land and water use. feeding a growing population
TRANSCRIPT
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Land and Water Use
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FEEDING A GROWING POPULATION
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Human Nutritional Requirements
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Human Nutritional Requirements
• Calories– Male– Female
• Nutrition– Protein:– Carbohydrate:– Fat:
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Human Nutritional Requirements
• Food source– 100 species of plants (350,000 available)• Wheat and rice supply over half human Calories
– 8 animal species supply 90% of world’s needs
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Types of Agriculture
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Types of Agriculture
• Soil Prep1) High input:
2) Subsistence:
3) Tillage:
4) Low Till, no till:
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Types of Agriculture
• Crop type1) Crop Rotation:
2) Monoculture:
3) Polyculture:
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Green Revolution
• 1950-1970
• 1970
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Genetically Engineered Crops
• 75% of all crops are genetically engineered– Pest, drought, mold, salinity resistance– Higher protein yield– Higher vitamin content
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Genetically Engineered Crops
Prosa) b) c) d) e) f)
Consa) b) c) d) e) f)
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
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Main Goals
1. 2. 3. 4.
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Efficient Use of Inputs
1. 2. 3.
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Selection of Site, Species, and Variety
• Pest-resistant crops• Location (climate, topography)• Soil type and depth• Previous crop history• “Do your homework”
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Species Diversity
• Reduces economic risk• Can improve soil• Optimum diversity – livestock and crops
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Soil Management
• Reduces need for:
• Reduces issues:
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Soil Management
• Managing Soil– Cover crops– Compost/manure– Reduce tillage– Maintain soil cover – plants/mulch– Regular additions of organic matter
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Relevant Laws
• Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) 1985– Farmers paid for land placed in reserve
• Food Security Act 1985– Farmers must develop and implement soil
conservation programs to remain eligible for subsidies, etc.
• 2002 Farm Security and Rural Investment Act– Subsidies: price supports and farm income
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CONTROLLING PESTS
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Types of Pesticides
• How pesticides differ1. 2. 3.
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Types of Pesticides
• Biological– Living organisms– Ladybugs
• Carbamates (urethanes)– Affect nervous system– Very water soluble– Potent (100g = 2000g DDT)
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Types of Pesticides
• Chlorinated hydrocarbons (DDT)– Affect nervous system– Persistent• Can remain in ecosystem
for up to 15 years
• Fumigants– Sterilize soil– Prevent pest infestation of stored grain
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Types of Pesticides
• Inorganic – mercury, lead, copper– Highly toxic– Accumulate
• Organics (natural)– Derived from plants
(chrysanthemum)
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Types of Pesticides
• Organophosphates - Dursban– Extremely toxic – affects nervous system– Not persistent in environment
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Costs and Benefits
• Many pests have increased in numbers– – – –
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Pros of Pesticides
• Kill unwanted pests that cause disease• Increased food supplies• More food means less expensive• Newer pesticides are safer and more specific• Reduced labor cost• Agriculture is more profitable
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Cons of Pesticides
• Accumulate in food chains• Pests develop resistance• $5-10 in damage done environmentally for every
$1 spent• Expensive• Biomagnification in aquatic environments (runoff)• Ineffective – only 5% reaches a pest• Threatens endangered species, pollinators,
human health
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Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
• Pest control strategy that uses many methods• Reduce or eliminate traditional pesticides• Goal is to control numbers, not eradicate
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Relevant Laws
• Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, & Rodenticide Control Act (FIFRA) 1947– Regulates manufacture and use of pesticides
• Federal Environmental Pesticides Control Act 1972– Requires registration of all pesticides in US
commerce
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Relevant Laws
• Food Quality Protection Act 1996– Emphasizes protection of infants and children in
reference to pesticide residue in food
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Irrigation
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Irrigation
• ¾ of all freshwater• Use depends on climate and industrialization• Up to 70% of irrigation water is lost– – –
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Drip irrigation
• Reduces water loss through evaporation• Expensive to install• Used on 1% of crops
worldwide
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Sustainable Irrigation Limits
• Increased costs• Depletion of current sources• Competition from urban areas• Restoration of wetlands and fisheries• Salinization