land reclamation wcl 09 - western coal of the land reclamation ... refrencing image enhancement ......
TRANSCRIPT
Land Restoration /Reclamation Monitoring of Opencast Coal Mines of WCL Based On
Satellite Data for the Year 2009
CMPDI A Miniratna Company
Land Restoration /Reclamation Monitoring of Opencast Coal Mines of WCL Based On Satellite Data for the Year- 2009
March-2010
Remote Sensing Cell Geomatics Division
CMPDI, Ranchi
i
CONTENTS
Executive Summary ii-iv 1.0 Background 1 2.0 Objective 2 3.0 Methodology 2 4.0 Work plan 5 5.0 Land Reclamation in WCL 6
ii
Executive Summary
1.0 Project Land restoration / reclamation monitoring of 10 opencast coal mines of Western Coalfields Ltd. (WCL) producing 5 million cu.m. and more (Coal+OB) per year based on satellite data, regularly on annual basis.
2.0 Objective Objective of the land restoration / reclamation monitoring is to
assess the area of backfilled, plantation, social forestry, active mining area, water bodies, and distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest in the leasehold area of the project. This will help in assessing the progressive status of mined land reclamation and to take up remedial measures, if any, required for environmental protection.
3.0 Salient Findings
• Out of the total mine leasehold area of 77.93 Km2 of the 10 projects of WCL, Viz. Sasti, Padmapur, Durgapur, Mugoli, Umrer, Ukni, Niljai, New Majri, Pimpalgaon and Ghugus considered for monitoring during 2009-10; total mined out area is only 49.25 Km2 (54.53%) of which 22.73 Km2 area (46.14%) has been planted, 19.77 Km2 area (40.14%) has been backfilled and 6.76 Km2 area (13.72%) is under active mining. It is evident from the analysis that 86.28% areas of the OC projects has already been reclaimed. Project wise details are given in Table-1 & Fig -1.
• On comparing the status of land reclamation for the year 2009 with
respect to the year 2008 in different OC projects, analysis reveals that area of land reclamation has increased from 32.84 Km2 (Yr. 2008) to 42.50 Km2 (Yr. 2009). Out of 10 projects of WCL, New Majri OC (93.58%) ranks on top for land reclamation followed by Sasti OC(92.89%) and Ghugus OC (91.54%).
• Area of plantation has increased from 17.18Km2 (Yr.2008) to
22.73Km2 (Yr.2009) in WCL. This increase of 5.55 Km2 in area of plantation in one year is the result of the efforts of the WCL taken up towards environmental protection.
iii
Table-1
2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009
i i
12.69 12.69 2.61 2.81 1.47 1.63 0.44 0.34 4.52 4.78 4.08 4.44
57.74 58.79 32.52 34.10 9.73 7.11 90.27 92.89
7.34 7.34 0.98 1.10 2.70 1.78 0.41 0.58 4.09 3.45 3.68 2.87
23.99 31.79 65.97 51.49 10.04 16.72 89.96 83.28
8.88 8.88 2.13 2.91 3.56 3.25 0.67 0.60 6.36 6.76 5.69 6.16
33.49 43.05 55.97 48.08 10.53 8.88 89.47 91.12
7.88 7.88 1.10 1.21 1.24 1.60 1.21 1.01 3.55 3.82 2.34 2.81
30.99 31.68 34.93 41.88 34.08 26.44 65.92 73.56
9.44 9.44 4.24 5.27 1.90 1.65 2.24 1.36 8.38 8.28 6.14 6.92
50.59 63.65 22.68 19.93 26.73 16.43 73.27 83.57
6.91 6.91 1.64 1.72 1.10 2.18 1.51 0.94 4.25 4.84 2.74 3.90
38.58 35.54 25.90 45.04 35.52 19.42 64.48 80.58
4.88 4.88 1.37 1.47 1.25 1.31 0.48 0.80 3.10 3.58 2.62 2.78
44.19 41.06 40.32 36.59 15.48 22.35 84.52 77.65
2.86 9.05 0.96 3.57 0.45 2.84 1.05 0.44 2.46 6.85 1.41 6.41
39.02 52.12 18.29 41.46 42.68 6.42 57.32 93.58
4.92 4.92 0.59 1.11 1.18 1.41 0.67 0.35 2.44 2.87 1.77 2.52
24.15 38.64 52.11 49.18 27.43 12.18 72.57 87.82
5.94 5.94 1.56 1.56 0.81 2.12 0.26 0.34 2.63 4.02 2.37 3.68
59.32 38.81 33.06 52.74 9.89 8.46 90.11 91.54
71.74 77.93 17.18 22.73 15.66 19.77 8.94 6.76 41.78 49.25 32.84 42.50
41.12 46.14 37.48 40.14 21.40 13.72 78.60 86.28
Projectwise Land Reclaimation Status in OC projects of Western Coalfileds Ltd
ii iii iv ii+iii+iv ii+iii
Plantation Backfilled Active Mining Area Total Mined out Area Total Reclaimed AreaLeasehold
Area in Sq Km (% Calculated in respect of total mined out area )
ProjectsSl
No.
Sasti
Padmapur
1
2
3 Durgapur
Umrer
Mugoli
9
10 Ghugus
Pimpalgaon
4
5
6
7
8
Based on Satellite data of the Year 2008 and 2009
%Total
%
%
%
%
%
New Majri
Neeljai
Ukni
%
%
%
%
%
iv
Fig. 1 : Land Reclamation Status in OC projects of WCL
12.6
9
7.34
8.88
7.88
9.44
6.91
4.88
9.05
4.92
5.94
4.78
3.45
6.76
3.82
8.28
4.84
3.58
6.85
2.87
4.024.
44
2.87
6.16
2.81
6.92
3.9
2.78
6.41
2.52
3.68
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Sast
i
Padm
apur
Dur
gapu
r
Mug
oli
Um
rer
Ukn
i
Nee
ljai
New
Maj
ri
Pim
palg
aon
Ghu
gus
Are
a (S
q km
)
Figure : 1 Project wise Land Reclamation status in the year 2009
Leasehold Area Mined out Area Reclaimed Area
1
1.0 Background
1.1 All human activities are based on the land which is most scarce natural resource in
our country. Per capita land availability in India is the lowest owing to high population
density and less land mass. Out of total 329 million hectare (mha) land mass of the
country, coal mining is limited to only on 0.10% (0.36mha) area. As per XI Plan, to
meet the energy demand of the country, coal production would be raised to 680
million tonnes by the end of the year 2011-12 for which about 40,000 hectare of land
would have to be acquired for coal mining projects. It has been envisaged that 85%
coal production would be from opencast mines, which causes land degradation
due to ground breaking. There is an urgent need to reclaim and restore the mined out
land for its productive use for sustainable development of the coal mining. This will
not only mitigate environmental degradation, but would also enable coal companies to
offer the restored lands to displaced families which would help in creating a more
congenial environment for land acquisition in future.
1.2 Keeping above in view, Coal India Ltd. requested Central Mine Planning & Design
Institute (CMPDI), Ranchi who has well a equipped remote sensing facilities and
capabilities to develop an effective system of surveillance for land reclamation/
restoration for all the opencast coal mines with production of more than 5 million cu.
m. per annum (coal + OB taken together) based on remote sensing satellite data,
regularly on annual basis for sustainable development of mining operation within
command area of CIL and its subsidiaries. The annual land reclamation/restoration
status report of all such mines to be put on the website of CIL, (www.coalindia.nic.in),
CMPDI (www.cmpdi.co.in) and the concerned coal companies in public domain.
Detail report to be submitted to State Pollution Control Board and MoEF and
concerned CIL’s subsidiaries. Such monitoring would not only facilitate in taking
timely mitigation measures against environmental degradation, but would also enable
coal companies to utilize the reclaimed land for larger socio-economic benefits in a
planned way.
2
1.3 CMPDI undertook the above assignment, and the present report is embodying the
finding of the study carried out during 2009-10 for the WCL projects.
2.0 Objective Objective of the land reclamation/restoration monitoring is to assess the area of
backfilled, plantation, OB dumps, social forestry, active mining area, settlements and
water bodies, distribution of wasteland, agricultural land and forest land in the
leasehold area of the project. This is an important step taken up for assessing the
progressive status of mined land reclamation and for taking up remedial measures, if
any, required for environmental protection.
3.0 Methodology There are number of steps involved between raw satellite data procurement and
preparation of final map. National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC) Hyderabad, being
the nodal agency for satellite data supply in India, provides only raw digital satellite
data, which needs further digital image processing for extracting the information and
map preparation before uploading the same in the website. Methodology for land
reclamation monitoring is given in given in fig 2. Following steps are involved in land
reclamation /restoration monitoring:
3
Validation through Ground Truthing
Report Preparation
Data Source Secondary DataBasic Data
IRS – P6(LISS - IV)
Topographical Maps
(Scale 1:50,000)
Creation of Vector Database
(Drainage, Road, Railway network, Block boundary,
Forest Boundary etc.)
SignatureGeneration
Pre-FieldClassification
Integration of Raster & Vector database in GIS
Final land Reclamation map
Training Set Refinement
Pass
Fail
Geocoded FCC Generation
Methodology for Land Reclamation Monitoring
Pre-processing, geometric correction, rectification & geo -
refrencing
ImageEnhancement
Training set Identification
Fig.2 Methodology for land reclamation monitoring
3.1 Data Procurement: After browsing the data quality and date of pass on internet,
supply order for data is placed to NRSC. Secondary data like leasehold boundary,
topo sheets are procured for creation of vector database.
3.2 Satellite Data Processing: Satellite data are processed using ERDAS IMAGINE
digital image processing s/w. Methodology involves the following major steps:
• Rectification & Georeferencing: Inaccuracies in digital imagery may occur due to
‘systematic errors’ attributed to earth curvature and rotation as well as ‘non-
systematic errors’ attributed to satellite receiving station itself. Raw digital images
contain geometric distortions, which make them unusable as maps. Therefore,
georeferencing is required for correction of image data using ground control points
(GCP) to make it compatible to SoI toposheet.
4
• Image enhancement:
To improve the interpretability of the raw data, image enhancement is necessary.
local operations modify the value of each pixel based on brightness value of
neighbouring pixels using ERDAS IMAGINE 9.3 s/w. and enhance the image quality
for interpretation.
• Training set selection
Training set requires to be selected, so that software can classify the image data
accurately. The image data are analysed based on the interpretation keys. These
keys are evolved from certain fundamental image-elements such as tone/colour,
size, shape, texture, pattern, location, association and shadow. Based on the
image-elements and other geo-technical elements like land form, drainage pattern
and physiography; training sets were selected/identified for each land use/cover
class. Field survey was carried out by taking selective traverses in order to collect
the ground information (or reference data) so that training sets are selected
accurately in the image. This was intended to serve as an aid for classification.
• Classification and Accuracy assessment
Image classification is carried out using the maximum likelihood algorithm. The
classification proceeds through the following steps: (a) calculation of statistics [i.e.
signature generation] for the identified training areas, and (b) the decision boundary
of maximum probability based on the mean vector, variance, covariance and
correlation matrix of the pixels. After evaluating the statistical parameters of the
training sets, reliability test of training sets is conducted by measuring the statistical
separation between the classes that resulted from computing divergence matrix.
The overall accuracy of the classification was finally assessed with reference to
ground truth data.
• Area calculation
The area of each land use class in the leasehold is determined using ERDAS
IMAGINE v. 9.3 s/w.
5
• Overlay of Vector data base
Vector data base created based on secondary data. Vector layer like drainage,
railway line, leasehold boundary, forest boundary etc. are superimposed on the
image as vector layer in the Arc GIS database.
• Pre-field map preparation
Pre-field map is prepared for validation of the classification result
3.3 Ground Truthing:
Selective ground verification of the land use classes are carried out in the field and
necessary corrections if required, are incorporated before map finalization.
3.4 Land reclamation database on GIS:
Land reclamation database iscreated on GIS platform to identify the temporal
changes identified from satellite data of different cut-of dates.
4.0 Work Plan 4.1 Opencast projects of WCL producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB
together) during the year 2009 -10 have been taken up for land restoration /
reclamation monitoring based on the RESOURCESAT-1(LISS-IV) satellite data using
ERDAS Imaging digital image processing s/w on GIS platform. Land reclamation
monitoring will be carried out regularly on annual basis to assess the progressive
status of land restoration / reclamation in the above opencast mines. The report has
been uploaded in the website of CMPDI, CIL & WCL in public domain.
6
5.0 Land Reclamation Status in Western Coalfields Ltd.
5.1 Following 10 OC projects producing more than 5 million cubic m. (Coal + OB
together) of Western Coalfields Ltd. have been taken up for land reclamation
monitoring based on satellite data of the year-2009 :
• Sasti
• Padmapur
• Durgapur
• Mugoli
• Umrer
• Ukani
• Niljai
• New Majri
• Pimpalgaon
• Ghugus
5.2 Area statistics of different land use class present in OC projects in the year 2009 is
given in Table 4.1. Land use maps derived from the satellite data is given in Plate no.
4.1 to 4.10. Changes in land use status are shown in Fig. 4.1 - 4.10. Field photograph
showing plantation on OB dump/backfilled area are also enclosed.
5.3 Study reveals that 86.28% of mining area has already been reclaimed by WCL out of
which 46.14% area has been revegitated and 40.14% area are backfilled.
5.4 After analyzing the satellite data of year 2008 vs. 2009 it is evident that plantation
carried out on backfilled area, OB dumps as well as under social forestry in all the
mines of WCL has increased from 17.18 Sq. Km. to 22.73 Sq. Km. in span of last one
year. Whereas in span of last three year plantation has increased from 12.42 Sq. Km
(Yr.2005) to 22.73 Sq. km. (Yr.2009). This substantial increase in the plantation area
is due to the massive efforts taken up by WCL towards environmental protection.
7
5.5 Study indicates that coal mining in the above projects of WCL is limited to only
54.53% of the total mining leasehold area.
5.6 Study further reveals that about 86% of the total mined out area in the above projects
are reclaimed and balance about 14% area is under active mining.
.
CMPDI
8
Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area % Area %Dense Forest 0.00 0.00 0.031 0.43 0.05 0.54 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00
Open Forest 0.00 0.00 0.003 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00
Scrubs 0.55 4.33 1.090 14.86 0.64 7.20 1.47 18.65 0.28 2.96 0.84 12.14 0.20 4.11 0.69 7.64 0.475 9.65 0.00 0.00
Total Forest 0.55 4.33 1.124 15.33 0.69 7.74 1.47 18.65 0.28 2.96 0.84 12.14 0.20 4.11 0.69 7.64 0.475 9.65 0.00 0.00
Social Forestry 0.39 3.07 0.685 9.34 0.70 7.86 0.19 2.41 1.67 17.67 0.10 1.49 0.08 1.67 0.00 0.00 0.460 9.34 0.80 13.47
Plantation on OB/Backfill 2.42 19.07 0.412 5.62 2.21 24.93 1.02 12.94 3.60 38.10 1.62 23.39 1.39 28.54 3.57 39.43 0.646 13.12 0.76 12.79
Total Plantation 2.81 22.14 1.097 14.96 2.91 32.79 1.21 15.35 5.27 55.77 1.72 24.88 1.47 30.21 3.57 39.43 1.106 22.46 1.56 26.26Total Vegetation(A) 3.36 26.48 2.221 30.29 3.60 40.53 2.68 34.00 5.55 58.73 2.56 78.89 1.67 34.32 4.26 47.07 1.581 32.11 1.56 26.26
Coal Quarry 0.25 1.97 0.577 7.87 0.60 6.78 0.72 9.14 1.24 13.12 0.56 8.10 0.35 7.19 0.24 2.68 0.320 6.50 0.06 1.01
Advance quarry site 0.09 0.71 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 3.68 0.00 0.00 0.32 4.62 0.36 7.39 0.17 1.84 0.000 0.00 0.28 4.71
Barren OB Dump 0.07 0.55 1.245 16.97 2.04 22.92 1.05 13.32 0.85 8.99 1.32 19.07 0.48 9.82 1.72 19.01 1.073 21.79 0.53 8.92
Barren backfilled area 1.56 12.29 0.532 7.26 1.21 13.63 0.55 6.98 0.80 8.47 0.86 12.41 0.83 17.04 1.12 12.65 0.340 6.90 1.59 26.77
Coal Dump 0.04 0.32 0.113 1.54 0.06 0.70 0.08 1.02 0.20 2.12 0.05 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.23 0.054 1.10 0.00 0.00
Waterfilled quarry 0.00 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.12 1.27 0.06 0.93 0.09 1.85 0.03 0.35 0.025 0.51 0.00 0.00
Total Mining Area(B) 2.01 15.84 2.467 33.64 3.91 44.03 2.69 34.14 3.21 33.97 3.17 45.87 2.11 43.29 3.30 36.76 1.812 36.80 2.46 41.41
Crop lands 0 0.00 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.317 6.44 0.00 0.00
Fallow Land 5.62 44.29 1.159 15.80 0.00 0.00 0.62 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.49 7.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.380 7.72 0.00 0.00
Total Agricultural( C) 5.62 44.29 1.159 15.80 0.00 0.00 0.62 7.87 0.00 0.00 0.49 7.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.697 14.16 0.00 0.00
Wastelands 0.90 7.09 1.216 16.58 0.88 9.80 1.75 22.21 0.29 3.07 0.53 7.68 0.74 15.21 0.90 9.98 0.655 13.30 0.90 15.15
Sand Body 0.00 0.00 0.020 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 2.44 0.000 0.00 0.00 0.00
Total Wastelands(D) 0.90 7.09 1.236 16.85 0.88 9.80 1.75 22.21 0.29 3.07 0.53 7.68 0.74 15.21 1.12 12.42 0.655 13.30 0.90 15.15
Urban Settlement 0.04 0.32 0.043 0.59 0.39 4.40 0.00 0.00 0.16 1.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.85 0.093 1.88 0.56 9.43
Rural Settlement 0.10 0.79 0.089 1.21 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.019 0.39 0.22 3.70
Industrial Settlement 0.19 1.50 0.042 0.57 0.07 0.79 0.08 1.02 0.06 0.63 0.15 2.23 0.29 5.95 0.04 0.39 0.054 1.10 0.23 3.87
Total Settelements(E) 0.33 2.60 0.174 2.37 0.46 5.19 0.13 1.65 0.22 2.33 0.16 2.37 0.29 5.95 0.12 1.24 0.166 3.37 1.01 17.00
Waterbodies(F) 0.48 3.78 0.078 1.05 0.03 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.18 1.90 0.00 0.00 0.06 1.23 0.25 2.81 0.013 0.26 0.01 0.17
Total(A+B+C+D+E+F) 12.69 100.00 7.335 100.0 8.88 100.0 7.87 100.0 9.45 100.0 6.91 100.0 4.87 100.0 9.05 100.0 4.924 100.0 5.94 100.00Note : The colour of the classes correspond to the colours on the Land Use Map
Settl
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Area
Area in sq.km.TABLE 4.1 : STATUS OF LAND RECLAMATION IN WARDHA VALLEY COALFIELD BASED ON SATELLITE DATA OF THE YEAR 2009
Sasti OCP Padmapur OCP Durgapur OCP Mugoli OCP Umrer OCP Ukni OCP Neeljay OCP New Majri OCP Pimpalgaon OCP Ghugus OCP
CMPDI
9
Plate 4.1
CMPDI
10
Plate 4.2
CMPDI
11
Plate 4.3
CMPDI
12
Plate 4.4
CMPDI
13
Plate 4.5
CMPDI
14
Plate 4.6
CMPDI
15
Plate 4.7
CMPDI
16
Plate 4.8
CMPDI
17
Plate 4.9
CMPDI
18
Plate 4.10
CMPDI
19
Figure 4.1
Figure 4.2
CMPDI
20
Figure 4.3
Figure 4.4
CMPDI
21
Figure 4.5
Figure 4.6
CMPDI
22
Figure 4.7
Figure 4.8
CMPDI
23
Figure 4.9
Figure 4.10
CMPDI
24
Plantation on OB dump in Sasti OCP
Plantation on OB dump in Ghugus OCP
CMPDI
25
Plantation on OB dump in Mugoli OCP
Plantation on OB dump in New-Majri OCP
CMPDI
26
Plantation on Backfill in Niljai OCP
Plantation on Backfill in Pimpalgaon OCP
CMPDI
27
Plantation on Backfill in Ukni OCP
Plantation on Backfill in Umrer OCP
CMPDI
28
Plantation on OB Dump in Durgapur OCP
Plantation on OB Dump in Padmapur OCP
Central Mine Planning & Design Institute Ltd.
(A Subsidiary of Coal India Ltd.) Gondwana Place, Kanke Road, Ranchi 834031, Jharkhand
Phone : (+91) 651 2230001, 2230002, 2230483, FAX (+91) 651 2231447, 2231851 Wesite : www.cmpdi.co.in, Email : [email protected]