1800-1870

What is Nationalism? (Write this down!)

• Nationalism: a feeling of belonging and loyalty

that causes people to think of themselves as a

nation; belief that people’s greatest loyalty

shouldn’t be to a king or to an empire, but to a

nation of people who share a common culture &

history

• During the 19th and 20th centuries,

nationalism was a powerful force that could:

– Create one nation from several separate countries

(ex. Italy & Germany)

– Break up one nation into several countries (ex.

Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

• Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI

& WWII)

• Nationalism can be a force for independence

movements (ex. India, Africa)

• Nation-state: when a nation (people with a

shared background/culture) has it’s own

independent govt.

– In 1815, only Spain, France, & England counted

as nation-states

The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19c “The Sicker Man of Europe”

Egypt and the Napoleonic Example,

1798–1840

• 1798: Napoleon invaded Egypt &defeated the

Mamluk forces he encountered there.

• 15 months later Napoleon returned to France, seized

power, & made himself emperor

• Muhammad Ali emerged as the victor in the

ensuing power struggle in Egypt

• Muhammad Ali used many French practices

to build up the new Egyptian state:

– Schools to train military officers

– Factories to supply the army

• In the 1830s, son Ibrahim invaded Syria & started a similar set of reforms there

• European military pressure forced Muhammad Ali to withdraw in 1841 to the present day borders of Egypt & Israel

• Muhammad Ali remained Egypt's ruler until 1849; his family held onto power until 1952

Ottoman Reform & the European Model,

1807-1853

• End of 18th century Sultan Selim III

introduced reforms to strengthen the military

& the central govt. & to standardize taxation &

land tenure.

• These reforms aroused the opposition of

Janissaries, noblemen, & the ulama

• Tension between the Sultanate & the

Janissaries sparked a Janissary revolt in Serbia

in 1805.

• Serbian peasants helped to defeat the

Janissary uprising & went on to make Serbia

independent of the Ottoman

Empire

• Selim suspended his reform program in 1806,

too late to prevent a massive military uprising

in Istanbul

• Selim was captured & executed before reform

forces could retake the capital

• The Greeks gained independence from the

Ottoman Empire in 1829.

• Britain, France, & Russia assisted the Greeks in

their struggle for independence and regarded

the Greek victory as a triumph of European

civilization

The Crimean War [

1854-1856]

Russia [claimed protectorship

over the Orthodox

Christians in the

Ottoman Empire]

Ottoman Empire

Great Britain

France

Piedmont-Sardinia

(Italian State)

The Charge of the Light Brigade:

The Battle of Balaklava [1854]

A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred.

"Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said:

Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred…

“Charge” Questions

• What is being described?

• How does Tennyson describe it?

• In what ways is this event “romanticized” in the poem?

• How does the poem exhibit nationalism?

The Crimean War [1854-1856]

Florence Nightingale [1820-1910]

“The Lady with the Lamp”

Treaty of Paris [1856]

No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the

Black Sea.

All the major powers agreed to respect the

political integrity of the Ottoman Empire.

Who benefitted?

Who lost big?

Why do you think the Western Powers wanted to

keep the Ottoman Empire intact?

• Who are the sultan’s “noble” allies?

• What does the sultan promise in regards to non-Muslims?

• What does the sultan say he will do in regards to the judicial system?

Russian Imperial Flag

Russia and Europe

• In 1700, only 3% of Russian population lived

in cities

• Russia was slow to acquire a modern

infrastructure & modern forms of

transportation

• While Russia aspired to Western-style

economic development, fear of political

change prevented real progress

• Russia had more in common with the other

European nations than did the Ottoman

Empire

• Slavophiles & Westernizers debated the

proper course for Russian development

• The diplomatic inclusion of Russia among the

great powers of Europe was counterbalanced

by a powerful sense of Russophobia in the

west

Russia and Asia

• By end of 18th century, the Russian Empire had

reached the Pacific Ocean & the borders of China.

• In the 19th century, Russian expansion continued to

the South, bringing Russia into conflict with China,

Japan, Iran, & Ottoman Empire

• Britain took steps to halt Russian expansion before

Russia gained control of all of Central Asia

Cultural Trends

• Russia had had cultural contact with Europe since the late 17th century

• The reforms of Tsar Alexander I promised more on paper than they delivered in practice

• Opposition to reform came from wealthy families: feared reform would lead to imperial despotism, a fear that was realized during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I

The Decemberist Revolt

• Carried out by a group of reform-minded military officers upon the death of Alexander I.

• Their defeat amounted to the defeat of reform for the next 3 decades

• Heavy penalties were imposed on Russia in the treaty that ended the Crimean War.

• The new tsar, Alexander II, was called upon to institute major reforms

• Under Alexander II, reforms & cultural trends

begun under his grandfather were

encouraged and expanded

• The 19th century saw numerous Russian

scholarly & scientific achievements, as well as

the emergence of significant Russian writers

and thinkers

Russian Expansion

A heterogeneous empire

Nicholas I [r. 1825-1855]

Autocracy!

Orthodoxy!

Nationalism!

Alexander II [r. 1855-1881]

Defeat in the

Crimean War.

Emancipation of

the Russian serfs

[1861-1863].

Alexander III [r. 1881-1894]

Reactionary.

Slavophile.

“Russification”

program.

Jews forced

migration to the

Pale

Russian Expansion

The

Pale

Forced Migration of Russia’s Jews

Russian Expansion

• In what directions was Russia expanding?

• How do you think this impacted the Ottomans/Asians/Western Europeans?

• In your opinion, is expansion a form of nationalism? Explain.

The Qing Empire

Extraterritoriality

• The right of foreign residents in a country to

live under the laws of their native country

and disregard the laws of the host country.

• Common among European and American

nationals living in certain areas of Chinese

and Ottoman cities.

Economic and Social Disorder, 1800–1839

• When the Qing conquered China in the 1600s they restored peace & stability

• promoted the recovery & expansion of the agricultural economy

• Layed the foundation for the doubling of the Chinese population between 1650 - 1800.

• By 1800, population pressure was causing environmental damage & contributing to an increasing number of itinerant farmhands, laborers, & merchants

• There were a number of sources of discontent in Qing China.

• Various minority peoples had been driven off their land, & many people regarded the government as being weak, corrupt

• Discontent was manifest in a series of internal rebellions in the 19th century, beginning with the White Lotus rebellion (1794–1804).

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Warm-Up

• Is the threat of war or violence something that should be used for a government/country to get what one wants? Why or why not?

• 3-5 reasons

Boxer Rebellion Activity OPTION 1

• On a half sheet of white paper, create a 3-paneled cartoon that goes through the main points of the Boxer Rebellion

• Use INK AND COLOR

• Include dialogue or captions

• EFFORT = GRADE!

• DUE TODAY

OPTION 2

• Using a piece of paper, write an account of the Boxer Rebellion from the perspective of – A member of the Boxers taking

part in the rebellion

OR

– A European soldier who is tasked with crushing the rebellion

Be sure to write from their point of view and include the themes of imperialism

Your account should take up an entire page