land consolidations in slovakia - sulanet · land consolidations in slovakia ... • plots which...
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Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra
Faculty of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering
Department of Landscape Planning and Land Consolidation
Land consolidations in Slovakia
http://www.fzki.uniag.sk/
Zlatica Muchová
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The Slovak Republic
• population: 5 412 008
• area: 49 036 km2
• agriculture land: 49 % ( out of this arable land is 29 %)
• forest: 41 %
• water: 2 %
• built-up: 5 %
• other: 3 %
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The present country
We can see in the rural country:
• Gigantic agricultural units =>
Environmental problems (as wind and water erosion, degradation of fertile land, washing off of topsoil, sudden local floods, low ecological stability ...)
Foto by Sklenička
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We cannot see in the rural country: • High landowner fragmentation. • Plots which look like long „noodles“ of land and cannot be split any more
(they are too narrow, plot´s width is only 2 m and and length is 700m). • It is impossible to draw this plots in the cadastral map any more. • The boundaries of owner fragmentation are hidden under gigantic blocks
of land; they are recorded only in cadastral evidence as an arithmetic fraction (ratio).
Ownership relations
Foto by Sklenička
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• Parcel has many co-owners who share the join ownership • Parcel has many unknown owners of plots (which causes
extremely problematic purchase of land)
Ownership relations – co-owners, join ownership
Foto by Sklenička
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Why these problems exist? We need to look back into the history.
Key words: The Austro-Hungarian Empire (more precisely the Kingdom of Hungary, Austrian
Empire) Hungarian and Austrian aristocracy – the majority landowners 1848 (Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire) – the end of villeinage, lieges
became owners of land Land inheritance in history during the Austro-Hungarian Empire Small land owners rarely wrote a will Principles of Hungarian and Austrian law
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The Austro-Hungarian Empire (1867 – 1918)
Austrian Empire (1804–1867) Revolutions of 1848 in the Austrian Empire
Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867
Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rak%C3%BAsko-Uhorsko#/media/File:%C3%96sterreich-Ungarns_Ende.png
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Hungarian inheritance law
All siblings inherited equally
According to the Hungarian law, the property was split into equal shares amongst all children
Kingdom of Hungary
1/1
1/5 1/5 1/5 The first generation 5 children
The second generation 5 children 4/25
1/100
1/5 1/5
4/25 4/25 4/25 4/25
1/100 1/100 1/100
4/500
The third generation 4 children
Next generation 5 children
It continues in the same way till present…
Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law
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1/1
1/1
1/1
1/1
Austrian Empire Austrian inheritance law
(Generally) the eldest son inherited everything (or only one of all siblings)
In Austria usually the oldest son inherited the land. The land ownership there is not so dispersed as in Slovakia.
1/1
The first generation 5 children
The second generation 5 children
The third generation 4 children
Next generation 5 children
Differences between Hungarian and Austrian law
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One owner (happy married couple) owned one parcel at the start of the history of property.
SUMMARY - Hungarian property law
1/1
http://www.kpu.sk/clanky-nazory/pozemkove-upravy-nastroj-na-riesenie-rozdrobenosti-pozemkoveho-vlastnictva
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The property share was usually distributed uniformly between its heirs. This principle of inheritance caused increasing of the number of co-owners and it resulted in land strips (in division and shrinking of the areas of parcels).
1/3 1/3
1/3
SUMMARY - Hungarian property law
The parcels are too narrow: plot´s width is only 2 m and length is 700m
http://www.kpu.sk/clanky-nazory/pozemkove-upravy-nastroj-na-riesenie-rozdrobenosti-pozemkoveho-vlastnictva
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SUMMARY - Hungarian property law After two/three generations it became technically impossible to split the parcels this way (i.e. to create more, but smaller parcels). Therefore the parcel in the map was fixed, but the number of owners in cadastral evidence was increased.
Next generations 1/16 .... 1/64 ... 1/256
aritmethic fraction (ratio) only in the
Land record system
Therefore in Slovakia most of the land is in a join ownership.
http://www.kpu.sk/clanky-nazory/pozemkove-upravy-nastroj-na-riesenie-rozdrobenosti-pozemkoveho-vlastnictva
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aritmethic fraction, property share
Owner
The real estate section of 129 owner relation
Land record system in Slovakia
31000 € 10 6129 m2
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Combined map of an ortophotomap (current) and a cadastral map (property evidence)
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PROBLEMS WITH HIGH LAND FRAGMENTATION IN SLOVAKIA
FACTS:
• Slovak Republic has 97.95 million land ownerships
• number of landowners is 4.1 million
• the average number of plots per owner is 20.6
• the average number of co-owners per plot is 5-6
• number of plots is 8.8 million
• the average area of a plot is 0.55 ha
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In the 1950s the political regime changed
into communism/socialism regime:
nationalization, agricultural cooperative farms
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Small farmers were invited to join the cooperatives: - many joined voluntarily, - others were forced to join. The property of big landowners was nationalized by state. This process was called KOLEKTIVIZÁCIA- COLLECTIVIZATION Agricultural cooperatives cultivated the plots of their members.
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Socialist regime
During socialism the land was in private ownership „de jure“, but the owners had no possibility to use their plots and to cultivate them alone.
http://www.kpu.sk/clanky-nazory/pozemkove-upravy-nastroj-na-riesenie-rozdrobenosti-pozemkoveho-vlastnictva
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The present country
The Czech Republic Post socialist states
Austria Non-socialist states
State boundaries
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1 2 3
4 5 6
7 http://www.googleearth.com
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Poland
Uzbekistan
Slovakia Bulgaria
Italy The Czech Republic
Spain
http://www.googleearth.com
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PROBLEMS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN SLOVAKIA
• gigantic agricultural units
Unhealthy landscape: • Country without green elements • Minimum water areas
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• environmental problems:
Sudden local flood High water erosion, degradation of fertile land, washing off of topsoil
High wind erosion
PROBLEMS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN SLOVAKIA
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Pollution and alluviation of watercouses, sediment in dams and ponds
Low ecological stability stability
PROBLEMS OF THE LANDSCAPE IN SLOVAKIA
• environmental problems:
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The Velvet Revolution in 1989 the end of the communist regime
Solution of the fragmentation of ownership and the problems in the country
Land consolidation after 1991
Act No. 330/1991 Coll. on land consolidation, settlement of land ownership rights, district land offices, the land fund and land
associations (Land consolidation law)
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LC is an integrated process (effective tool) which solves a reallotment planning and landscape values
in egual importance.
Land consolidations…
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Rational management of the land tenure structure: property organization (consolidation of the property rights) in terms of parcels (size, shape and location) and landowners.
Reallotment planning: (reallocation, readjustment, rearrangement)
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involves the provision of the necessary infrastructure such as: new roads, soil and water protection, irrigation system, drainage system, water management, landscaping, ecological stability, environmental management, village renewal, sustainable rural development, improving of rural life quality, soil conservation, the reasonable use of natural resources, …
Landscape planning
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Definition of the FAO
Land consolidation is a term used broadly to describe measures to adjust the structure of property rights through co-ordination between owners and users. Land consolidation involves the reallocation of parcels to remove the effects of fragmentation.
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FAO has prepared three technical publications (guide for land consolidation activities in Central and Eastern Europe):
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LAND CONSOLIDATIONS – CURRENT SITUATION IN SLOVAKIA
• land consolidations are carried out in 426 cadastral areas in Slovakia (from 3559 cadastral areas)
• land consolidations are completed in 261 cadastral areas and further elaborated in 165 cadastral areas
• the success rate in processing of the land consolidation projects is approximately 12% of the area of Slovak Republic
• the figure below displays the number of the projects in Slovakia in every year since 1991
0 13 6 0 0
20 0 8 0 1 4
51 63
46
79
44
7 1
80
2 0 0 1 0
19
91
19
92
19
93
19
94
19
95
19
96
19
97
19
98
19
99
20
00
20
01
20
02
20
03
20
04
20
05
20
06
20
07
20
08
20
09
20
10
20
11
20
12
20
13
20
14
2
01
5
20
16
0 0
(2014–2020) RDP
(2007 – 2013) Rural Development Programme
(2006 – 2008) Sectoral Operational Programme
(2003 – 2006) Pre-accession program SAPARD
till 2003 State budget
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The soil-ecological units and land-value maps There is 7-digit code: to express the evaluation of each soil in Slovakia 6000 SEU codes we use in Slovakia The code includes data on: XX XX X X X Code of climatic region (00-10) Code of main soil units (00-99) Code of soil morphological unit, slope and aspect (0-9) Code of stoniness and depth (0-9) Code od texture (1-5)
7-digit code
The price of agricultural land
The price of other land
0001001 0,13 € 0,10 €
very fertile soils
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aritmethic fraction, property share
Owner
The real estate section of 129 owner relation
Initial state registry
an inventory of all plots in the project area - parcels, buildings, ownership
and encumbrances on the basis of data from land registry.
This database is used to determine claims of owners for new plots.
31000 € 10 6129 m2
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Landscape revitalization in the LC project is represented by the general principles of the functional organization of the territory. The main goal is to establish rules for ecologically optimal management in the landscape in terms of spatial and functional division.
The facilities and measures are as follows: •Roads and related structures •Erosion control measures and related structures •Water management measures •Measures for the protection of the environment
General principles of the functional organization of the territory
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Roads and related structures used for access to plots
Bridges
Culverts
Fords Bike trails Field and forest roads
Eco bridges
Frog Hollow Bridges
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protective afforestation protective greening contour farming
erosion ditches
field windbreak terraces contour buffer strips
grass waterways grass filter strips
Erosion control measures and related structures used to protect soil from wind and water erosion
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Water management measures that provide protection of the country against storm, waters, flooding and provide a source of water to cover water deficits
revitalization of water courses small reservoirs and polders
small natural lakes
levees
irrigation system ameliorative drainage channels
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Measures for the protection of the environment - which means essential establishing of ecological stability and biodiversity conditions in the country
BIOCENTRUM (HUB and CORE)
BIOCORRIDOR
Interaction element: One tree (solitaire tree) Alley of trees
Row of trees by the river
IE
IE
IE
Genius loci: the prevailing character or atmosphere of a place
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General plan of the functional organization of the territory - has to contain a complete list of all facilities and measures.
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Owner 1
Owner 2
Owner 3
Owner 4
Principles of the placement of new plots
New plots should be proportionate to the original plots by the
kind, size, quality.
Merged Scattered
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Principles of the placement of new plots
The kind of plot means: -arable soil, permanent grassland, vineyard, hop garden, orchard, garden, water surface, built-up area, forest, and other areas The size of plot: - the same total area, but of a better shape (not a too narrow plot, but of square or rectangular shape) The quality of plot - the same quality of soil ecological units.
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The part of 129 owner relations in the “old” situation
Three plots in “new” situation
Old evidence
New evidence
Comparison of the “old” and “new” property situation of one owner.
31000 €
31000 €
10 6129 m2
10 6129 m2
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Extract from Property Sheet № 46
Part A: The real estate
Part B: The owners
How the estate was acquired, there by inheritance in 2003
1/1 Property share, arithmetic ratio
Part C: The encumbrance
The real estate register
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Each district keeps the evidence of a new cadastral map
http://www.mapka.sk
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For examples …
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PPÚ Balog nad Ipľom, okres Veľký Krtíš, VUC Banskobystrický
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PPÚ Levkuška, okres Revúca, VUC Banskobystrický
PPÚ Prša, okres Lučenec, VUC Banskobystrický
road erosion ditch
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PPÚ Ostrý Grúň, okres Žarnovica, VUC Banskobystrický
culvert
erosion ditch
roadside
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PPÚ Rašice, okres Revúca, VUC Banskobystrický
PPÚ Sedliacka Dubová, okres Dolný Kubín, VUC Žilinský
shunt/sideway
erosion ditch
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PPÚ Snežnica, okres Kysucké Nové Mesto, VUC Žilinský
fortification of water cannal
bridge
culvert
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Projekt pozemkových úprav Nižné Ružbachy (Archív Okresného úradu Prešov)
PPÚ Falkušovce, okres Michalovce, VUC Košický
Guard rail
road erosion ditch
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PPÚ Snežnica, okres Kysucké Nové Mesto, VUC Žilinský
polder
PPÚ Nižné Ružbachy, okres Stará Ľubovňa, VUC Prešovský
bridge
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PPÚ Nemešany, okres Levoča, VUC Prešovský
Alley of trees
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PPÚ Nemešany, okres Levoča, VUC Prešovský
PPÚ Hniezdne, okres Stará Ľubovňa, VUC Prešovský
Row of trees by the river
Alley of trees
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BEFORE
LAND CONSOLIDATION
6 YEARS LATER AFTER LAND CONSOLIDATION
Thanks for your attention …
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Task 1 Questions
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Write down answers to these questions. Work individually (if you are more representatives of a country, cooperate). You have 20 minutes.
1. How is your country's landscape like? Try to describe rural areas (for example:
size of arable blocks, ecological stability, water and flood problems ...).
2. Describe the ownership relatives in your country (for example: basics of heritage laws in you country, co-owners …).
3. Who cultivates the land in your country? (Owners, farmer cooperatives, corporations …)
4. Have you ever heard about land consolidation in your country? Describe the basic principles, please.
Note: If you can't answer the question right now, you can use the Internet later and send the answers to my address: [email protected] as soon as possible.
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Task 2: General plan of the functional organization of the territory.
Work individually.
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railw
ay
village
railw
ay
state route
150 ha
250 ha
500 ha
200 ha
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Basic information for design of a simple, hypothetical plan :
You can choose from these road nets: radial, square and circular. The landscape visual structure depends on your choice.
You can cross state route and railway only once and you need to design it perpendicularly. Do not restrict the flow of traffic. You can cross river max. twice. Every part of the territory must be accessible. New arable blocks could not be more than 50 ha large. You need to think about landscape ecological stability. It is necessary to raise it. Try to propose new green areas.