amar j Hud: . p "E'.1IIeIlow I

be'.laae.'(PL2) ~

ive010; Clft mean e"ialalc"."ln 10.I Clahowlhclubjel10be'UII hUlbadw. 110..mn:e d!rocII'IlOwif'ewhen.twupe.CIW11IhaIlhc Indmei II"Vm..1"

Ev tuallylhe CIrkat the Inlormation counter In ~ backgrhlm andhlllf.tells hlm Ihunnklnglywent Itralght hom.lrom for 01ha

ThednotdJ IVI..'0rJpaneeeIn En8li.anyw mifyinsorICI'Ibin8a n ncanbecaUanadjtive.but for Jancse. it'sctthenn"adjccllve" to kindofworve.Iled'"sltJ in JaplCIC.whic:b COIltain the naninsof thc vcrb "be"withem.wor haveelrown dllltinct wYSof chan.in. fonn~ which you willlcam alonpide tbeneapoadins verb forms in deoecond half of the)Ok.In irplain. diwyfonn. all ad.cdv cndwiayllble-(but thls dc nt

m11wo1min-; arectiv).ub verbl. tho dionaryfonn oftive111 npuIICrvinsprcaentl(1fIUIIIIC;the dictionaryKlother plafmllnu 10makePUnces.Ukc ve .addonccba:efimfor nwnber or porson. Thereiano rfUUp ofacriptivewordl that are meli 1ca1a.adjtivel."

"q itivell.""tivell."AJthot.irve wemnathey often 110IjcclivISlillhtheyrcin fI1a specialldnd of nounJlpa;li.k.o any olhcr nouncymuot bc followed by da (PL2) or dosu (PL1) to make I complolcntcnc:e.Vou '1I1eam more Iutthem in Leuon 7.

manh 0'1811 soow oftheroolar!: 8v'fsnowtall. Now he's..for tht dl..dm t

Inglnnlde 1

Man:. .d. i. .t..:t.n.)"H1>.it'l cold. 11'1Id. " M........I"(PU)

SouadFX:

! ? -I j

b.... hic.lll'llpeg"ob'lll.r.tlhcym..Inquick.DoubllICtlveIIko

GalQ t mdof ICtUna aho1pltw1)

lacway0111:naom11.

T THREEBASIC SSaYPE8 m11rmof 8n aclJ8Ctlve The polinofancfor PL3 speech Is simply idic wyfol pl d :o.roi-O;d~suand 'mI- .fQIPIU; (USU. As wilh vcslhis chang'/tbe level of pollnccmealen.Ai (UsumakPL3vcnncelka 100like a PL3 noun-type eene.

RUllhere'animnldifferen:sincc thee Ifc tainslho meinttofcvobe" d~su iniscerely raisethe Ievel of poUild1add any mean-ing.ed~su in Pl.J adjectlvc is.0be"; il's jusl a polino.Andatexpla aICOIimpon&nldiftisd~su cannc:bereplaced .Da

snol owc&yaftljecdvc.AI seen In the cxamplfacingpac. il's the 18.IlereddJcmI1IUdnon-stinPL2spe h.

KuAAlulbeuslngabambu8h10 clean argwdenlubIn8.emlng.leOSaeklNo.the nedughtk" 'by

Nngthat no oneugthlmhowlO U Ihebru'dt In ach1. ommlKu: .

Muz'hll dr!u. I.d 11' dJfIIc:uIi." (PL3)

S adJt"X:Zal {ghrupyundofbamboobru}

dpndIronnoftbeVO1mlUwhllbut Kwbcldddosum 11more pollllO boIlIp1nahI. mIpIu)'Cf".whal ha la do. lna-I.o.c:1obbmbnJ-1mlatedbj or-jcctIvo.

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Ir"(hl)."

.. yIdmanyOl...U"

=="_m10num..' .).M~.halOIctCikJrlhI-_10a.dwor*encour;t...l'nOI-d.:tlhewIIIhIm.butltwcNnge.....dl't'iIrl'.WOn:IY--.

A ueagnoteon8dJct"Thep 3mofanadcdveck nt mdqulle u Ibnlhenoun+damblndoel lherevcry UltJc differenc:c belween lheIn1M UIC of the IWOUlcn Icvclfor cllvCI.whceryou're maJc or femaJc you wouldn1normaJly u 1MPL3 form when cxclaimlng how cold il iJ or mentionin lheaidwrbul y' WIdlfy' rboaaor lelCher uked ywhat mperahU'ewu Uke.Here are I fewmm yCtlvesft ym.As whh Ihe verbA lIated on p.5 lhe u~UrelftI ch8Innd;In real nreW ldpend t.Tooet lhed'IW)'form of thoripllwolwnnsplyremove d~su.

._.ti

MOlIAI Ia bIdtII?1" .WfaI:"

.OL11 dr". h {."

.ChlllOl 1. UnIe/IIMlI .."y1."

.dtJl. bI.n.."H.'.."

.T 'I'OIIQI tk". n (.... .~bOrI"

.OfffOlhlrol dr.

".Chltol. Ia ... JcIown'.''1''

.Tdi.

1"111..." .T ; .s".

uhip~~._(eo"1'npe ft.

.Y dI..U IpIIIIIVC_(JIOIt1'ndlp."

.MIJlko/. "I'hey'"

.ND8D1.

"

ESentence Partlcles 8efore you con leam aulbjecl8.objl8.mjfjers.d likein Japanee.your.l1nd10 know aboUI a special clau of wordslIedpardc.Particles serve Iwo ba purs:they mark 0 word's funclion-thal is. lhey c lellyou whal role the word is playing inescn-lence--oreyeXpreS5 lhe speaker's feeling aboul whal he oreisyioo.Some particles manage 10 do bo.Puticlwaysplafter wordorm yapply lo--tp ymcs

hllve lItalie"mallerof eIpreAon10 whal followl u well. ey verchanoo fonn for lenoe person numberanyoerre.11)I1lCofemcan combine wilhcan10crcaIC diffcrenl cffecl1l. Ukc 1M plot of 8 good Slory 1 Japanese senlcnce 8IVcclimax-thccJ'UCverb.ldjcc

livc or noun + dald~su nue lcUywhal5happening whal'swhal-for end.BUl othe58 IiltlC bil of wrapping up 10'terw81 wiparticl andcxtensions. so here8howaJapancncnceis Ahapcd:

~w1)he~IenIIOfUI +

(r.ICI)

Main verb tJvcnoon .I.t 1"$" r

+

1)

Suba.l;m.pllCc. lune lficn.etc.-wilh Iheppro-priepartlclel 110 ldentify or teachelem

Partlclcs tmcal the vcry CIdaly10eenli senle e.d50 are callcePartIC.'hoparticlointrucedini.1nIU'C ICI1U1)'uacd onl)' innvcnaaion. 1101 in fonnal wriling.

..Tht.......... theIIIGI'b11....".... "WI1IP-Mynl.1011WIoak.ItIr01. mzIthe.cI.BuIWtIen the.'MaIWn.:10ft..INI".W"bu10thlraIofth"

ThcolloqulalpaIclneNr mildlyCmph81icnlc cpartlclc81CXpr11common fi linabetwnepcakerond lillt.ener. Illmplialthc opecrexpeclrecmenlor .ympay mthe lis8imilar

10 a ricalta& q1I1ionin Enalih:"isn1it1/dontcy11ripl11d1you a1"

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uhucortMuptiInIhe 9ybu1 hl.u lM41{." 7) Ihlnkli h.

suldgoba 10hll urjobIn KyurJ1u The P"OI110101 Mall.lU da'. I.vorttbat.LmonHu1. IU..tt1.1 O!I gl&'[ (' ""lr w unc aaf mlnull' ~ 9honhavt. ob.llherToNo.grt111tUr Poll1 gla:glowl:amnltplnkwhen th.nJnl'ram edThough notIhr"lNoruhadxclod1hopld lor !1I1

(l t~ gradV

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N m:ts 21l1)'1bIlfIIl1. (Ioq.I11'11 blrul.lIo't 1.'" (PL3)

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.I;J I..de ivenounrefercl rlO'beauly"or Ic;foUow bydo 01' rUlII ("ill/I").11m"labrulll:Iylc111

Ihc PL2oflh1a IICnIc;c.. ellher Klrri dII M (bOIhea.mon:mucuUnc) or lCinl M (faminlnc;n.16)

10

SDm!IPA"."CUf811

..... ngrmatlonwlth ne F11ftexplnfim.inmany chTn:eof a genulae qlstionnot merely I rt1one. BUI even then 11 expeliJtr

int affirnve. ~4 intrqSdoume .affir-~"e.W.)

-j i --i

! I1M impllecl su11when. i d n'll yc:t.FItc:r1 "y.. klUltOllkJ IJ hormuIynameAy Ji. ber .iV1 IWDC.ThcmaryrorJapu IJlUmaI'IIe.JOlllIpollleft"tlmnameslsdlIl.il110 eldll!l'Mr."or"Ms1bc..mlltllluuereprdl otmart S.llcanbeuIhbOIhmMfcrion.bulll'lIcdwith~'.ownn...PL2ulvenlorE1IclrJlfD!MkIA)'IUffJ "dtllII? Jq&inl" 111IhH11nIm adon.y11m.11 marebouIqlIIIdOnIn Le4.

On8 ratny n thiswom1rW homefrom the ptIobathwhen

prtvateWBarJproh her

PI: |.1IchJftOu.ki A." MIlI lMJ 11IIftIe)(JI}1M.. 11 (00q.)YreMs. Ichinoeeld Ayumi arent?la.lcblnc IdAyuml I belleYe1"'U)

"....mpha18lamanyc sn~ simply provi li1emphasis when it's el'Iatcd nlitaiswiefllingof "11'sa1ly-1mlll?"orItally;s - isn1il?"Wbwkthcr expressing admiradon excil~1.Symy dismay~when jlremewer.? ? ?

??? ?Kuke's( 6)ndladytakes hlm 10 hlhe30th ann rsaryotIchlt.'" a am1r:BntJeCIalhnu("J)ork1181S')run by a man namIAs td "81thunterhe grethemlh18a

J: .Ddmo. ln 1IiII.

j ( WeIe...3-4)I .I ~ tillhoc (.)(1 11'really hOI."IL"(PL3) t."orm ronnJly1ro.rIIoI""Iapoli..bap-jMmMmmk

IIISIIJ ... " 1timorlh..dc:riveoJlMJ (M').When ro ina10 W.herQ. Ilsw.~ ; wben rer""botrocverI0IO1". wrtlt.101ft"..1"101111roa whidlls 1M.ulvanlor 1hIIaA J"'_wllhepadilowpD.dryfOnD or Iho.(Remem-bcr.."mjvein PL3omedIIPL2;.12.)

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?

SENTENCE PARTrCIES 13

MoforemphaSUsingna(elonged114) for emphasis radatagisI limitedmaI:femaIe speakers are likely 10 use it in infonnalsespeciIyamgSIttIv.Butkmingsnwilldo best 10 considerm ulilwell.

~ .. 'Ieday Innt8fTn 115In sick I....w aIdTspe hls8Ver un

jf a

i P

' s.aya sltiIi. an vccom dilIy10y10oe i innn(In cn}PLalIenter isA)'tUhiitkJunl.. ..bur is more r..uflllfomllleqtImlof .$Qn ('MrJ'-4":th ahil adda politeness mftcnlhan.il hIinlcl'1bclrInslMr."or"MA."Amachildrcn and PCer!I 11" mt1yUJCd (or Iddrcu'"1 or r'dl110mJcs1supcriOl'l al wort tyllyUIC il formliofbodlsc .0 d ldncvcr UJC 1I wisuperi;il'a a1sovcrlI:dwith'sownnunc.

B: |.1Ayo.rhii LAJ_.j tFE{ .emph.)-batm85lciB..'SIDdsp ttyIIUIPOUIto me." (PL2)

d ~

SJIylhe bo susctsTaunhas 9On88 proY8810htTanwears a tun 'amaskdatst esur m.buta bronahlmrrNay

. .

TlUamglv..authorltlV8empha.l. foiunlIccleused by bo.11lIyhasaselelyfee1inSus-.sewitheexampl includedhere: but in 80Ine sii 8it can be spoken in a strorIy umenlaliveor angry lone inste. one of ils common uses io 10izeinformationuIhe 5akerthinks is new toeIisleter-ciIywh hethinks the listener particularly Deedsinfim.whengivin. a reminwaming.AIghil's u al levelsofpoIitenes!Ii. thi8 note of authority means it neebeudwith annamounl of cauthen!lpeakin'lo yr!liuperiorlesly inadvertendyimplyaly'inkyoursu.oris pid.

! : '

' s ! ?.ivowouldba wri tanji irbi Ruoed (fi.. 15);JvlI-: Icnlor" 11Auul .$11 10 3

Ahaveyaroma wafts through Ihe alr al a late aulumn festlval arKdhelp

ngIt 10 a)()fh10 ywarmbrown

V der:|.1AIJul 1 '0.1'-1M (iiiJItIbot." (PL2)

FX:Ho! ho' (blowin onmethinhot)

??

'4ESS 2

SItuatlonalahorltyAIghyocxpaulhorityril)'is 0ndeUIDOI'CbylCllilualIOn 1b)'K:ial tus.1ncxampJc il' 5 tbc c:bild who knows nochIgIIsbetoldandhisu ofyo is lirelyapproprialc.

A_Ingn1I

Shln"smother hhimto;lIi1 Informhls napplng fa'....thal dinner Em i Sh-chaa: | .1 i

Gohan do I Yd. I i mI/me{:} : hia meaI." Itoeeeat!2) i

SoaadFX; - " Kukd I (etofslplngundIy) J

&01a.cdri.bUIil is abo Ihc ae. ictermftnea1.'1ePL3ofulCIlCCWJdbe htuttk

InmanycIyrepInlSIhc speakernahlfa Iitlle morstronglyanifhemade his sta1Cnloul10 ard S implyany salauity.Herc}'O ia used in I venlypcnlence.

fllfliman(trom Engalary' ~ and "m8n.) and OL (from Engllah .0'E

n.d'dy)ar8 on a date. a he08rsf 10 erhom8ateend of the eve19l

SaIarYm: |.1 J Ok.unl I YD.I ! {) S you."L2) ~

OL:o I N'o orlO. tJ .wh.tb."(PL2)

001nrlm4llll1IyIT8M5eJisUlCdwb1CDd1namalI . P.m"C.II'.nolWJedloeakor10lnJ.wcvcr;wllhIeilmtllSldl.... )oW'or"cel'I0Il)hOrnCImeplace."lepnfjf verbla beiq uhIRfor fulure se."will me.bcpl.3valenlof Ihisnla W ldbcOkMrimuyo. ocrrolafcminineInjcaion.likc .."andt:.... orl8nlll ill1eorlhe m10yy";stenInatl0naIvowIaivcI il informal.cJreeU

o sorllrilmall .. OL(prono0ctru)~fer 10 maJe and fcmalc officc wn.reIpCvcly:OL mon: Uyrel'lllOnon-

-"PARTICLES11

Yowutdaldrn infOrmaI spenounncndwijusl noun + 10 omittio.einrveninoda.ICkind of excnIIOrYuseamPIeII feminine; maIeS wIdydayo(edaplICof masculinep jclesin fip. 25 and 26). BUI reare other ceswheremen cannillbe da well.

j M 9wayhmetromsdIwhenths Miatt'I8C81

I GIrI:! |.1ih .) (1IHi}~ ''011111'. a.!" E h !AJ"(PI...2) jlamalnodceorreaIlZMPL3equiva1enl ori.rcmineenccW Idbe AI'd. ".to tuSII yo.

ThemlnlnepaWa'OftOUsdwith a 1I11"'lly.inlonoffers ftfemininc emi..Women UIlpacleapeatinPL2 apc hin orderlo ft theabrupcness of the plain form. of vendadctiVI.of attdof noun-typens(whichnnolbe linedwhen isudthe way it can witb M )'0);they aJlO use il with Ihe inherenlly much loftcr-f lingPL3 formJl Jda note of femininily.

3 Inolv.5allyconand 11111 remalns extrem.ly rare Nalluko 11

!su Z 1018amnolhe8ded by woman bul wlth a maJy0' womensffS fincaqtmoment1Oiti Na:

1 L~J u.. (rCllft.) "11'. delk."(PL2)

lhe PL3 ycnlon orIlIICsnc:ewIdbe 0/1"11 dnll.

UaenoIe:temuculiIfemini dladnc:-li smIde in thlA bc arexnIf ever Ib-solul-werti par1icle. 'orotheructaofu c.Aghil'. uue twomenc omarilyuse m pollteforms 1men (81. 8)1yrouJyawhchrecu Jorcv muculineforml when lhey are am.friarand family: many womcn10adopl more muc:uline plIem.eyrow oldcr or rionaofM'ity.Mftl@mlninefi11withoulill8puticularly eft'eminltewell.CroavenIn boch direcd.areterIllymoreJIIlIDinfonnalslt..SIUl lt'. a ood .10rvelho dlltuI&iven here when '/refInt icamin. thc8ue.MclU:ymay ume yare unle.

16 LESS 2

cmblnlngpa1c1e8Yc"goOUIcombiningpartic aanmdom bUlrtaiDparticnbe)I1]bidwin Olb.1e femineC bexnb witb n~andyo. Jn hmonswlysC51.

i

i e

Studc:. J OSII. : u} E

Mama: l.1 I H; uJ i arefiy (0lI0q.) .J "You'arly1I'es'l 'ioo?" i Y'rly!"() ~

0$111 (or 0111' is very Infom areeti ."HeyllYols uscdbym-apec::Iyyouno m.. .. tyQliI ancdvebOdI"fUl/IIPV....y."A malc !lpcUcr hcre wouldyHayal n~ or Hara; IID (wilbout)..poJltion.cltlI01wouk1yHayal dUIl nt; woman mi ..yHoitll" M.

!JkoIs Dlavlno Qthellll with Ihe propn etJe ota'vllmucehousempuT

.hegs a Morris WhltepeIt helos.hewashesddurfbtlme. As hentem plates his naxt mova a 9tudentntlmaraV9Sellerth ust bauseofancellCIa.

zogIve-vemacullneemph 1.zo is an infonn.m Iymculinecle u5stronglyveemasis.llllyt18100 rough for PL3 spebygerrallyheIr it 01yin PL2 and PLI speb.Saying 11il'S rough d n'tme ilnri1yfeels belligeren orF ivegh;wben the siN8lion is sOl c:on5ilmoreaneoffamillity.Female speakers wou.ld u zooryin veryf nalsisorwbensglbem-

IVC5.

?????

F /

Wnoth8r buslness. Shlma vlslt8 ~ PIg'emale voc:allsts ~hom Sunlrdsi

s8nl thrvOi.--t..clubt EW&0@bllIr

Ih.e8meh~6tO fo annoto Ihe t 0'the 8 i SbhD:. |!I

O. '" l.:gll !. (Irj.) baPJwlU ba.) f "Hey.heshowJwginl" t tbeow'.g1Iart!"(PL2) ~

01. Inm.llnl11011U WhcnlUyIclna EIno.lIyylnathalkerII pleued or Imprd. .1'011formof ltajilI'U(l.Jbeolnai 1.1)1 1.m.JaviIIIyu ...01hbOPr;ldoumprortIu whaoifnlUllJI0Iltherthe 10ion0 theparticle '0 i. YCr)' CvnonIn 11h.cl.PL3uiv. l1. perfI.p" "'. ItaJIWIDT1O(

7SPART1CLES

zel8.t acullneaiAarcle 8iv.ma lineemA.ReoudiiDPL3spe:haod6yfemspeaJcers.merestrictiOftA appIy as for %0.

g 1m yaptalnofrteamatI ~ Hlgh SchooI. The fr hmenha18the

~ upCIl8n toawnaaIn effort10 prove ttm-i Ilneup! j

h.: |.1HajlIMTfI ~I wlJlbeJ(emPIl.)Wegoingto begin." '"Let'. aet start."(PL2)

.hImnimmIIJSIIrneaMbetn I]."Slnce :r is ldomuaed in pl..3 h.a pollleva ofdli scnlCrWIdbe HaJilM1l 110.

PL2 noun-typeaentn8requlre da Aswi.efemineclewa. in PL2 n npentenc.dam tbekq:before:oand zr. It cannot benin-

????

?

~ .:nIWerMa18atunwnduveo-dn2amentIn favor of going to a reunlon of hls grade-tChool

~ clasa hoping to 58e hls formerstfriend there. When hls fYamazaklfalls 10 shOW 1M dlSappolnted Matsuda re ( mern~r" t10w tmdmeldYilmazal

EmDesuand -MasuA full runwnoflhcdierentforms 1verbscliv.desutake will mel80nol to muddle y rintroduction 10.ebasic 8lureandildingblksof languaae.BUl in polite shfewof formsfor verbs ddesu are amazingly simple 80 ymighlwellleam them righl away.

epasl form of desu is desllita () which lypically corresndslOwaslwere" when used in no -l)'pesentees.(11snol consider gUge10 follow an adctivewidesl';ta.You'llleam lhe 1form of adjeclives in Les 18.)

???? IhlsP onlif.off.a3{ntft)h aUIuran1whathi8'monw88i a11h

! i E i

Uzur.l: I?::-1SdJo I J~.JhitQ.1 Ibinl w1wasdbaseman." I played lblrd" (PL3)

E.:..Hd. yoru 111. (ir j.) do (.)"Wow)'ou do Ilmpreuiveings)."Wowlmlmp""(PL2)

sddo i8puringor Ena1iinJ."and in lhe conteXI of bue. b.J1wysIIlCIUllIlirdbue" or'1hlrdbI."nol third In Ihe balling .li.hth be

19 DESUAND.aASU

Japaneae pa8t 18 dlfmntfrom Engll8h paJapnnese handles lime fnu differenllyfrom English and d snol have a pasl lenseEnlllishspeakers know il.lCfonnalsgenerally ud10 speak of pa.

--RI.n=dn'tld_"F anyycrb. il8 polineplive form is made by changing -masu 10mastn().ln this ample.1M negative form isuivalenl10 a pnl-Iensativeverb in Engli5h: dsn1/n1(00thetionJ."

mESSON3

????

? ? ? ? ? ?

?? ?

KakeQ8waHh( I~~ l(~ilinl)by a pnt when track. dell" I

Kubo.ball and charg8s down t '1d1.ghle UluaI bam1IIIon 8nd drtbIngpaSI on8 opponent 8ftranother As hls leammates watch. kongoIng even afl8r h8 croes

lhe center Ilne

y-by-play: I1TClfNlrimtUII'! OD

"Helldon'lUU"(PL3)

lunwr;.r~n111 lhe PL3 negllIve rorm or lomorHllomar;ma" ('"melhinal10p5/h.IIA"). Tu..ytlJ"IlQUIl'eR .dif1inlverb. lon"ru/lom~mtU'"

lenlhenina n I. 1MndanI;mIyonlyvoImJlher.IIheaniltU thelonam herelOlC!oaIrythe clIclunalion.

4.. n=won't _" le.ma.ft'n form of a verb is non-150 il is used forprent("d'l/don'lldothe Ilclion 1") and fulu Icnse("won'l (do Ihe action)"). Here 11 an example of ill' u forruIcn:

????

???

? ? ?

aglng brewm..t.r al Ih. Saekl UWDtyIInI lillng h.H'8PISNlllukowIUhd.""1Id'h0lons0' anolheran Ihejob an Iklll

hrhUlband Bul ..1M. .. j~'J IhenghtIf10 stmbecaul h8koows tQW mllr.h he has bnuonbrekeththa l unllklroN ukoh led(' 29)

Sh III~NonOllO tall hlm whallh0orhu IdMn.B........r

NIlUko:.11mtn W '11 won'llell blm." (PL3)

11".rtln1.PL3nepllvo ronn or ;u/ IIma.r1l (....y/lpo.k/lell"l; 111 i. pro vtl.

Here IU'C thc polllc negalive fonns of several ofeothcr ve8you've alrNd)'n:

.W.rln"n U... ..W"1 don1undentand."

.Kaa.Jtn.ucc...... 1I doI(han~."

.Kim.CO.....h W 4'."

.lA:i"srn nocaIw..

21 DESUAND.MASU

h yveipodlitenegative.pasl fonnismebychng-masu. sendtshita(-.).YwmgEed'eshiraes1fonn of des"('i8/;are"scilnlylchangeetense; it d snOI add the meaning of Ihe ve10be."

- -ndesht=dldnlt-"

????????

AytromeDail iyIn the Prime Mlnister's 0ewho were havlng an a'air

lve just be arr8stedforclaiInformationDsi ltorIn.lefasks edlto boardmembers If any 01 )Om hadorXT1owI'{lge cl whE~ ' waslr.

? ?? ?

???Na:I.

l5blr.i:!_~n___4r.bktl.Imow (pIdld'1knowab1111." (PL3)

N: 'n)N ht'nshukyoku-r:hd(1UftWIIC) Cl!.cauivilOrExecutlve Edltor N

E - shm'rndr.mlla 1. the PL3 I1Cgative-put fonn or shirulshirim u.Slrictly lpeaking this verb mectoknow/lm/fmdt"bulIsofill fi111 il mM10EnJIi'know";ill ncgave (onn me&nll "knownathcr nEam."

ht'nshiH.yoku "" "edilori.1 boanl"d1M suffix -r:hd means ..adIIeader";theJTe!lndeebcrween 1ldEnblilles ia seldom ex8Ct.tIwflShIM:hdc beconsickred roughly equivent10veedllOr."

-n'.hd=18't'811shall/l thlnk 1'11-" If you changema.fUfonn of a Japanese verb 10mash()you gel a fonn thal upS 5inlenlion/delenninalion or a decision 10 do lhe aClion like "Lel5100 Ihe ionl"(when Ihe 8peaker and Illleasl one other person will logelher)orIwill/l 1/1dlink I'II(doion)"(whenespeaker will1alonc in many Cdoingllomeingfdae lislener). Sinlhe fonn implies a willful decision nall ve makcsen inIhis fonn.

JEastherT:atihnh4p(.29)Sh8 sV:.11 oneof the stalka-anon Jnl"Ihers 8he thoretlr 'arm8rwhO lUdvlS11't.t1 t;~nffrms thallhe Inseclsuld ruin'8cf-remalns delermined "01 10 IJse any ch8mlcaJaah8de. d to8t 18861 remove a1J many 01 the Insecta8canby Ilnd KIll>cltfJll..toIp.

Kakabe:I1.Ikimashd. ! NOlsuJcon.iei'ijO--- {no-poI.1Let810M Ntsuko."(PL3) .TrlSi" . u wUl helo Ibelp" (PL~)

-ma.htJII the PL3 "let''''''1J -mof IkullkinllJSu ("10"). amonS peoplc w areon famlliar tcmn. tlteIUffix !on(Mr./MI.';fig14)canbe uedwilh given nunramllynamel. Tbe flIlnlc11 qullocuu1iIilIwayllike u!lino "MlI!/ Mlter"winllWnClI in En.li.tKukabe'sJNIilltentckfeetoward hb emplor'!IuahtorDIto call ror luch1ent.

1('1.1UIIilllhc PL.l form of ".('hclp/wlllhclp.~i!l' 1."

d ho=probay/eurely"Desu cangivena -~h d..ina.m.gdesh().But it b avery diffcrenl meaning frommashd50 it'5 imanlto kc:tbedistinCli cl Z yo mind.Deshdntiallyexpr"ismayberobabIylrely[lhe staIDg)":lIyespeerhas 5evince/reonrwhal he isying llsnOInnenougha11 citwilIIemore1. ('"is/are").Y11 mm aboutm We1IpnvalentLcsn26.

22USON3

????? ? ?

? ? ? ? ? ?

????

?? ?

?

?? rofLemon geuponentwhen aungguitanstmesin. AsthegtarIStstudi18bott1Wlbehlndreprop torS8 he'dIIke to try gueingwhat the cus. tomerw tsto drlnk

hetor: |.1Bd I deshd. I btJOa ia prob yIt's prynF....1RL"(PL3)

Hesa quickfereetable for the sCW forms introd edin this 1sonfollowed by a table listing eacb of tbosc forms for a few of.evesyhaveseen.ticeenve 005by hiding aII but the fustIwnnwiast tof paper referringqckreferertable.

Summary: Il8uand-n'SU

fonnnl}

noo{'WllC/wpasl ("waalwc81.81("probabIy/.yu"

E.a{t(d")} tive("d 'Vckwt3sC.ativ"("didnldoJWi'&/1'1111kl'Udo

.masu -mashi -masen -mosn deshilo -"M

-.--.

najl

desu deshilo dlshd

kana

..ThneoW mdduLen21.

C'anH.....ItUIOmlmD$hd 1eI' .. ilimtUhd Iat'skimtuhd 1cI'.c1'"

lobemhd

I:IJlmo.shd 1

InteectlonsIntelionsoften occur ebeginniog of a sentence andeycnn telegraph s gl"l'!sI denl abnu. 1M speatc:er" fmme of mind And where Ihe senle eIsgomg. Ing.38Sa)' dIS m cffi ta fully voiccc1gh;itn

P$.!Ifatigue/weariness wellsmay/w.80 U you happcned 10 be wiheryou would probably know she tir evenbefo

r"lnQ 10 stuay bul he ~ havlng open !'1'

ESimple Questions withKaIn Japanese antencec bemedinto a yes-or-no question sirnply by pungthe sentence particlekaat the end. There's no ndto switch words around or add helping WOI likedo" ordid"eway Englishques.All you have to do is put ka een-likea verbal qutionm'k.(You 'lllearn about using question words Iike what?" andwho?" in Lesson 17.) Ka usuallyplaces0ntencepticlesbut it c alsobe usedmbinationwine

or yo--in which c eit comes immediately aertheveadj tiveor desu dbefo neoryo.Also except in special instances involving indirect questions. isnot added to da in a PL2 noun-type question; it replaces da inst d.as s ninisexnple:

Shimssiraera meeting with someclien1s when

h9nst hlseX~we. He has not enher in qume

C

E = 2 . E E CU E . '" '" a c

genki is a nofeingEdspirits andlor 10 a ~ vigorous sta ofhIle rgy.leq stionGenki ~ ka? (PL2) or Genki desu ka? (PL3lite )yARE you wel1?"---oftenrveseequiva1ent of How you?JHowhave you bn?"

Shima: Genki lka? i well/heallhy (?) Are you well?" How've you b?")

Plain declarative sentsin Japanese end with the last few syllables at a low pitch and the final syllable even lower. Questions oneother handeasked wiarising intonation mEnglish. But there's an important difference: in English the rising pitch often sp1sseveral words ateend of a sentence; in Jane itoccSonly onefinal syllable.'hene used for rhetorical tag questions [g.14] is also spoken wiaslighuy rising intonation but not muchas with ka). Here's anoerexample of a noun-ty questio-thisone in PL3 fonn.

The question of Intonation

? ?

? ? ? ? ? ?

?????????????

????

??

??? ?

??????? DIvionHIms'sbossIywltbln Hatsushl EleIcCQ. has been ed10 join the

board of dcto.Nakawah jShima.

Shima: ? E? Honl desu a(inlerj.) e is (?) What? Isatetru7"What? Is that true?" (PL3)

e? spoken with the rising inlonation of a question expssessprise:What?JReal1y?" lt can aJso be elongaled foongereffecl ranging from pleas 1suriseto dismay/protest.

sictlyspeaking hontisan nfor..bUI followed by daJdesu it mostuentlycorrespondseEnglish adjective."Witnthe end Honto desu is tbe simple PL3 statementIt is"lePUequivaJent of this stalement is Homda; the PL2 questi HOIIIOIw? (da is repladby).

24

The subject is often "you"

S'MPLE QUESTlONS W1THKA 25

:""-iously it depends on wbat the sakeris talking about but a good first guess for the subject aquestion is the listener (you") just as a good first gu sfor the subject of a declarative ementisespeaker (1").lelistener is the subj tin the verttypequestionenhere:

theertakes Chipml tos FishCat.1catching fisl1 for t dinWhen

ds001' h eats IT. tJrithlm IfandoffEdeother haIf to ('sitors.

Fishing Cat:Kllu 'kat (?) WiII you eat it?" Want the rest?" (PL2)

Bonobono: Un Uh-huh."L2)

-wu is an infonnal masculine word for eat"; sinceeword is inher-ently informal it's not very often hinits polite fonn. kuima.m. bUI leequivalent question in PL3 speech would be Kuimasu ka? The gender-neutJequivalentfor at"is taheru/tahemasu desame Jestionusing that verb would be Taberu ka? (PL2) dTahemasll u(PL3)_

11e form of the verb makes no difference ~questionpticlekalike all otherntenceparticles. can be added to yform of the verb-2polite past negjve.andlet's!l'lI......." forms as well 0ersyou willleam in the second

~ of this book He 's exampleusing a polite p tverb:

When the chairman of theardof H .JI!~sfllba 1::1rdie( mntlythe president took over as. r...'ITrn;:lone :rt

epresintson the board became prent.Now tnese repcare waiting in the press room while the ardmeets to fill the

ncy.Suddenly the dropens.

Sound FX: Gaclla (ranle of dr knob/latch)

Sound FX: Gatala! (claner of chairsportersleap toef

Reporter:|KimarimasJlIla I ka? I decid (?) W[enew VP] deciderl?" Has the new VP been cho-sen?" (PL3)

-hmal1llkimarimaslI is the verb used to say[some-thingl is decided" or a decision occurs" dkimari-rnasllita is its PL3 past fonn. The verb for "[some-onel decides Isomething]" is kimeru/kimemasll_ There are a numbcr of verb Pllirs in JllponCSC thllt have similar so(sometimesonly lIa single vowel 50und differs) and closelylatedmngs.Sgs.25. 26 and 33 for other pairs; kawarulkawarimasll I--Isomeinglch ges")E30also has a counter-kaeruJkaemaslI ("change [somelhing]"

????????

ESSON4 26

1n infonnal spe hka follows dtlyafter the pndictionary form of an adjtiveas it does Wlepnform ofa ve:Muzuzshiika? =Is it dicult?"In polite sptchit follows desu

itds with a polite nounpeqution:Muzuka-shii desu ka? Here's exampleof a polite ec-hvepequestion:

r C . C

e r e = E

t t

-2 . tanoshii is an adjective meaning fun/enjoyable." The PL2 equivalenl of lhis question is Tanoshii?-i ounotedin nextexarnple women wodn nallydropedjustsay Tanoshii? ~

hotlOite is a contraction of htte oite whlch comes from hdtte okulokimasu ("leave be"). You wi11leam ~ auttbc -te fonn dsomc expressionseit in Lessons 192531.

E

-. .

An adjective-type question

Repo.er: |Tanoshii desu I ka? I is fun (po1.) (7) Is itn?"Are you having fl?"L3)

Surfer: Hottoite kure yo. leave be please (emph.) Leave me alone." (PL2)

lTMls coverIng the

new trend insurfing" this summer. Young people are taking their surfboards to the matmade beach dsn-ding 1tle day 00 the g.entle wav

27 SIAfPLE QUESTlONS WnHKA

Since ka c beomil1ed isway you could say that what really makes a sentence into a question in colloquia1 spchis the rising intonation. In fact withoutrisingintonation even using ka does not make a true question--only a rhetorical e.In the examples onispageeintonation would be flat or falling on the last syllable. The implied answer to the rhetorical question depends on.econtext.

Rhetorl Iquestlons

The man who came in'Otnshovellng snow in flg 11 has warmed up He has had dinner and taken a bath

and is nowadyfor bed.

2 5 f

5 . i E1eor sdte is IIs inteectionused when the speaker is abOUI 10 do

~ somethinglike "weU Dow/Well Ihen." iformof neru (go 10 sleep/bed") is nemDSU . . when the implied an ertoerhetorical queonis affinnative here it' s e8sentially like sayingIs it __ 7 Yes it certaiYi8 __" (in the case of nouns and adjectives) or "WiIJ/shall 1 __7 Yes I cer-tainly wlll/8holl __" (in the case of a verb).

Man: -.1SiJte neru I kd. I (interj.) sJeep/go 10 sleep (7) Well then shalll go to sl p?rYes I sha1l.]" Well then I thlnk 1'11 get to bed." (PL2)

.. Sayu ksone 01 hls coworkers to look ata growth on hls faceIdthen wants to know thls:

SayO: ?Shinu?

WIIII dle?" (PL2) Coworker: N

Shinu 1 ko! 1

WiII you die? [Hardly!j" Don't be rldlculousl" (PL2)

?? ? ? ?

????

?????

?? ?? ?

-i formof shinu ("die") is shinimasu Note 1SoyOsquestion is a genuine question indicated by his innation even lh ghhe d snot ulle ka.

Ihe worker's question is rhetoricol: when the implied an~wer to a rheloricol question is negative as here il is esscntiolly like sayingIs il/will you __" Hordly'"Oon'l be ridiculousfGive me 0 bak!"

Ihe smalllsu al'ter ka indicalesIthecoworker soys il very sharply/forcefully.

? ? ? ? ? ?1 . j N

i c

i

?isthe symbol for the Jopanese monelary unit "yen" In recenl

~ yeats.ohas been roughlyivalenlloa dime. .here the ka makes uetoricollag question:oil's __. is it1" As in t this case the form is oflen used to expsdill8ppointment-though

~ it can also be u more neulral respon to(or acknowledgemenl (1) whatever the speaker hns leamed.

At the cash register t this man asked the clerk to scan hls oombverwlth the handheld baroode scanner.

SFX:Chill Bloop

Man: 101Ju.en lka... I

Ten yen huh?" (PL2)

28 LESSON4

A colloquial variant: kalln colloquiaJ sechkai is sometimes used instead of ka to mark a question. Most commonly it has a softer friendlier feeling than the abrupt ka but the right tone of voice in a contentious situation can make it even more forceful than ka.

Kosu no' savi essyan 11inontofa resale shop and he plcks it up to see how it feels in his hand. The shop-i

k perwsKOsukefromf'or'eandlnvvntinuestoadmirethesuJiit sethe shopepersays: Shopk per:?I

Kall I kai? I

E

-2 Will you buy it?" Wanna buy it?" (PL2)

E 5

Kdsuke: ?E!? huh?/whll!? Huh?" (PL2)

the polite form of kau ("buy") is kai"asll. 11 sh e?spoken wilherising inlonlllion of 11 question expresses mild surprise. Iike "Huh1/What?/Oh?" I!'s 80used when you're nol sure you heard c1early.

Questlons wlth kana The particle combination naimplies something of aess.A anoun or adj ve-typesen-tence it's like "Is he/she/it perhaps -?" or1 wonder if he/she/it is --." After a verttypesentit's like Does/will he perhaps [do the action]?" or1 wonder if he [des/willdo the action]T This usage can be considedmostly informal and somewhat masculine (fig 52 shows the

feminine equivalent). ln polite speech guesses tend to be expressed in other ways.

Jkewakeitha leenfeel nhishead and sneezes when he looks out the window. Lylng

back down on the tataml (the traditional Japanese fIoor covegof thflrm straw maveredwith a woven ruah faclr)he wonders If he's mlng down wlth aId.

Kuke: |?IKaze Ik na?1a cold is i! peIIpS'?/1wonder "18 itrhapsa cold?" 1 wonder If I've caught a cold." (PL2) FX: GIIZU guzu (effect of feeling stuffcd up/groggy)

i z

E .

Z S

E -' a i -E -E E F

-1 . E

E E

i kazefersonly 10 the kind of cold you catch. Samui means ~ cold" when lalking aulwealher/climale/ambicnt lempcra-turc and how you mighl feel all overg.11); ISllmelai means "cold" when king8uldrinks fO(somcthing cold 10 Ihe louch or how 0 P1icularpart of youry(hdsfeet elc.) feels. e is8180 8 homonym kaz('meunswind"(tig. 317) bUI the conlexllells us that's nol the meaning here.

SlIIPLE QUESTIOtI WITHKA29

Questions wlth kBshlraWomen nuseinforma11yand when a1one but ifeyw tto sound feteeyuhJshira instead. Like naispartic1e c beedwipoliteforms but it's mosdy infonnal; in polite speech other forms tend to beedto suggest a guess or uncenty.

E Kosukedecl 10try eatlng a raw egg the way his uncle on show11 .. outtgha small hole ih oneld.Hiroko. hlslIyiric1in glrtend.h justfin3 sheddrawing afa ontptyshellw afelt-tl1.?

??? ?

Hlroko:Talsu willand lwd1 wonder if it'Uand."(PL2)

? ?

??

?????????

? ? ?? ???

-epoli formof latsu is lachimasu. Tatsu ka?'L2masculine) Tatsu? '1.2)dTachimasu?(P'L3) simply askWill it stand7" Using ka.thira makes itIwond ifit will stand7";emculeeqvalentofisP1.2question is TalSu ka na?

Summary: Simple questlons For quick refe:ncehere are some model qutionsshowing how ka na dJcashira (enertwo imply an element of guessw k)addedto each of thereetypes ofntens.

verb-type queson adjectlve-type qu tion nounqun 11 11 ']1

1 1mnapntv2aZFnvmJe lku ? Tdi ka? Kaji ka? ']2 ']2 ?Jkimasu ka? T;i deSJl ? K4ti azu kaP w;t0youg0o} ?' is fl:ldista (1)

EaMPUMUmdWEa.umsitf:?" h it a ua?t?"l ? ? ?Kuru ? Tai M? Hont kaN1? ? ? ?Kuru kashira? Takai kashira? Hon~ shira?wil1come Iwerif isEewondVer I wmcrif h Iwedfitiswonderif sbe'U ifey're '1 wonder if it's me?" eXJensive?" ue?"

A note 00 the questionark:Since ka serves quite well all by itself to indicate questions Jap esewriters did not traditionally feel the need for a sepatequestion mark. symbol. In recent timesoughmgaardowri'Shave foundefarliar1"imported from Westhandy when writing coU uialdialogue in which questions are asked without ka dm yappend it even when ka is used. For the sake of consistency d aidto the learner scriptionsin this>okinclude qu'"marks for all equestions.

mESSON4

-.-

Cautlon: Falllng objects

H ceri esOjamaSh;masu(p1eIn o i

:Do! Zm

Worker: !Abunail is dangerous It's d gerous!"Look out!" (PL2)

???

????

? ?

?????

do! represenL~ lhe effect of something la.rge/hvymoving rapidly. abunai is an adjectlve meaning dangerou8/perilous." When spoken as an exclam8tion directed 81 another person it's equivalent to Wlltchout!" lt can 81so be used 88 a halspoken exclnationwhen you catch yourself on the verge of an accident or mistake (Oops!/Oh no!1 Yikcs!") or having barely escaped e(wasclose!").

1 SFX:Zugon Klonggg

Sign: Zuj Chai ove cuulion Watch out overhead Cautlon: Falling objects

] Worker: ! 11Oi! Daijbu ka?! (rj.) ull righl/sofC (1) Hey! Are you all right?" (PL2)

Sign: Zujd Chai ovcrhe cauLIonCaution: Falllng obJec:

oi! i!labrupt/roughHey!"orYo!" for gettingmeone'satntion. daijbutne"allrigh'okay" in the sense of "safe and secure/no cause for concem." UlJing it as a question implies thcre is c sefor concem: 18 it al1 righ'safe?" or "Are you al1 right?" But don't get the idea you can use daijbu anytime you'd sayall right/okay" in English. The word is not used 10 expreSH wi1lingness (Okay 1'11 do it") nor when begiMingan tion(" AI1 right here g s")nor a8 an exclry"A!Irighl!" when you win the lottery or hit a home run (see fig.oforwhal you would exclaim instead).

Slgn: Zuj Chai overhead cuuLIon Cautlon: Falllng obJec:ts

SIMPLE QUESTlONS WrrHKA31

Existence Japan'0''eI'b$ for s"exist(s)WhenSpeak-ngofpledo.eraniniateg5/ulma$ui00whllearuJarimasuiseru1ewheingof inanin;J.ate thgsand plants. In additionIgof wbether some eme

geatall.sewords Udtospkofwhethersomething Qr someone istsapticularpla (i.e-ismnt/isheI:/istbe")or in someone's psion.(lpsess/have"or [he/shel possesses/has"). The place where lething or person/animal cxists is marked witheptiele11:;.(Y ou '11 leam more about ni and other phreparticl inLesson 13'.} When aru is used tokof the existen ofeveo

mgoftencom[event]CUrS/llocc.

Proprletor: Arimasu. ii .HYes.lt does." (PL3)

e.1Oiotlof tbe event 1S matked with1ic1ede..Butoneimp:themiS.a1so'a fotmalllitary'mof de.su that tak.es the fortn of~de w dearimau;. Whet1 nesmiatelybe:tiarulari suiswa.yuallya form of desu'(i.e itmeansam/is/a')'ratherae10 tionparticle de pluseverb for(/cut).."[rudaru also play imptrotes as.

Yu'l1 wam about ULessons19:2$.

AstuomLemon Hart and asks fo( some wm tI~. Learning

thal hesoh anupset stomach. awcu$lomerm-mends he try an alcohollc driok that heIlbo1httfEH11&stomach and foster sound $1 t.'OO&S Shadthe student:al&proprietor answers:

erevenlno. MaJdalear HI:was Mda:namecf after a bnd'otm.Hels ' ?

The propriersays exact1y the same &hing in both of the above examples. but io the first case he is stating whether omething exists at all. while in the second he is statiog whether someingexists in his pos8ession/prox.imity. Be~

Saeko came running to tell N8ukotneherecrop Is startlng to 10rm ears of grn

~oko nl aru '1.bcre 1n!al ve (clIpllU'l.-7) Do you have some [ofatrum] here?" (2)Proetor:

r~j~ IL l eXI8tslhave 1 have some." Y"(PL3)

"i marks the p)eofelt.ist-inthis ce. the place where he's 88mg whethcrmlingexiST$.

forung"0informalnKOC Less 8.

cau heis ta1king about beverages which are inanimate he uses arinSU~ he cannot use imasu. The following ex~ ample. on the other hand. requir jruor imasu because Skois asking about theofarson.

Sound FX: I/JHahiJ ha h4 (e'ectof brealhing hd) ? :-i

Saeko: |?Ano. Nat.tuko'$011. I 1mI? I ) ( cxir.~ntVm ls Miss Natsuko here?" (PL3)

S

V

anoorandiS8 wlllnn'l1 llC~~1 1I 1HII1 word simil8r to "ulu'

E4Ji.' Doing Things with SuruYou could call suruesingle most important ve inJapanese. It's one of just two irregular verbs and its polite fonn is sh;masu. The word basically means do" but it is used in count-less special expressions and two-word verb combinations where it often corresponds more closely to English words like occur"make'have"f 1"go"change" and still others. Suru c beadded to m ynouns to tum them into verbs commonly refeedto as suru

verbs. Most often the word is added to a nounatrefers to an action or activity and it catesa verb meaningdo that actionjactivity"; sometimes it c beadded to other kinds of nouns in which case the meaning becomes do the action associated withatnoun." For example. dorobis a nouncanmean either thief' or thievery" so dorobsuru makes the ve forsteal"; kakeochi means "elopement" so I

33 DOING THINGS TH SURU

The Chinese connectlon Historically. a great many of the nouns that could become .mru verbwereloanwords adopted from Chinese. When tumed into verbs the noun part is usual1y written in kanji-the original Chinese characters deappropriate form of suru (non-past past. negative. etc.) is added in hiragana. (Today most new loanwords come from languages other than Chinese; see fig. 64.)

101926wh 11eKlkue's young father dles the Saeki family triarchdecides 10 send 1he glrl's mother Moeck10 her par-ents' home 50 they narrange a new marrlage for her;estayswith the Saekis however 10 be ralsed by her uncle and his wife. Kikue at 11do n01take 10 her new mother Na1su (grandmother of NaukoseIn flgs. 23 29 and othe)bu1 when they finally beme 1rlends Klkue wants Natsu 10 promiS9 not 10 let her forget her real mother.

1'8u: .Yakusoku .~hima.u. promi do/makeI promlse." (PL3)

?? ? ? ? ?

?

??? ? ?? ? ? ???

???

?

yllku.'Olw is II noun meaning promisc." 80 yakusoku suru can be lhoughl of Iitcrallyasmak.e 11 promise"(to) promI!..esubject1" is understood.

A useful expresslon: Shltsurel shlmssu Shilsurei is written with two kjimeaning lose" dpoliteness/manners"creating a noun thal means rudeness" ora lapse in manners." Adding a form of suru tums il into a verbliterally means "commit a rudeness." The PL3 form Shitsllrei shimasu. serves as a politeEx-cuse me" when entering someone's office walking in front of someone or oth-crwise intruding on their space: in informal situations or when speaking from a position of rank Lhe PL2 equivalent forispuoseis a plain Shitsurei without .mru. The polite Shitsurei shimasu is also used when taking leave of someone cspecially a superior. as wel1 as to say good-bye onephone; in less formal situations or when speaking from a position of rank Lhe PL2 Shilsurei suru or a plain Shitsurei can serve as a more abruptExcuse me/l'm leaving/Good-bye."

j ddfiRy0sutlmeln hls newdlginthe HOUSf:J of Reprl'esenta':tlvesOfflce Bulldlng. K1'8~ secretary enters with tea.

4 2

E 1-

??

???

??

?

? ? ? ? ? ?????

?

?

? ? ??

?? ? ? ?

?

? ??????

? ?

?

???

??

???

??

???

????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?

in situotions like this the expsSlonmeans Excuse me for intruding" and it u~ed for polileness even when one hRH specifically been summoned.

ThelIent11g.4sp outhisgoocbye.

Cllent: !!Shiuurt'i suru!l rudcncss will do/commil "Vou'U have to excuse me!" (PL2)

? ? ? ? ?

? ?

???

?? ? ?? ?? ?

34ESSON5

The PL3 past form of suru You'vejusts nin figs. 58 d59ePL3 form of suru is shimasu which teUs youatthepoli pastform of suru h tobe shimashita (viewLesson 3youdon't remember why). It also tells you thalep tform of every suru verb h tobe something shimashita soepast of shitsurei suru is shitsUlishimashita. The poli pastShitsurei shimashita serves abroadly applicable apology for anything

you have done wrong oratmight have caused offense--burping/sneezing creating a distur-bance misunderstanding a request/orderlsituation. miskingsomeone' s identity and so fohln informal situations or when spegfrom a position of rank. a plain Shitsurei can serve the sameppose.

??????????

??

Yamaer oGermy.ao hls frtend i Kimura brings hlm to the bar Lemon Hart to leam about ]

German beers from the proetor.After the propri rholdsth: a1length Yamadapr iIvelycalls himro sorBeeru b i KImura tells him he is being rude by Implylng the proprietor only ~ knows about b rWh heis in 1act an expert on every imagin-; able kind ofhollcbeverage Yamada apologizes and offers ! up a differItt

Yamada: IJ !!Shit.furei I .fhimashita1 Sake haka.fe.'!rudeness did wine/spirits profesr/doclor1 have done you a rudeness Professr Orink!" MyapoloesDr. Drink!" (PL3)

sakecferspeccIy10 the rice wine for which Japan is famous or mo generically10 all varielies of "alcoholic beverage."

hakase (or hakushi~o pronunciationsa used)officiall y refers 10 anyone with a doctoral degree but it's sometimes used playfully with people who might be termed "wkingencyclopedias" in English.

The PL3 negatlve forms of suru ePL3 form of suru is shimasu.enyou alowimmediaythat its PL3 negative fonn is shimasen and the PL3 negative-past form is shimasen de.vhita

???????? S timesroukohas I worked. herself beyond exhaustion to nuureher cfPof :

Tatsunishiki rice (1ig. 36). Today she has stay outin an ap-! proaching typhoon trying to protectthe I'lce and her m01her scolds her for 100lishly overoxertlng herself again. As she takes l offherrainat; she tells her mother $he'H stop being 50 rl@.

Natsuko: M muri now/:eady overexertion won't do Iw 'loverexert myself any longer." 1 won 't pU5b 50 bard anymore." (PL3)

. m6can mneither more" ornow/:ady"when followed by a'gu.l verb(see figs. 74-75) bUI when followed by a oegalive il implies 00 longer -/nol -ymo"

muri written wilh kanjiallilerally meanwioutreason/not reason. able" is a noun refeing 10 something Ihat is imposible--orthal is at least beyond what one can expect reasonably to do/accomplish. Murr shinwsen isePL3 negative form of the verb muri suru which essen. tiallymtooverexert oneself or push oneself too hard attempting theimble.

The PL3let's/l"ll/l thlnk 1'11 _.. form of suru

D'00 THINGS WTTHSURU35

Completingismini-review of the polite verb formsodudLesson3ePL3let's/I'll~formof surulshimasu is shimash. By itself shimashimplies let's do" orIwsshall/I inkI'll do" the actionwe'vebeen ta1king aut(oris0erwiseunders~ from econtext). When combined with a nounmake a suru verb it implies let's do/IkI'U do" the action indicated by or associated wiatnoun.

2TanizakiKengo KiRyusuke's 0onentinbisnforthe E Diet(Japan's natiOJial as mbly).is giving achatop his

~ campaign van whenaji's van drives by. Japanese mpaignvans = ate equipped with large loudspeakers over which candidates make

~ highdecibelspeeches at major intersections or appeal for votes :-while vingarQUndtown. Kaji callsout hisbestwishes but Tanizaki ~ challenges Kaji to stop ddebate him on t spot.Kaji promptty tells ~ the driverto pu[l over but hIs mpaignmanager Yamamoto isncemedabout getting to his next appearance in time an(t thinks they'd s best atiVe on. 2 ???

?? Yamamoto:Mushi ignorg/di gardin let'sdo Let's Ignore hi."(PL3) .m~'hi.written wiki19withoutalk!nollking" is a noun referring to actof ignoring/disregardingayingno attention tomingbut ir more often CUISin its ve fonnmushi suru ("ignore/disre-gard").

Some more suru verbs Here arveralmore suru ves.In each case the PL3 form follows belowePL2 fonn; and efirst line of nslationgives an equiv ntEnglish noun +do" the second gives the corre-sponding English verb or verb phrase and the last tatsit as a single verb sentence wiarbirrarily choscn suect.(Although these suru verbs are abllosl a1ways written wi kIjisomeeprovided in kana here for kana prce.)

. Ben suru. Kuns suru. Unren suru. Denwa suru.

B4lsWmueddf wg sdho in uKanSM shimasu. Unten shima.fu. Denwa shimasu.

betgundmtg-fBuUdlHo hl-" ddviinvge--do

--mElewpatkmie n Et a capldhlo -o" ne cUI" study." He wUl drlve."

Manyrel Japane verbshave surucounte-thougheex trange of meaning can be somewhat different so you can 't consider them inrerchangeable. For example both taberu and shokuji suru condtoeat" if you 're ta1king about eaIga mea1 but you can 't useelatter if you 're only ta1king about a snack or about ea19sne particular item in a meal. Also the suru verb generally sounds more forma1itslarveunret.andiscmake it more likely to occur in writing th inspeech. Hereesome suru verbs that can be considered synonyms for verbs you'veenbefore.

/taheru/eat /aru/exists /tanomu/request /kau/buy .Shokuji suru. Sonzai suru. Irai suru. Knyu suru.

. .Shokuji shimasu. Son'ZQi srnmasu. Irai . fhimasu. Kp.um6RnaMyka e se sdho imasu. meal do cXJStence do

.rHeuqemuwt esaltl " rd0 tIt." eatam J" 'ellist" q will a bupy uruch." ase . I wiU eat." It exlsts."

36ESSON5

The European and Engllsh connectlon Beginning in the mid-to late-nineteenth centwy a flx1of new loanwords came in fromrEuropean languages and English and most ofeare written in katakana. For nouns udsuru verbs the foreign part is wrinen in katakana and suru is written in hiragana.

ag qamaMaamaangkarate.The man dec sheh onetoo many tiles.

M: 1 || .!chimai Ipurezenlo slIruI na. 1111 prcscnl cknaJce (".)l' 11 make you a prentofonee."I'U glve one ory."L2)

SFX: 'acClack (sound of lile hit-ting tile)

CRUNCHI

o ichi-me 5"one." and -n isalersuffix used whentingobjecL'Iala flal.You'Uleam more aUIC nlersuffixes mexllesson.

o purezenlO is a katakanaderingof the English wosenl"and adding suru makes it a verb for "give a presen'gifl." isthe mostly masculine colloquial particle na. which expecls lhe lislener 10 agrlapprove.Using katakana 10 wrileisparticle is a way of adding light emphasis.

Watch out for false frlends

'ab!"

_ WAG 0. WAG

Words borrowed from English may smfamiliar to you at a glance but watch out! The Japa-nese meaning of a word can be quite differentmthe meaning you assiate wi itor the word may be used for only one of several meanings you are accustomed to using it fordisis true of aU loanwosnot just suru ves.Be sure to pay attention to exacdy howchword~used inJapewell iJapanesepronunciation-whichna1so be quite different from the original pronunciation. He area few more English-derived words to give a taste of whal you'lJ enunter. kana romajl Engllsh meaning(s) In Je

pure. suru play ..... play spons kopii suru copy ..... make a photocopy la.pu suru type ..... type on a tyWer/Imputer sam suru Slgn ..... sign a documenautsoiggnmapl h;(only in

Spo)give a hand memosuru lemo ..... make a note/write something down kanningusuru C rung ..... cheat on an exam Ipunru open ..... launch a new business/branch/shop:

0nshop for the day iba suru over ..... go overelimit/ed appu suru up ..... go up/rise daun suru down ..... go down/line/becomedepressed sabisu suru 5erVICC ..... gnmivee ;a do smsocmiediscounudeal;throw in for

ingsciforsom ne

37 HGTHINGS WnHSURU

Speclal expsslonswlth suru Suru appc;:TSin m ycommon expressions. For eamplea noun followed byepattem ni suru meansmeit [into] ........ when speingof changing something from an old state/use to a new state/use. The snepattem is used to express a choice. essentially implying 1'11 make my choice _..1'11 chse ....... ..

. Shin-ch 'spar tshave brought hlm to the skl slopes for

. theflrst tlme. When his father tells him to walk sldeways IIke acr inorder to cllmb the hlll he wants to know what kind 01 crab. His mother says that doesn't matter to whlch he rponds:

Shln-chan: I1Ja kegani L_Ain81case/lhen hair crab will mnke il Inatcase 1 '11 make it a hair crab. " Then 1'11 be a hair crab." (PL2)

ja is a connecting word meaning alce/then." kegani is a combination of ke ('hair") dkan; (crob"): in combina-tions the k in kani changes to g for euphony.

ni is one of the most versatilephrase particles"-parclesmarkefunction of words and peswilhin senle es.One use is to mark the endpoinlor ultof an aClion inthis case Ihe result of a choice. Yleammoreaulni and other phrw P1icletheycome upwellin Lesson 13.

"'

? ?

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Suru also plays importantrole in honorific language (pL4) which includes a way of tuming m ygularverbs into humbJe verbs. When speaking to a social superior in a fonnal situation. you use humble verbs to refer to your own actions and exalting verbs to refer to your Iistener's. (The sidebar onenext two pages tells you a little more about honorific language.) The humble fonn of a verb is made up of an honorific prxofollowedby the verb's p-

masu stem plus suru or shimasu (orepast negative or other fonn of suru as called for by the context). Unfortunatelyisd sn't work with just yverb so you can 't begin transfonning vesat random. But once you've leamed tocognizeefonnyouc beginpaying anention 10 which verbs it does work wi.

Maklng humble verbs

??????

2.ThedayarShima handles an unusual stock trade for i Hatsushlbadir orUsami the news at noon reports

~ that Hatsushiba Chairman Yoshlhara has died of a heart at-e tack. Smelllng a rat. Shlma has a trusted private-eye frlend In

~ vestigate and confirms that he has unwittingly paicipatedIn : an inslder trading scheme that brought Usami a profit of ~50 i mllllon. When Usaml and Shima's own department head -

~ da summon him to give him his share" 01 the protsShima is ! prepared with a swift answer. Usami and Fukuda are dumb-i founded E

Shima: 0 koltJwarishimasu. (hon.)-refuse/decUnc (hon.) 1 decllne." (PL4)

. () is honorificpre1[kotowari isepmasuform of the vek:01owaruIk01'owarimasu("fue/line"IiilIeformmofsuru.Since lhis makes the humble form of kotowaru yCnkof it Iiterally asI humbly/respectfully decline" bUI humble forms are used much more widely in Japanese lhan such l utionsare in English.

Honorific Language

ESSON5 38

To ver all the insoutsof honorific language would rrea book of its own-or:veral-and1anyse.alIin ductionto honorific speech ismegbest left for later in your study of the Janguage. But sinehonorific system can 't be avoided algeereven at the beginning it's wonh familiarizing selfwiebasic eJements involv.TheflIhonorific system-whatisokcallsPLAC-CBDbe divided into three main sub-divisions: honorific. humble. and formal.

AsanIntergtinmm r@infa:veth& proptietor 01 Lemon Harthlmhls n8me.

kyaku is literall)'Sst/visilOT" and isoused forc-t8/cH 18of a busines When directly addressing customehonoriticefi0dlhe polite !luffix .sa ("Mr./Ms.") is always used even in less polispeech.

namae meansname" and SUlCC he ls ask.ing for the IUUnc ofthe pers heis addJsinghe Ildds the prefix 0tohono him. He would never use rI sngof his own name.

wa ("U 1or") here creates shorthand for As for your name wbat is i!?You'Ulearabout this parlicle in LeS80 11.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

pretor: l ?kya. san I.Q:J neu ewa? on. )'JUClIt.(1.) (hon.).name 15 for Honorable guestforyour name?" Ircould I ask your name?" (PL4)

ThebOS888chllling Ikto ttahot and cr edcommutertraln rI.and an erdw.kf1'om snto 0'i.Then he finds the office overhtedwhen he arrlv.

yaTt!yar iaverbalized sig of fatigue. cxperationorllcf.erea comblnation 0 efirst two.

"'" 111 an advermelll1ing"'11 dy."see Le6.

tsmre is pre." uform of the verb tSllkaruul~ukar~masu ("become tld/worout"). doisan honorific prefix. She uscs Ihe honorific form beCI1USC she ia 11aking her norandreTinghis state/action. Por this verb 0'suka"ni NlJ'narimasu!lbe bonorific form forbe-come tired:while0t.tukarcdaJdesll impliesas/bavegrowntid"Or lo/are wom out." Adding Icadesurnake! it thc qut'JlltIon. .. Arc you wom t?"

Sound .'X:8un Whirrr (hum of heatcr fan)

B s: 'n ..Auw na Y tlI'e.re.

~. hOl (U) (sigh) 11 8ure Is hol. 80y oh boy."'L2)

OL: t A':' 1 ?MIP 1|1". t.)-(1e 111/ { 1i dier Arey worn-oul already Slr?" (PlA)

J

?????

Honorlflc speech One way 10 honor or show specipolitenesssomeone is to plehonorific

prefi~forenouns that referMbelogto or associated withalper-son. MoSl words take the prefix-0many others take gt)anda few take mi-.lepfix.esare usuaJly written in hiragana today but when they are written in kanjiesanle kJiis used for a11 three:.As a ruleereeSnot interchangeabJe; only experi cewill tell you which should be used (or howneedsbe read) wiapanil word.Also. some words customarily get a pfixregardle ofthe politenelevel whilehersnever get one; again. only perien' canlIy whichwOJfal1 into these cagories. (Even though recalled "honorific 0and80aresoused in humble forms as seen in figs. 66 and 69 and in certain con-ventiona1 expressions or for touches of politenesat a111evels of speech). Another way 10 honor someone is

to use honorific. or exg.verbwhenreferrgto that person's actions. With some of lhe most common vert anen-tirely new verb can be substituted for the regular verb. For cxample. suru/shi. masu C'do") becomes nasaru/nasai-masu; lkU/ikimasu ("'&0") kuru/kimasu rcome")and iru/imasu (exists" for people and other animale things) all be-come ;rsharulira.~~ha;masu; and lul iimasu (".y")becomes osshdru/osshai-ma.ru. For most verbs. though honificequivalents are fonned by altering the usual verb. For ampleklmeru/kim~ masu (decide") becomes kimerarerul kimeraremasu or 0kimtni naru/nari-masu; kQ~ru/kaerimasu {80 homebecomes kaerareru/koeraremasu or 0 kaeri ni narulnarimasu or yet again 0kaeri daldesu. Note that even though these words a11 belong to an inherently high levelof polil.eness each of them stiU has both a plain forrn and a polite -masu form.

39

Humble 8peech Asakercoshow politeness drespttoward someone else by using verbs that humble the eaker'sown actions. Again. with some common vesan entirely new verb can be substituted for the standard ve.For example suru (do") 00. comes#u1itashin'$" iku ("'80")comesmairul mmrimasudiu (say") becomes msu/mshi. masu. For many other v'bshumble equivalent$ are fonned by altering the regular ve.:kotowaru/ kotowarimasu becomes 0kOlowari3uruJokoto. r;shimasu (refuse/decline.... fig. 66) and telsu. daultetsudaimasu (help" fi8. 36) becomes 0tetsudai _ur"lotetsudaishi su.

DOING THINGS WITHSURU

??????

??

bosbackto f(yushu (.13)his

uncle Matsuda asks lhe ppri-etor why the water ln the glass turned nk.

Formal speech The words in this category neither humble the spkernor exalt yoneelse. Rather theyprentamo generalqualhy ofpolileness fonnality. and refinement. The desu and -masu forms that eharacterize PL3 speech are actually part of this ca80 but a variety of other substitutions occur atePL4 level. For examplc al'ulalu(hists/be in a place" for inanimate things) becomes 80faruJgozaimasu taberu ("eatbecomesitadaWlirakimasudesucomgOUlru/deRozaJ suand the adjective iiI:0;('goo ne/OK";g.76 note 011 yoku) becomes yQroshii (de).

On8 nlght a new customer comes into the bar Lemon

Hart and asks the proptorlf he has Platte Valley corn whiskey.

Proprlet~ .~H gozaimClsu. I yea Il)!Iavc ;I have It." (PL4)

Addltlonal not.. lt'5 useful to know that an honorific or humble verb ften provides ilS own suct.in effect. If a coo-V ationbetween two people is onlyoutthe two people prentthen alJ honorific verbs must refer toelistener's actions since a speaker never uses such verbs lO speak ofhis owntions;conversely. al1 humble verbs rnust refer toespeaker's ac-1ion8. Jf the conversation involves a third person either as a speaker/listener or as someone being spoken about things gel more Clomplicad. ln any given context the two most important

factors in detennining the proper level of politenE'e

Modifying Verbs Adjectives & Desu A verb may be modined idescribedor characterize-by one or more adverbs. Among other things. adverbs express the manner (how). tirning (when). and degree or extent (how much. how many. how far. how long) of an action. An adverb always precedes the verb it modities. In the sentence here it comes di:rctlybefore the verb. but in longer sentences it may comerlierin the sentence. separated from the ve.

??????? Mictha ecaby a fetching chinchilla Perslan standingoutslde.

Sheacmnlesh1mpours him a drlnk and then dis~ apars.to be repladbyagh1lookinghostess who finishes 0halfa dozen apt rsat hls exnseand offers him .special services" for lt'20OOO more. Michael declin.

Mlchael: :Y~:'I~o~!~ f!e! by W1d by/now go homc!lc8vc (emph.)

No I'U be goiog 00 home oow." (PL2) iya is on inronnal word for "no"; Ihe mo fonnaluivIis /le. sortJsorois an adve implyingIhal Ihe aClion is impending: by ond by/soon/any lime now."

Ihe polile ronn or Ihe verb kueru ("relum home"; fig. 4) is kaerimul'u.

CHOMP CHOMP CHOMP

Adverbs modlfy adJectlves An adverb can modify an adjective. limiting or qualifying the description it gives. whether the adjective in tum modities a noun within the sentence or stands alone at the end. The adverb always comes before the adjective moditied mosttypically right before.

z

! G

t . -E -E E F t E -E F

chOllo lileIymeans "a Iittl bil."bUI when mirying~ adjectives it's oflen mo likequile/prclly .....' 5sinceomoi iscClive.Ihc PL3 equivalenl or the sen-~ lence would be Chotlo omoi desu yo. r

ke'sg ndrokoInv him ordinnerhewIronhls goodHe goes to borrow hls landlady's Iron which was custom.made in the era when an Iron's

effectlveness depended largely on isheerwelght.

Landlady: I| lQJ_Cl.!jomoi yo. 1I1iulc i8 8Vy (emph.) It's a linle heavy." It'8 preUy h vy."(PL2)

FX:Zusli! (effect of something being/feeling heavy)

40

Adverbs modlfy other adverbs Adverbs can a1so modify other adverbs. When two adverbs occur in a row the first adverb is the modifier for the second. Adverbs do not ch geform for dierentlevels of politeness.

E Tayth$nGd orhastlke1Or&orgi;zeE ayear's worth of random aumufanin his storeroom. as well ! asgivethe room aralcfeang.nlks1" on him when ;. he returns from making house calls. Kdllgetampleteysical

~ exam when he's do.~ E ? ? ? ? ? ?

? ?????

Ku:.0-eri sai.(ling)Welcome bac:k." (PL2-3)

.!J r;masu.more a Iitde willlake/reQu~ [This] wil1 require a little mo[ne]."It's golng to take me a IIttle longer." (PL3)

1100YINGVERBS ADJECTlVES & DESU 41

'" E 0erinasai a fonn ofthe verberu/kaerimasu(relum homc") is used 118 z .estandarlingfor wclcoming a person back home from work/schlIan - d.or back at lhe oftice from an eand or busine8Sp.Informally it's often shortened 10 jUSl 0-eri.

when mcomes before a numOOr or quanlity il usually means [lhat many/thal muchJ mo" sukoshi can 00 either a noun or adverbmeaning a little/a few" so msukoshi='0littlelfew more." Asadverb sukoshi expresseseexlenl or dcgree ofcverb's aclion:[do/acll a Iitt1e/a few limes." Sukosh; and chorto (fig. 73) can 00 considered synonand eilhcr could havc been udin lhis ce(weJlinfig. 73) bUl they're nol always inlerchangeable: chotto feels quile a bil more informaJ. kar;masuis lhe polile fonn ofkaru("lakes/requires/costs"). The siluation makes clearalthe verb' s lense is fUlU(willtak.e/is goingtake") and ils subjecl isworkKosuke is doing.

Adverbs modlfy noun+ daA'suphrases

D tor& patlent

Adverbs can also modify noun + da/de.fu phrasesthesame way. When an adve precedesa noun + da/desu phrase the adverb (including any of its own modifiers) modifies the entire phrase as in this example. To modify just the noun an adjective or other noun modifier is usua1ly caJled for. You willleam about modifying nouns inenext lesson.

;11 Ashe reads somethlng at his desk Uzuratanl suddenly feels hot i ....Inthesweihe'swearlng. ??? ? ? ?

?

??????

Uzuratani: |IMiJ SURU I tsu du na now;'dy sn summer is (coUoq.l Very soon now it is summer isn't it?" 19uSIt'8 alm t mmer."(PL2)

f

i-wh n dwianumr anlilylhe adverb mseen 74oflen means "now/lready"Thi!lllame uppearsing.68

i . sugu is an adverb lhBI implies close in lime or spacesoon/immedialely/ ~ just ahead." ~ -danaislirally "11'8 - isn1il?"; when rringan observation il can feel " like "It musl 00/1 g 5Sit's/l'lI 001 il'S -."

Termlnology note: Some Japanese adverbs can in fact modify individual nouns. In English such words would simply be called adjectives wheneymodify nouns but inisbook the rermadjective" is reserved for the n owerdefinition stat inLes80n l.

42 LESSON6

A few more adverbs Here are some mo adverbsin mplentences:

EI:.I Kanarazu I kuru. definjle1v wiD come Tbey'lI deftnltely come." (PL2) ||.I Mata I denwa shimiU. again telephe will do '1'11 call again."L3)..1kawarima.shita ne. Cnpletely has chaged hasn' it7 th completelycb gedhIt?" (PL3)

Ad)ectlves can become adverbs

||.ladaI /rodomo da wa ne. still child is (fem.) (u)He's stiU a cbild Isn't he?" (PL2)

.E i yo. fairly/

AfODIFYlNG VERBS ADJECTlVES & DESU 43

Some nouns can become adverbs S-ome nouns can act as adverbs either by themselves or with the addition ofni.Ni can be thought of in this case as a pticlethat indicates manner or extent. Whether ni is required dependsoneparticular noun and some nouns can be used either with or without. The descrip-tiveadj tivalnouns" inoducedthenext lessonquireni agroup.

Kasbimura

z a z 5

Shima: I:| . Korya ~ abunai ZO. Ha ha ha ha. E forthis truly be in dnger/dangerous(em.) (Iaugh) Bonisyou really indang.Ha ha ha ha." Nowyou really know you're In trouble. 88 ha ha iha"(2)

3 . kor'ya(Iit. asris".. ) rstoK hiimluAwiefee1goflojudgeomwhath justhappeed.

honto (")pe'8as a noun in fig. 41 but hen: it's foLlowed by ni to make it an adverb:Iy/really." abunai is IIsectivemeaning dangerousrilous"(.53) and is aIso used to speak of something/some. one being "in d1ger/peril."

Ihe hand 10eback of the head is a gesture of embaTTassmen~ in iscase hllppy embarrassment at his gdfonune.

????

?

??

??

? ? ? ?

?

??? K mura shaving $U goodnthe 90ff coursea1he worrled out loudShirri8whelher it poendedsomethlng. bad toIIow.Then he ge15 a hole In1e.Astheylebta Shlmarema:

Adverbs wlth nsru Adverbs typically indicate the manner timing extent or some other characteristic of the action of the verb. But wieverb naru/narimasu (become") adverbs formed fromivesand nouns(gs.7677)indicate the result of the action. For exampleenoun kirei means c1ean-ness/prettiness" (.13) and kirei ni is its adverb form so kirei ni naru =become c1eP";kiiis the adjective forbig" and kiku is its adve formsokiku naru =become big." (Often these would actually implybecome more ......"become c1eaner/prettier/big-ger").

SQUEAK

??????

5 i " i p k j R B

E

ioso isthe ative(}s:e/slow")dnarihiisIhe3ptfonn of naru/narimasu (become"). The expressi osokunari-mashita is often usedan implicit apology when one arriv lueforamtingornit8/deliversa reques ilemlale.

EWhenShima ls dispatched from Hatsushlba Elactrlcout-areorganization of Its struggling aftllla1e Sunlight Records he arranges 10 have Hoshi Yasuo transferred to the accounting depanentther&-to quietfy keep on eye on the company's accounting practlces. Here Hoshl arrives at the bar where he and Shima periodically meel after work to discu$S what he has fearned.

Hoshl: 1

44ESSON6

Kuml

-2

-1 sokJcl

Relatlve time adverbs NOUDS indicating rlativetime (''todaYlyesterday/tormorrow";thisyear/la5tyearlnextye"'cused as adverbs without yfollowing particles.

EOmachiAiko 16 IIstenlng as her daughter Kumiko leaves a message on her answering ~ .. machlne.She is unhappy because Kumlko walked out on the yud-aceremonial exS chaeof betrothal gifts between the familles of a newly engagedup-forthe marriage she i had arranged for her. After apologizing Kumiko explains that she realized she couid not marry a ! man she did not love. Since her mother does not pick up she promlses to call again. ~

Relatlve tlme table

2'

. ! (dJ n renrakuimasu.De wa! (Putsu!) ~ tomorrow again will thenJbye click f (1'11] be in touch again tomoow. Bye! (Click!)" f 1'11 81 tomomw.Byd(CMCM)"(PL3)i

ashita (enountomoow" serving IlS an Ildverb) and i nla(eadveagain")thmodify lhe verb renrakll shimasll.

renraku is a nountbasicaJly refers to a connection. includlng cOMcctions/contacts made byonelelter. or other means of communicalion. Adding sllrulshima.m mak.es it a verb for "contact/gel in touch."

de wa is literal1y "then/inalceJbUIil servesan informal"gd-bye."

HerSnelalivetime words commonly encountered in colloquial speech. In m ycases eO ormo additionalforms but those given heg on lostart wi.lezero row in lhe centerPsentslhe psenl.

Rel8tlve tlrne words

! hi; "jchl shQ Isuki.. Rtt.fu toshi; nen aSQ n

d~ wk " l1'Iomlnal Ightl

- -01010/ .ffmscmshtl smeoMMeh nbsetftosuIM otoloshi y10ft!Y wkforcI ycarbefOl1l1li1 kin nnsh;

11 while aao yesrerday lastwlIk slent gmeotsnu th lasotnyen r ylabenit

T ma now

1+1 a(ode hller

+2

every

kyoy IWnsM inBgEEetfm kotQSlti Ictsa 'nbanwcek IIu.yeur 1hlsmifll tonjghl ashIlo roishil rmge(su ramen tomorrow nextwk IlCxtmonth ncxcy~

asalte SQ1'Qishil smamisdeuteur mzt sarainen day otcrmOlTOw WtafcIlCXC year Dfter next

malnicJli mai.fhQ maitsuJci mailoshi tnOiQSa nro;nevyy evcrywee evymonlh cvcry year every moming cvcryghl

I lor the empty mornlng and nlghl sJots.noasaorrn10 Ihe relallve day word-9.g..klnd no sss .yeslerymomlng. dsshlts no ban "lomorrow nlght." 2 lor sakJcl and sto de the leIholllmemovnthe prenl 18 relatlvely brlel bul nol a 8pIIcunll olllme.

The extent of the actlon

MODIFYING VERBS ADJECTlVES & DeSU 45

When sukoshi (alie")modifies a verb Iike taberu (eat") it indicates the extent of the ac-tion-how much the person will eat ingeneral tenns. Words that express a more specific quantity or number al80 function as adverbs to indicate the extent of the action.

~ IWhiletaking in the street s neIn Shlbuya a trendy s-J ..... tion 01 Tokyo KOsuke and hls glrlfrlend Hlr:0stop In at a i small coeshop. On the way out Hiroko buys two bags 01.Kilimanjaroffeeand gives one to KOsuke. E Htroko:|1 .!; lJageru wa. J one will ive !fem._ cC)1I}i IUgivey"One's for you." (PL2) f KOsuke:

Arigaro. !hanks."(epolifonnof ageru (give [awayJ") is age"su. j gar0usnfonnn1 situations isar'igargozaj"su.

As is eof other quantity words in Japanese hitotsu (one") can be used as a noun but he itis an adverb that indicate8 the extent ofthe verb's action: how much she will give.lisis typical of quantity expressions in Japanestheymodify the verb rather than the related noun even when the quantity expression pcedesan explicitly stated subject or object. The structure for nouns modifying other nounsyou'11 leam in Lesson 7 d sallow Japanese quantity words to directly modify subjects/objec butsuch use is relatively uncommon.

Counter sufflxes

???????

When counting or saying how many in J apanese the number is customarily given acounter" orc1assifier" suffixexSeshape natu oftheobjtsin question.esesuffixes are similar to words Iike 8heets" when you saynsheets of paper" orcups" when you say Hreecups of coffee" in English but in Japanese the system is pervasive raerthan being used only for certain select items. There ardozensofdierentcounters some with rigidly resctedusage others with a broader range. Thc counter in fig. 80 is-tsu.Because it can be

applied to almost anhingexcept people and other ani-mate things it serves as a kind of generic counteratyou can use when you don't know which ofemospeciflc counters is appropriate; it's a1so often used for statingeage of small children. This generic counting sequence goes only to 10 with the suffix sometimes changing to-ttsuand with 10 getting no suffix at all. Ifthe complete series only goes to 10 what do you

do afterat?As a matter of fact it gets easier in this Cebyouc thenjust say the numrby itself and have it mean11 items"25 items"50 items" and so forth.lemore complete nun rseries is in-duced onenext page. The corresponding word for askinghowm y?"

is ikutsu.This word issousedtoask oldeyoulisshe?".-especialIywhen speak.ingtor about a small child but a1so for older follts as well (with whom it often becomes 0ikutsufor politeness).

2hltOfSU

Agenrlccountlng seqU8nce '

4 1 f!atsu miusu yortsll two Ihrce

?? ?????

one ? ?? ? ? 2

~) ) /.

rsunlne tcn

td mutrsu nallar.u yallsu eight ~III even

? .Ikuuu arsu ka? FutQt.vu bemasu.how many exisllbave (?) 2 counl will EHow many do you have?" (PL3)1'11 eat two." (1? .lkutsu" Ir.vwsu desu. h old !i VfM. imlis OWold are you?" (PL2)t'm nve 3)

46 LESSON6

1! !

1 U'hi + /wi '" iUDi 2 ni + kui = nikoi 3 san + /wi .. sunkoi 4 yun + koi = )'unJcai !I go + /wi '" gokoi 6 rolcu + Icai = rolclcai 7 nu+ kai = nunakui 8 hachi + kui = Iwlc/wi 9 kyII + koi = ky10 jii + k/wi .. jukkDi or jilc/wi

ic

2 3 4 5 6 ? 8 9 10 100 1.0) 10.

A more comprehenslve countlng system Thegenericm:r -tsu attachnumbersin a native Japane coun19systemwheunow quite limited. Most tersare used wianoernumber systemderivesfrom Chine.It'sissecond systematpeopleeforevtmorityof tasks involving calculatiom dnumerical values: malh. statisti. fmance scienlengisiring. dsofo.

Thisman is tryingMic.ttolikeaNot surprisingly Michaells unimpressed but the man d

cides to try agaln.

M:|| !!Ydshi. soreja. m L.LJ iku w!! all ri n mnelimegolwgo.)

. F E z .. ? E . AlI rlgbtenhere l'$emore tlme!"'(PL2) f .y'()~sshioryshhi1is inttejectti.ornudwhlenbqsIInEEtion2Waan1

Thenumbers

lyca.rriesafeeIingofd rminonOK!lHeregoes!/Let's go!1 i. All right!"

soreja isaltbe begmning of sensas 8tinswotlikef en/in1case."

md before a qntityor number mns8tmuch/thal many) mo" ikka; is a combination of ;ch; ("one") and -ka;ecotersufflxudfor"times:cionpetitions."

the adverb mmodifiikkai (md ikkoi =nemore")lcom-bination modifieverb i/culikimasu ("gotoindiC81e the CXlC'nt of the acbon.

eChinese-derived numbers work very much like Bnglish numbers. wielatunit coing first. For multiples of tens hundrsthousandsdtenousandsemultiplier pceseunit: 30 = san (3") xju (10")sanju and 2= ni(2") x hyaku ( 1") nihyaku. ~va1ues of the next largest units follow in sequence fmishing with the ones so 230 = nihyaku + sanju nihyaku-sanju and 235 = nihyakusanju+ go (5") nihyasaju80.BUI lhere's one big diffience.Jap esehas a distinct tenthousands"place man. l'JW.

means large numbersegrouped byousandsins dof by hundreds. After I mancom~ )()mall before moving on 10cnext gro startingat 1 oku then 10 oku Ioku etc.

The baslc numbers and unlts How unlts are comblned

Kanji KanalRomaJI ichi jtaI i't1lul 2n0 ua arokun;

sall yOIlori h1

99.ky'BIQJ yonhya ~'Nl/IQ2

.... '-1(0 .- rok14 nzetr rokulIen-ichi haaSell-RQhya/(ullOiajiP/ IItlruor shichi 3.1JO 61l 8570 hClchi | kvuorku ichinn ja1m0mn n" hy1

ummanm" Issenmanl

-1n" n'ju 101 100;)() 1.1)().OOO lO)()OOO

f hWlkuF sell m(II/

1.0000 oku

' a

-

mam

U

.4bM

ebm-mFeEewbaW--

u-wM

qWLHu'VWaM'@F

znzmH

m

ntaw

M

wa

0m

a

+m1

bbyMed

Mu

M

n

ua

m

b.

-a"m

ar

M

d

e

MODlFYING VERBS ADJECTlVES & DeSU 47

Another generlc counter For the Chinese-derived systememost versatile counter is(-koor-koftenwritnwith a katakanainisexample). Ko is used for a wide variety of objects usually but not always relatively smaJl that don't have a more spcco;itnbeoughtofasmngitems"orpieces."

~ ~ Every year around 1he tlme of the springuinox.KOsuke gets a crav5ing for sakurs-moch-apounded ri C.0ftlfed withtbeamiaMwrapp ina rryloaf-and he makes a trlp to the local shop spial.itingIn tradionnfections.The lady there always adds something extra :-arthistimo. when he's finished. she askshe'dlike another. z ?? ?

?? ? ? ?

? ?? ?

??? ??

Shop Lady: 11|?Mi laberu kai? m 1 piece wi11 eal (7) WilI youtonemo1"Would you IIke another?" (PL2)

KOSuke: .M;; desu. now/a1ready go/fIne/enough is It's aJready enough." I've had enough thanks." (PL3)

Customer: .Kudasal. olease E:xcuse me." (PL3)

? 1

ikko is ichi (one") plusecounter 8uffix -ko which changes tokkowhen combined wiichl.Sound changes Iikeosenoted on the facing page for combining numbersoocc whencombining numberwicountersuffixes. You can see the other sound changes for ko aterighl. epolifonnof laberu ("eat") is tabemasu. iis aendlier-feeling.coIloquial version of the question marker (fig..50). md aPlreinthofits mnings.more"dalready"(figs. 747.5). ;; is an a1temative fo.nofthetiveyoi (sd/fine/okay"; seeg.76 note on yoku). Md ii de.fu (lil.Iam/il is a1ready g")is an expression for l've haden gh."

kudasai means "plle glveme"dcan usedlikeisrogetasclerk's attenrion.

1 ichl +ko ikko2 ni + ko .. ni/w 3 3an + ko..sanko4 yon + ko = yonko 5 110 + ko = gokCl 6 roku + ko = rok/co 7 nana +=nako8 haclli + ko '" hakko 9 ky~ + ko = kyuko 10 ju + ko '" jllk/co or j

Some other common counters Listed in the box below are a few of the mo commoncounters. Except as noted. simply com-bine the standard form of the number with the standard form of the suffiJt. The question mark indicates the form for asking how many1"; when no special form is indica forquestions combine nanwithestandard form of the suffix. Y on is generally prefeed

over shi for 4 in part because shi sounesame as the word for death." Nana and shichi for 7 are usually both acceptable but in many cases conventional agefavors one or the other so you'lI w tto pay attention to which seems to be more com-mon among native speakers. wheverju-for 10 changes to a shortjujiisalso acceptable (e.gjipponIDst dof juppon).

Frequently u8ed counter8

- -hon= things that are lon$ and skinny or cylindrical. like pencils. pens needlewislines bottles. teeth (1 = ippon 3 = sanbon. 6 :;: roppon 8 = happon. 10 =juppon ? = nanbon). moiinf1atings.like paper plates. CDs. computer disks. boardsl plywd mats. hoi= cupfuls glaful&.bowlfuls boxfuls (l = ;ppai 3 = sanbai 6 = roppai 10 = juppai. ? :;: 1Janbai) . ..aotsu= bound volumes: books magazines photo albums (1 = issatsu 8 =hsotsu 10 = jussatsu).

-dai= machines large and smaJl including electricalpliceselectronic equipment telephones cameras automobiles busesucks..hiki=smJ-to medium-sized aru-mals (1 ='J1iki3 = sanbila 6 :;: roppiki 8=h'pilci10:;: jltpiki ? = nanbr'ki). =pl sin nun edseri-nin= persons (1 ='Ori2::41(11'J 4= yonin)~ .sm(also written )=yfage(1 = issai 8 = hassai 10 = jUS$aJ).legeneric- .18Uis aJso used to cnt age. es'ciallyfor small children.

48 LESSON6

Fun wlth dates The gag