Land Information Systemsin Developing Countries:

Bibliography

Compiled by:

Harlan OnsrudJeff JohnsonPatrick Kirby

Ricardo MorenoBheshem Ramlal

Department of Surveying EngineeringUniversity of Maine

Orono, Maine 04469-5711

National Center for Geographic Information and AnalysisReport 94-3

ii

Acknowledgments

Articles on land information systems and cadastral systems in developing countries are spreadamong disparate and often difficult to find literature sources. We wish to thank the manyindividuals who have aided the compilation of this bibliography by offering their ownbibliographies, uncovering overlooked articles, supplying copies of articles, and reviewing thedraft document. For special thanks we wish to mention Grenville Barnes, Gary Hunter, D.Jeyanandan, Gary Jeffress, John McLaughlin, Susan Nichols, Malcolm Robertson, and IanWilliamson.

We also wish to thank the Department of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering at the Universityof New Brunswick and the Land Tenure Center at the University of Wisconsin for allowing us toaccess the materials in their libraries. Without their past and ongoing efforts on which to build,this bibliography would have been far more difficult to compile and far less comprehensive.

We gratefully acknowledge partial funding for this project by NCGIA which is funded by NSFgrant SES 88-10917.

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2

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Eckstein, S., et al. (1978). Land Reform in Latin America: Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Peru and Venezuela . The World Bank.

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Ezigbalike, Innocent Chukwudozie (1985). Land Information Systems Design: Software Considerations . Department of Surveying Engineering, University of New Brunswick, NewBrunswick, Canada.

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Feder, Gershon (1986). The Economic Implications of Land Ownership Security in Rural Thailand . Washington, D.C.: Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, The WorldBank. 58.

Feder, Gershon (1987). “Land Registration and Titling from an Economist's Perspective: A CaseStudy in Rural Thailand.” Survey Review 29.226: 163-174.

Fisher, R. (1986). The South African Cadastre: Today and Tomorrow. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG XVIII Congress . Toronto, Canada: FIG. 212-222.

Fitch, D.B.S., and R.K. Bullard (1986). Competing Demands for Land in Rural Areas - ASurvey within FIG Member Countries. International Federation of Surveyors XVIII Congress .Toronto, Canada: FIG. 452-469.

Furmston, B.E., and I.T. Logan (1986). LIS in Developing Countries - A Necessity or a Luxury. International Federation of Surveyors XVIII Congress . Toronto, Canada: FIG. 280-291.

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Goodwin, D.P. (1993). Appropriate Cadastres for Southern Africa: The Case of Zimbabwe. Conference of Southern African Surveyors . Sun City, Bophuthatswana:

Gopalaswamy, R. (1976). “Human Settlement in Asia.” Habitat 19.3/4: 44-46.Government, Nigeria Federal Military (1978). Land Tenure Decree . Nigeria: Federal MilitaryGovernment.

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Halake, Joseph (1989). “An Evaluation of Cadastral Boundary Delimination Processes(WithParticular Reference to Kenya).” M.Sc. UNB.

Hardy, Ernest E. (1987). Data Preparation for a GIS in a Developing Country Situation. GIS'87 .San Francisco, CA: 498-508.

Haroen, Toni S., Graham D. Lodwick, and John Cameron (1991). Cadastral Reform as a Basisfor an LIS in Indonesia. GIS/LIS '91 Proceedings . Atlanta: ACSM-ASPRS-URISA-AM/FM. 2:992-999.

Harvey, H.R. (1991). Land and Politics in the Valley of Mexico . Albuquerque: University ofNew Mexico Press.

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Henssen, J.L.G. (1981). The requirements and significance of a land registration system,including the cadastre, for developing countries. FIG Congress . Montreux: FIG.

Henssen, J.L.G. (1986). Land Registration (including Cadastre) as a Requirement of LandAquisition and Land Disposal, Especially for Developing Countries. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG XVIII Congress . Toronto, Canada: FIG. 59-69.

Henssen, J.L.G. (1988). Some Remarks on the Value of a Cadastre for Developing Countries. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali,Indonesia: FIG. 84-101.

Henssen, J.L.G., and J.D. McLaughlin (1986). The Development of a Conceptual Frameworkfor the Study of Cadastral Systems. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG XVIII Congress .Toronto, Canada: FIG. 1-13.

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Henssen, J.L.G., and I.P. Williamson (1990). Land Registration, Cadastre, and It's Interaction ina World Perspective. International Federation of Surveyors, XIX Congress . Helsinki, Finland:FIG. 14-43.

Hicks, James F. (1990). Ecuador's Amazon Region, Development Issues and Options . WorldBank (Discussion Papers).

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Holstein, Lynn (1988). Education and Technology for Land Information Management in LeastDeveloped Countries. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: FIG. 106-113.Holstein, Lynn (1988). LIS Problems and Issues in Urban Areas. International Federation of Surveyors- FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: FIG. 53-59.

Holstein, Lynn (1990). The Cadastre as a Tool of Resource Management in DevelopingCountries. Sixth General Assembly and Technical Seminar . London:

Holstein, Lynn (1990). Land Information Management in Support of Urban Development in Developing Countries: Requirements, Issues, and Options . The World Bank.

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Hopfer, Andrzej, Krzysztof Posniak, and Kazimierz Zwirowicz (1990). Selected Aspects ofEconomics of Cadastres as an Example of Land Information Systems. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: FIG. 60-65.

Hopfer, A., and I.P. Williamson (1990). The Socio-Economic Impact of the Cadastre on RuralLand Management: A Report by Commission VII. International Federation of Surveyors-FIG XIX Congress . Helsinki, Finland: FIG. 236-244.

Howell, L.J. (1974). “The cadastral survey and registration project in the Caribbean.” Chartered Surveyor .Supplement:

Humphries, B. (1985). “The Crisis in Land Information Management.” The Australian Surveyor 32.5: 321-329.

Hunter, G. J., and I. P. Williamson (1990). “The development of a historical digital cadastraldatabase.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 4.2: 169.

Hutacharoen, Malee (1987). Application of GIS Technology to the Analysis of Deforestationand Associated Environmental Hazards in Northern Thailand. GIS'87 . San Francisco, CA: 509-518.

Hyde, R.F. (1991). “The Feasibility of a Land Information System for Belize, Central America.” International Journal of Geographical Information Systems 5.1: 99.

IJGIS (1991). “GIS in Developing Nations Special Issue.” IJGIS 5.1:

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Imwati, Andrew Thiaine (1989). “An Evaluation of Land Titling in Kenya.” M.Eng. Report.UNB.

Irsyam, M. (1988). Status Report on Remote Sensing Activities in Indonesia. Meeting of the Directors of the National Remote Sensing Centers, United Nations Development Program .United Nations. 4.

Jahja (1987). “A model for a cadastral land information system for Indonesia.” M. Surveying.University of New South Wales.

James, E. (1988). Final Workshop Resolutions. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 257-259.

Jeffress, G.A. (1991). Land Ownership Information Use in Real Property Market Transactions .University of Maine.

Jeffress, G.A. and Onsrud, H.J. (1989). “The Thailand Land Titling Project An Overview.” Surveying and Mapping 49.1: 17-20.

Jeyanandan, D. (1988). Towards the implementation of a land information system. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia:

Jeyanandan, D. (1992). Selective Implementation of Cadastral Reform. International Conference on Cadastral Reform . University of Melbourne, Australia:

Jeyanandan, D., and Ian Williamson (1990). A Cadastral Model for Developing Countries. National Conference on Cadastral Reform . Melbourne, Australia: University of Melbourne. 1:81-93.

Jeyanandan, D. and Hunter, G.J. (1990). Cadastral Reform'90. National Conference on Cadastral Reform'90 . Melbourne, Australia: The University of Melbourne. 325.

Jiwalai, W. (1988). Problems and Issues- Urban LIS. FIG Land Information System Workshop .Bali, Indonesia:

Jiwalai, W. (1988). Urban land information system: Bangkok Metropolis case. FIG Land Information Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 102-105.

Jones, B.M. (1964). Land Tenure in South Africa - Past, Present and Future . University ofNatal, Durban, South Africa.

Kain, Roger J.P., and Elizabeth Baigent (1992). The Cadastral Map in the Service of the State .Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 423.

Kalms, T. (1986). Land Registration within the Concept of L.I.S. FIG XVIII Congress, Commission 7 . Toronto, Canada:

Kapetsky, J.M., L. Mcgregor, and N.E. Herbert (1987). A GIS to Assess Opportunities forAquaculture Development: A FAO-UNEP/GRID Study in Costa Rica. GIS'87 . SanFrancisco,Calfornia: 519-535.

Keiwalinsrit, S. (1984). The Titling of Rural Land in Thailand. International Workshop on Land Tenure Administration . Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 99-148.

11

Kennedy, W.D., et al. (1983). Thailand Land Titling Project. Conference of Commonwealth Surveyors . 14.

Kent, R.B. (1981). Property Identification - Land Registration and Cadastral Mapping in Less Developed Countries: An annotated Bibliography . Public Administration Series . Monticello,IL: Vance Bibliographies. 19.

Kent, R.B. (1987). “Cadastral Mapping for Development in Central America and the Caribbean1960-1980.” Cartographica 24.4: 49-58.

Khosla, M. (1981). Role of land surveying in developing countries . CommonwealthAssociation of Surveying and Land Economy, India.

Kiamba, M. (1988). The state of Land Information Systems in Kenya. World Congress III on Computer Assisted Valuation and Land Information Systems . Harvard Law School, Cambridge,Massachusetts:Kishor, Puneet, and Bernard J. Niemann (1990). Geographic Information Systems in India: A'Look Before You Leap Caveat' to Technology Transfer. Annual Conference of the URISA .Edmonton, Alberta: 1: 55-66.

Knetsch, J. and Trebilock, M. (1981). Land Policy and Economic Development in Papua New Guinea . Institute of National Affairs, Ports Moresby.

Konecny, G. (1989). United Nations Centre for Human Settlements Project UAE 85/012 Land Surveying Consultancy Dubai Municipality . University of Hannover, Germany.

Koshkarev, A. (1992). “Geographical Information Systems in the CIS: A Critical View on theCritical State.” Yearbook of the Association for Geographic Information 1992/1993 . Ed. J.Cadoux-Hudson and D.J. Heywood. London: Taylor and Francis. 212-218.

Lambert, V. (1990). Ecuador Land Titling Project Evaluation . United States Agency forInternational Development, Development Alternatives Inc. Bathesda, Maryland.

Larsson, G. (1971). “Land Registration in Developing Countries.” World Cartography . 11: 33-67.

Larsson, Gerhard (1991). Land Registration and Cadastral Systems: Tools for Land Information Management . New York: John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 175.

Lawrance, J. (1984). Cadasters and Land Registration. International Workshop on Land Tenure Administration . Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 392-429.

Lawrance, J.C.D. (1985). Overview. Land Tenure and Rural Productivity in the Pacific Islands .FAO.

Lawson, V. (1988). “Government Policy Biases and Ecuadorian Agricultural Change.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 78.3: 433-452.

Leatherdale, J.D. (1988). Digital Mapping Report of Urban Mapping Project in Indonesia .Hunting Survey & Consultants Limited, London, England.

Lee, Goh Ban (1984). Issues and Problems of a Land Information System in Malaysia. National Seminar on LIS . Kualalumpur:

12

Lester, K. (1993). The Cadastral and Topographic Component of the South African NationalLand Information System. Conference of Southern African Surveyors . Sun City,Bophuthatswana:

Lichfield, N. (1980). Human Settlements Issues 4: Settlement Planning and Development; A Strategy for Land Policy . Vancouver, Bristish Columbia: University of British Columbia Press.

Lindsay, G. (1988). Issues and Problems in Land Resources Management in the Region. FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia.

Logan, M.I. (1972). “The Spatial System and Planning Strategies in Developing Countries.” Geographical Review 62.2: 229-244.

Loker, W.M., S.E. Carter, and P.G. Jones (1993). “Identification of Areas of Land Degradationin the Peruvian Amazon Using a Geographic Information System.” Interciencia 18.3: 133.

Lyons, K., and M. Adil. Khan (1988). Education and Training in Land-Based Issues: A MultiDisciplinary Approach. FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia:

MacKenzie, R. (1989). The Development of a Methodology to Assess User Requirements for the Implementation of Municipal Information Management Systems . Department of SurveyingEngineering, University of New Brunswick.

Makaza, T. (1987). Land Information Needs in Zimbabwe . University of New Brunswick.

Management, Bureau of Land (1977). Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Cadastral Survey: Cadastral Key to Effective Management . Bureau of Land Management. 73.

Masser, Ian (1990). The Utilization of Computers in Local Government in Less DevelopedCountries: A Case Study of Malaysia. Annual Conference of the URISA . Edmonton, Alberta:4: 235-246.

Masser, I. , and H. Campbell (1989). Conditions for the Effective Utilisation in Urban Planning in Developing Countries . University of Sheffield, Department of Town and Regional Planning.

Matthias, H.J. (1990). Control Networks, Large Scale Mapping, Legal Surveys, Cadastre, LandProperty Registration, Land Information Systems Around the World. An International Inquiry inall FIG- Countries. FIG XIX Congress . Helsinki, Finland: 436-447.

Mayr, W., and G. Latham (1988). An Appropriate Land Information System for a DevelopingCountry. FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 229-242.

McCarty, D.F. (1989). Developing Economies in Transition Volume II, Country Studies: Argentina, Peru, Brazil, China, India, Pakistan . World Bank.

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13

McLaughlin, J. , and S. Masry (1982). “Multipurpose Land Information Systems: A CanadianPerspective.” Journal of the Surveying and Mapping Division 108.SU1: 9.

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McLaughlin, J. , and D. Palmer (1985). The Management of Land Information. Conference of Southern African Surveyors .

McLaughlin, J. and Williamson, I. (1985). “Trends in Land Registration.” The Canadian Surveyor 39.2: 95-108.

Michev, W.H. (1983). Land Management in the People's Republic of Bulgaria. International Federation of Surveyors FIG Congress . Sofia, Bulgaria:

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Mohamed, A. (1982). Cadastre and Cadastral Surveying in the Sudan . University of Wisconsin-Madison.

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Moreno, R. (1990). Technical Process of the Pilot Project CATIR: Catastro Titulacion Rural, Implementation of Rural Cadastral System, Salcedo County, Ecuador, South America .University of Maine.

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Nawawi, M. (1985). “Land Development as a Way to Economic Stability in Rural Areas: TheMalaysian Experience.” : 8.

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Nichols, S.E. (1993). Land Registration: Managing Information for Land Administration .University of New Brunswick.

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Onsrud, H. (1990). The Cadastral Mapping Challenge for Surveyors in the U.S.A. FIG XIX Congress . Helsinki, Finland: 375-381.

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Opadeyi, J. The Development of Concepts and Approaches to Land Information Management in Developing Countries . Department of Surveying Engineering, University of New Brunswick.

Opadeyi, Jacob (1987). “Land Information Management for Sub-Sahaha Africa.” M.Eng.Report. UNB.

Opadeyi, J. (1989). Research on the Cadastral System of Less Developed Countries: Efforts andStrategies at UNB. Atlantic Institute Research Seminar . Orono, Maine:

Ordonez-Pinzon, G. (1981). An Evaluation of the Nature and Potential Role of the Colombian Cadastral System . University of New Brunswick.

Oswal, H.L. (1975). “Cadastral Surveys in India.” Survey Review 23.178: 156-165.

Palad, G.A. (1988). National Photogrammetric Cadastre and Mapping for Land ResourceManagement. FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia:

Panel on a Multi-Purpose Cadastre (1983). Procedures and Standards for a Multi-Purpose Cadastre . National Research Council.

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Pong-Chai, G. (1988). Towards an International Data Exchange Standard for LIS Applications. FIG Land Information System Workshop . Bali, Indonesia:

Porter, J. R. (1993). “The Cyprus Land Information Project: A model for emerging nations.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 17.3: 253.

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Rakai, Mele E. T., and I. Chuwudozie Ezigbalike (1992). Fiji: Implications of LIS for LandTenure. Annual Conference of the AURISA . Queensland, Australia: 1: 332-342.

Rasak, S.A. (1982). Critical Review of Land Tenure and Land Registration in Nigeria .University of New Brunswick.

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15

Robertson, Bik (1992). Cadastral reform Managing the Change. International Conference on Cadastral Reform . University of Melbourne, Australia:

Robertson, M.M. , and P. Done (1988). “The Cadastral System in Trinidad.” Survey Review 29.228: 269-278.

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Sachs, W., ed. (1992). The development Dictionary: A Guide to Knowledge as Power . London:Zed Press.Saco, A. M. (1964). Present Land Tenure Problems in Peru. Inter-American Development Bank Seminar on Land Reform and Economic Development . 6.

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Sanni, Samson S. O. (1980). National Urban Growth Policies in Developing Countries .University of New Brunswick, Canada.

Sedunary, M. E. (1988). Land Information Systems - Their Reasons and Rewards. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information systems Workshop . Bali Indonesia:

Sedunary, Mervyn E. (1993). “A Strategic Approach to Land Information Management.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems :

Sek, Foong Kwan (1986). “A Computer Assisted Land Surveying System(CALS) for the JohureState Survey Department.” The Surveyor 21.1:

Sherer, S. A. (1982). Indonesia: Urban III and Urban IV Supervision Mission . World Bank.

Sherer, S. A. (1986). Legal Cadastre Case Study: Kenya. Second World Bank Staff Seminar On Land Information Systems . Annapolis, Maryland, U.S.A: 17.

Simmerling, F. & Hensen, J. L. G. (1986). Demarcation of Property Boundaries in DifferentCountries. International Federation Of Surveyors - FIG, XVIICongress, Commission 7 . TorontoCanada: 154-156.

Simpson, S. R. (1976). Land Law and Registration Book 1 . Cambridge University Press.

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Sliuzas, R. V. and Van Vugt, R. (1988). The Application of Relatively Inexpensive GIS -Techniques for Monitoring and Planning of Urban Development in Developing Countries. GIS/LIS'88 . San Antonio, Texas, USA: 68-80.

Smith , G. L. (1990). Cadastral Reform: Barriers, Risk & Opportunities. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG, XVIX, Commission 7 . Helsinki, Finland: 282-294.

Smith, Lee (1988). LIS and Developing Countries: Implementations and Optimisation. Low Cost LIS Conference . Department of Geographic Information, Queensland, Australia:

Soetandi, Jahja (1987). “A Model For Land Information System for Indonesia.” MSc.University of New South Wales, Australia.

Somaskearam, T. (1989). The High Road or the Low Road? The Harsh Choice Facing National Mapping Agencies of Technologically Less Developed Small States . University of NewBrunswick, New Brunswick, Canada.

Stanfield, David (1984). Rural Land Titling Programs in Latin American Countries. International Workshop on Land Tenure Administration . Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 205-249.

Steel, R. (1975). The Role of CASTLE in Survey Education in Developing Countries. Commonwealth Survey Officers Conference . 6.

Strasma, John (1979). Assessment of the Status and Problems of Cadastral Survey, Land Titling, Property Registration, and Land Taxation in the Dominican Republic . University of Wisconsin,Madison, Wisconsin.

Suat, J. (1988). Development and Implementation of Land Information Systems in Papua NewGuinea. International Federationa of Surveyors - FIG Land Information System Workshop .Bali, Indonesia: 243-252.

Supranowo (1988). Steps of LIS in Indonesia. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 243-252.

Systems, Workshop on Land Registration and Land Information (1990). Report of the Workshop on Land Registration and Land Information Systems . United Nations.

Talvitie, Juha (1988). Suppporting Regional Development with Appropriate LIS. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land information Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 1-4.

Tauch, R. and Albertz, J. (1986). Synopsis of Papers submitted by Developing Countries. International Conference on Remote Sensing for Development . Berlin, West Germany: GermanFoundation for International Development. 12.

Taylor, D. R. F. (1991). “GIS and Developing Nations.” Geographical Information Systems: Principles and Applications . Ed. David J. Maguire, Michael F. Goodchild and David W. Rhind.Essex: Longman Scientific & Technical. 2: 71-84.

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Thomas, Peter (1988). Prospects for Land Resource Management in the Asian and PacificRegion. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information Systems Workshop .Bali, Indonesia: 25-28.

Thome, Joseph (1971). Land Economics: Improving Land Tenure Security (Ch. 11 from Land Reform in Latin America). Monograph No. #3 . Univerity of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin.

Ulenbruck, M. (1987). Land Consolidation in Germany . Dept. of Surveying Engineering,University of New Brunswick, Fredricton, New Brunswick, Canada.

United Nations (1990). Guidelines for the improvement of land-registration and land information systems in developing countries : with special reference to English-speaking countries in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa . United Nations Centre for HumanSettlements, Nairobi.

Van Der Linden, Jan and Baross, Paul (1990). The Transformation of Land Supply Systems in Third World Cities . Gower Publishing Company, U. K.

van Geysen, H. (1993). The Resilience of the South African Cadastre. Conference of Southern African Surveyors . Sun City, Bophuthatswana:

Wangari, Ester (1990). “Effects of land regulations on small-scale farming in Kenya: The caseof Mbeere in Embu District.” Ph.D. New School for Social Research.

Wellar, Barry (1993). “Designing a program to assist the "East-West sharing of GIS/LIS ideas,technologies and applications.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems 17.3: 187.

Wier, C. H. and Youngs, C. W. (1986). China: Surveying-Mapping-Land Information Systems (smlis) . Edmonton, Alberta, Canada: Stewart Weir & Co.

Wilkinson, Gregory K. (1986). The Role of Legislation in Land Use Planning For Developing Countries . UNIPUB.

Williams, Brian (1990). The Building of a Positionally Accurate Parcel Database. International Pederation of Surveyors - FIG XIX congress, Commission 3 . Helsinki Finland: 552-570.

Williamson, I. P. (1983). “Cadastral Survey Techniques in Developing Countries - WithParticular Reference to Thailand.” The Australian Surveyor 31.No. 7: 496-512.

Williamson, I. P. (1984). Rural Land Titling Projects in Developing Countries. International Workshop on Land Tenure Administration . Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 25-27.

Williamson, I. P. (1985). A Modern Cadastre For New South Wales . University of New SouthWales, Kensington, New South Wales.

Williamson, I. P. (1986). “Cadastral and Land Information Systems in Developing Countries.” The Australian Surveyor 33.No. 1: 27-43.

Williamson, I.P. (1986). Trends in Land Information Management in Australia. Autocarto .London, UK: 2: 149-161.

Williamson, I. P. (1988). Developing Land Information Systems - Some Issues. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 32-42.

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Williamson, I.P. (1990). “Placing the Benefits and Achievements of a National InformationImprovement Project in Perspective. A Case Study of the Thailand Land Titling Project.” Australian Surveyor .

World Bank (1986). Linking Land Information, Case Study: Indonesia. Second World Bank Staff Seminar on LIS . Annapolis, Maryland, USA: World Bank. 14.

World Bank (1990). Thailand : Land Titling II Project Loan and Project Summary . WorldBank.

Zanatta, Odair (1984). The Titling of Rural Land In Brazil. International Workshop on Land Tenure Administration . Salvador, Bahia, Brazil: 151-203.

Zwart, P. (1986). “User Requirements in Land Information Systems Design- Some ResearchIssues.” Surveying and Mapping 46.2: 123-130.

Zwart, Peter (1988). Education and Land Infornmation Systems. International Federation of Surveyors - FIG Land Information Systems Workshop . Bali, Indonesia: 114-118.