land observation satellites dr. m. m. yagoub e-maile-mail: [email protected]@uaeu.ac.ae...
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Land Observation Satellites
Dr. M. M. Yagoub
E-mail :[email protected]
E-mail: [email protected]
URL : http://faculty.uaeu.ac.ae/~myagoub
URL : http://www.angelfire.com/mo/yagoub
Type of Remote Sensing
Source Sun Object Transmitted by Remote sensing
System
Visible - Reflective infrared
Thermal infrared Microwave
Object Reflectance Thermal radiation(temperature, emissivity)
Backscatteringcoefficient
Visible Reflective infrared - Thermal infrared Microwave
0.4 m 0.7 m 1 mm
Electro-magneti
cSpectrum
10 m3.0 m
Sensor Optical Sensor System RADAR System
WavelengthRegion
Key characteristics of Optical Sensor
example
Spectral characteristics
SPOT (HRV/XS)
- Number of spectral bands
3 bands
- wavelength of each band
0.49 - 0.59 m
0.61 - 0.68 m
0.79 - 0.89 m
Spatial characteristics
- Image swath
60 km
- Spatial resolution
20 m
Tow major characteristics of image data acquired by optical sensor system are keys for applications.
Landsat
Landsat 1-3
• Launched in 1972 at an altitude of 912 Km
• Onboard sensors are Returned Beam Videcon (RBV) camera Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) with 4 bands and resolution 80m
• Ground swath width 185 Km
• Temporal resolution 18 days
• End of operation 1983
Landsat -continue
Landsat 4-5
• Launched in 1982 at an altitude of 705 Km
• Onboard sensors are MSS (80m) and Thematic Mapper (TM) with 6 bands and resolution 30m and one band in the Infra-Red (IR) with a resolution of 120m
• Ground swath width 185 Km
• Temporal resolution 16 days
• Landsat 6: Launched in 1983 and failed
Landsat -continueLandsat 7
• Launched on 15 April 1999 at an altitude of 705 Km
• Onboard sensors are (TM 30m) and Enhanced Thematic Mpper plus (ETM+) with a resolution of 30m, 15m in panchromatic band and Thermal IR with 60m resolution (10.4-12.5 )
• Ground swath width 185 Km• Temporal resolution 16 days • Joint program between NASA, NOAA, and USGS
LANDSAT 7 Satellite & Orbital Characteristics
• Swath width 185 kilometers• Image Sidelap 7.3% (0° lat.) to 83.9% (80° lat.)• Repeat coverage interval 16 days (233 orbits)• Period of Revolution 98.8 minutes• Altitude 705 kilometers, near-circular• Sensor Type Opto-mechanical scanner• Quantization Best 8 of 9 bits• On-board data storage ~375 Gb (solid state)• Orbit Near-polar, sun-synchronous• Inclination 98.2 degrees• Equatorial crossing: Descending node: 10:00am +/- 15 min.
• View Nadir• Launch vehicle Delta II• Launch date April 15, 1999
Landsat 7 ETM+ Imagery• Researchers familiar with earlier Landsat 4 and 5 data will note the
addition of a 15-meter panchromatic band, two gain ranges, the improved 60-meter spatial resolution for the thermal band, and the addition of two solar calibrators that contribute to improved radiometric calibration accuracy
• Imagery is available from EROS Data Center DAAC in Level 0R (essentially raw data), 1R (radiometrically corrected 0R) and 1G (radiometrically and systematically corrected 0R) processing levels. During processing, the 0R image data undergo two-dimensional resampling according to user-specified parameters including output map projection, rotation angle, pixel size, and resampling kernel. Standard data are provided via CD, 8mm tape or electronically via FTP
Landsat summary
15/4/99
Sensors on LANDSAT
• MSS– 80 m resolution
• TM– 30 m resolution
VisibleB G R
Near IR Mid IR Thermal IR
41
63
74
52
VisibleB G R
Near IR Mid IR Thermal IR
1 4 5 7 62 3
LANDSAT Satellites
The first three LANDSATs
occupied spare Nimbus
platforms.
LANDSAT-4 and -5 is a
modified used modified TIROS
platform.
Multispectral
Scanner
(MSS)
Return Beam Vidicon
(RBV)
solar
array
solar
array
high gain
antenna
Thematic Mapper
(TM)
Multispectral
Scanner
(MSS)
LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
The groundtrack of a Sun-synchronous
satellite for a single day.
LANDSAT Satellite Orbit
LANDSAT World Reference System (WRS)
The standard worldwide reference system as defined for Landsat series.
The WRS indexes orbits (paths) and scene centers (rows) into a global grid
system comprising 233 paths by 248 rows.
185 km
1 2 3 4 5 70.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Wavelength in micron
6
10 11 12 13 Wavelength in micron
1 2 3 4 5 76 0.45 - 0.52 m 0 .52 - 0.60 m 0.63 - 0.69 m 0.76 - 0.90 m 1.55 - 1.75 m
2.08 - 2.35 m 10.4 - 12.5 m
LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM)
Visible
Blue
Visible
Green
Visible
Red
NearInfrare
d
Short Wave
Infrared
Short Wave
Infrared
ThermalInfrared
Band 123
Band 234
Band 145
Band 257
Color Composite Images of LANDSAT TM
Band combinations, Colors and Reflectance Spectra
UV Visible infrared (IR)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
GreenVegetation
DryVegetation
Soil
Ref
lect
ance
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0
Wavelength (mm)0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Band 123
Band 234
1 2 3 4 5 7
LANDSAT TM
The SPOT orbit
• SPOT 1,2,3,4 launched in 1986, 90,93, 97 and SPOT 5 will be launched by 2001
• Altitude of 822 km, inclination 98 deg. (i.e near-polar orbit) (circular)
• The orbital plane have a constant angle relative to the Sun direction (sun-synchronous)
• Repeat access to any particular point at regular intervals (26 days) (Phased)
The SPOT payload
• The SPOT payload comprises two identical HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments, two tape recorders for image data, and a payload telemetry package for image transmission to ground receiving stations
• Each HRV offers an oblique viewing capability, the viewing angle being adjustable through +/- 27deg. relative to the vertical
• The unique characteristics of SPOT imagery is the ability to obtain Stereoscopic View which is important in 3D applications
HRV (High Resolution Visible) imaging instruments
HRV 2HRV 1
3 Km
60 Km
Orbit
117 Km
SPOT imaging
Imaging modes
• Two imaging modes are employed,
panchromatic (P) and multispectral (XS).
Both HRVs can operate in either mode, either
simultaneously or individually
• The panchromatic band covers 0.51
to 0.73 µm. This single channel
imaging mode supplies only black and white
images with a pixel of 10 m
Imaging modes -continue
• "XS" multispectral mode imaging is performed in three spectral bands. The bands used are band XS1 covering 0.50 to 0.59 µm (green), band XS2 covering 0.61 to 0.68 µ m (red) and band XS3 covering 0.79 to 0.89 µm (near infrared)
• By combining the data recorded in these channels, color composite images can be produced with a pixel size of 20 meters
SPOT’s Sensors
• Multispectral mode – 20 meter resolution– 3 channels
• Panchromatic mode– 10 meter resolution
VisibleB G R
Near IR Mid IR Thermal IR
1 2 3
1
SPOT
Stereo Pair
India’s IRS - 1C Satellite• One of a series of satellites• launched in 1995
– sunsynchronous orbit (10:30)– 817 km height
• Three Detectors– WiFS for low resolution/large area applications– LISS - 3 is similar to LANDSAT but with less
channels– PAN has the highest resolution of commercial
satellites
IRS-1C’s Sensors
• WiFS– whiskbroom– 188m resolution– 810 km swath– 5 day revisit
LISS - 3– pushbroom– 23.5m resolution
70 m for Mid IR
– 142 km swath– 24 day repeat
IRS 1C’s Sensors• PAN
– pushbroom that can be steered– 5.8 m resolution– 70 km swath– 24 day revisit
VisibleB G R
Near IR Mid IR Thermal IR
a b
2
1
3 54
IKONOS SatelliteThe IKONOS satellite was launched on September 24, 1999 into a sun-synchronous, near-polar, circular low-earth orbit with an altitude of 681 kilometres above the earth, inclination of 98.1 degrees, orbit time of 98 minutes, and swath width of 11 km. It simultaneously collects one-meter resolution black-and-white (panchromatic) images and four-meter resolution colour (multispectral) images. The revisit frequency of the satellite is 2.9 days at 1-meter resolution and 1.5 days at 1.5-meter resolution. Moreover, users can acquire IKONOS imagery according to programmed requests based on client's Area of Interest (AOI) co-ordinates. For more details refer to:http://www.spaceimaging.com
Band Wavelength Resolution
4 0.50 - 0.60m80m
5 0.60 - 0.70m80m
6 0.70 - 0.80m80m
7 0.80 - 1.10m80m
1 0.45 - 0.52m
30m2 0.52 - 0.60m
30m3 0.63 - 0.69m
30m4 0.76 - 0.90m
30m5 1.55 - 1.75m
30m6 10.40 - 12.50m
120m7 2.08 - 2.35m
30m 1 0.49 - 0.59m
20m2 0.61 - 0.68m
20m3 0.79 - 0.89m
20mPan 0.51 - 0.73m
10m 1 0.52 - 0.60m
18m2 0.63 - 0.69m
18m3 0.76 - 0.86m
18m4 0.76 - 0.86m
18m5 1.60 - 1.71m
18m6 2.01 - 2.12m
18m7 2.13 - 2.15m
18m8 2.27 - 2.40m
18m 1 0.58 - 0.68m
1.1km2 0.725 - 1.10m
1.1km3 3.55 - 3.93m
1.1km4 10.3 - 11.3m
1.1km5 11.5 - 12.5m
1.1km
g-ray X-ray UV V IR Microwave
Visible Infrared
LANDSAT (MSS)
LANDSAT (TM)
SPOT (HRV/XS)
JERS-1 (OPS)
NOAA (AVHRR)
SPOT (HRV/PAN)
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 13.5
4 5 6 7
1 2 3 4 5 7 6
1 2 3
1 2
1 2 3
Band components of major optical sensors
Panchromatic
LANDSAT (MSS/TM)185 x 185 km
SPOT (HRV)60 x 60 km
JERS-1 (OPS)75 x 75 km
IRS-1C(PAN) 70 x 70 km
Earth Observation Satellites- Image coverage and spatial
resolution -
IRS-1C(PAN) 5.8 m
LANDSAT TM (Band 6)120 m
LANDSAT MSS80 m
LANDSAT TM (Band 1-5 & 7) 30 m
JERS-1 (OPS) 18 m
SPOT (HRV/XS) 20 m
SPOT (HRV/PAN) 10 m
IKONOS11 x 11 km IKONOS (PAN)
1m
Geometric characteristics of image data
IFOV (Instantaneous Field Of View) is defined
as the angle which corresponds to the
sampling unit. Information within an IFOV is
represented by a pixel in the image plane.
The maximum angle of view which a sensor
can detect the electromagnetic energy, is
called the FOV (Field OF View). The width on
ground corresponding to the FOV is called
the swath width.
The minimum detectable area, or distance on
the ground is called the ground resolution.
Sometimes the projected area on the ground
corresponding to a image pixel or IFOV also
called the ground resolution.
FOV
IFOV
Ground resolution
Swath width
IRS-1C (5.8m)SPOT Pan (10 m)
LANDSAT TM (30 m)
KVR-1000 (2m)
Comparison of
LANDSAT,SPOT, IRS-1C,
and
Russian KVR-1000
IKONOS 0.84 m resolution Image over the Diet Building, Tokyo, Japan
COMMERCIAL SPACEBORNE INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING
MSS (80m)TM (30m)
HRV-X (20m)HRV-P (10m)
SAR (30m)LISS-3 (21-23m)Pan (5.2-5.8m)
SAR (10-100m) HRV-X (20m)HRV-P (10m)
Visible infraredNear infraredSW infraredTIR infrared
Visible infrared Microwave Visible infrared Microwave Visible infrared
Visible infraredNear infraredSW infraredTIR infrared
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet andglacier mapping
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet andglacier mapping
Oceanographic Studies,
Interferometry
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet andglacier mapping.
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet andglacier mapping.
http://www.spotimage.fr
1984 - Feb 1986 -Jan 1990 -
May 1991 -Apr 1995 -
Dec 1995 -Sep 1997 -
Nov 1995 - Mar 1998 - Apr 1999 -
Landsat-5 SPOT-1, 2
ERS-1, 2 IRS-1C, 1D RADARSAT SPOT-4 Landsat-7
SENSORS
RESOLUTIONS
WAVELENGTHS
APPLICATIONS
WEB SITE
LAUNCH DATE ORMISSION
DURATION
http://www.rsi.ca/http://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/landsat/landsat.html
http://earth1.esrin.esa.it/ http://www.nrsa.gov.in http://www.spotimage.frhttp://geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/landsat/landsat.html
Land use and cover, biomass, geologic,
ice sheet andglacier mapping.
TM (30m)Panchromatic (15m)
MappingMonitoring,
DEM, Interfermetry.
HIGH RESOLUTION INSTRUMENTS FOR EARTH REMOTE SENSING
High SpatialResolution (2~15m)
Camera Type
Multispectral (4m)Panchromatic (1m)
Panchromatic (1m)Multispectral (4m) Panchromatic (1m)
Multispectral (4m)
VisibleVisible
Near InfraredVisible
Near InfraredVisible
Near InfraredVisible
Mapping,GIS resource
Mapping and Survering gass and pil,agriculture and fresty,
natinal security,mineral exploration
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil,
agriculture and forestry,national security,
mineral exploration
Mapping,GIS resource
1981 - Sep 1999 - 2000 20001998 -
SPIN-2 IKONOS-1b ORBVIEW-3
QUICBIRDKOMETA
SENSORS
RESOLUTIONS
WAVELENGTHS
APPLICATIONS
WEB SITE
LAUNCH DATE ORMISSION
DURATION
http://www.orbimage.com/
http://www.spin-2.com/http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/
sge/health/sensor/sensors/ikonos.html
http://yyy.tksc.nasda.go.jp/Home/This
/This_j/adeos2_j.htmlhttp://www.orbimage.com/
MappingGIS resources
KVR-1000 (2m)TK-350 (10m)Camera Type
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil,
agriculture and forestry,national security,
mineral exploration
High SpatialResolution (0.5m)
VisibleNear Infrared
Mapping,GIS resource
2003
IKONOS-2/3
http:/geo.arc.nasa.gov/sge/health/sensor/sensors/
ikonos.html
VisibleNear Infrared
2000
ORBVIEW-4
http://www.orbimage.com/
Mapping and Surveying gas and oil,
agriculture and forestry,national security,
mineral exploration.
Panchromatic (1m)Multispectral (4m)Hyperspectral (8m)