land tenure security, migration and the the voluntary ... · governance fundamental to both...
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Land Tenure Security, Migration and the Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of
Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forests (VGGTs)
Marcela Villarreal, PhDDirector of the Partnerships and South-South Cooperation Division at the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
World Bank Land and Poverty Conference 2018
Structure
1. Objective
2. Current data and research
3. An analytical Framework linking land tenure security and migration
4. The Voluntary Guidelines
5. Conclusions
⬆️ Tenure Security = ⬇️ Migration
• VGGT contribute to create a culture of good governance where tenure rights are respected and migration can be an effective choice rather than a necessity
Hypothesis
Growing number of migrants in the world
From 2000 to 2017
• Up from 173 to 258 million
• Rate has surpassed that of populationgrowth
• Increase in the share of migrants in theworld population from 2.8% to 3.4%
• About half are women
In 2050
• Expected to exceed 400 million0 100 200 300 400 500
2000
2017
2050
Chart 1: International Migrants (Millions)
Source: UNDESA Population Division (2017): Trends in International Migrant Stock
Differentiating migration flows
Source: IOM Global Migration Trends Factsheet (2015)
International and Internal Migration
258
763
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
Total International Migrants (2017) Total Internal Migrants (2013)
There are over a billion migrants across the globe
Forced Migration in the World
Over 84 million persons were forcibly
displaced in 2015
Assylum Seekers:
3.2 million
Internally Displaced
People - IDPs : 40.8 millionRefugees:
21.3 million
Displaced by natural disasters:
19.2 million
Source: IOM Global Migration Trends Factsheet (2015)
Source: UNDESA Population Division (2017): Trends in International Migrant Stock
Percentage distribution of international migrants by region of destination, for regions of origin, 2000 and 2017
Most migrants stay within their region of origin
Migration occurs primarily between countries that are located within the
same region of origin with the
exception of the Americas
Source: UNDESA Population Division (2017): Trends in International Migrant Stock
High-income countries host most international migrantsInternational migrants by country income group, 2000 and 2017
High-income64%
Middle-income
32%
Low-income4%
2017
81 m
165 m
11 m
High-income
58%
Middle-income
37%
Low-income5%
2000
Remittances are larger than ODA
Source: World Bank (2017): Migration and Development Brief 28
Remittance Flows to Developing Countries 1990–2019
Acronyms: FDI = Foreign Direct Investment; ODA = Official Development Assistance.
• Remittances are estimated
to reach $596 billion
worldwide with $450 billion
going to low and middle
income countries
• Flows are significantly bigger
than ODA and are more
stable than private capital
flows
Causes of rural-out migration
• Dramatic land degradation and
desertification affect around one third of the
land used for agriculture and 1.2 billion
people worldwide
• 73% of global population without access to
social protection live in rural areas
• Migration due to natural-hazard and climate
related disasters is estimated at 26.4 million
persons per year (2008- 2015)
Food insecurity &
low agricultural productivity
Rural-urban inequalities in the provision of services & opportunities
Lack of access to income
generating opportunities
Climate change and
weather related
disasters
Lack of access to services,
technology, inputs and
markets
Lack of Social Protection
Bad Governance & Conflict
Depletion of natural
resources due to
environmental degradation
Migration studies
• Individual’s utility function
•Household influence
•Community/contextual variables
Little on Governance issues
Governance fundamental to both migration and land tenure
• Poor governance underlies many of the factors that directly affect migration: from the socio-economic to those relating to conflict and unrest
• Need to focus on the role of governance variables as relevant factors in the migration process
• These factors are also essential to ensure secure land tenure rights for rural populations
Governance factors shaping
the decision to migrate
Strength of institutions
Adequacy of policy
Ability to participate and influence policy processes
Transparency and accountability of
government
What is Good Governance?
• Participation and voice: all women and men should have a voice in the decisions that will affect their lives• directly or indirectly through intermediate institutions that represent
their intention
• Transparency: all relevant information is open, available and accessible to all
• Accountability: all decision makers are accountable
• Rule of law: legal frameworks should be fair and enforced regardless of power, influence or wealth
Factors for successful implementation of VGGT
• Political will from the Government at all levels and sectors: involving sectors as important as involving different actors
• Institutional framework with clear mandates, roles and responsibilities to ensure effective follow-up and implementation of the recommendations made by the multi-stakeholder platform
• An inclusive and consensus-building steering committee• Multi-stakeholder platform that guarantees voice to all relevant
stakeholders at central as well as decentralized levels• Development of the capacities of all actors to participate effectively
in the platform and to perform their roles and responsibilities • Strong accountability mechanisms for all actors engaged in the
process, including the United Nations
Land tenure security and Migration
• Highly contextual
• Complex set of variables affecting decision to migrate• Hierarchy of factors
• Thresholds
• Inconclusive evidence in the literature
Analytical FrameworkLAND TENURE INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES MIGRATION
CONFLICT
NATURAL DISASTER
UNREST
PRODUCTIVITY• Credit• Services• Inputs• Soil quality
FORCED
VOLUNTARY
INSTITUTIONS / POLICIES / PARTICIPATION / TRANSPARENCY / ACCOUNTABILITY
INTERNALLY DISPLACED
ASSYLUM SEEKERS
REFUGEES
INTERNATIONALINTERNAL
RURAL-RURALRURAL-URBAN
POPULATION PRESSURESOCIAL SECURITY
EDUCATION
FOOD SECURITY
INV
ESTM
ENT
TENURE RIGHTS
G
O
V
E
R
N
A
N
C
E
Investment is a key mediating factor
⬆️ Security of Tenure ⬆️ Investment ⬆️ Food security ⬇️ Migration
⬆️ Agricultural Productivity / ⬆️ Soil quality
Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries and Forestry in the Context of National Food Security (VGGT)
• 3 years consultation/negotiation member countries, civil society organizations and private sector
• Legitimacy of a multi-stakeholder process
• Over 60 countries-- some improved land policy/ laws
• Foundations of a culture of respect, shared power, rights and responsibilities
• VGGT implementation contributes to create a culture of good governance where tenure rights are respected and migration can be an effective choice rather than a necessity
VGGT Principles
GENERAL
1. Recognition and respect of all legitimate tenure right holders
2. Safeguard legitimate tenure rights against threats and infringements
3. Promote and facilitate enjoyment of legitimate tenure rights
4. Provide access to justice to address the infringement of these rights
5. Prevent tenure disputes, violent conflicts and corruption
IMPLEMENTATION
1. Human dignity
2. Non-discrimination
3. Equity and justice
4. Gender equality
5. Holistic and sustainable approach
6. Consultation and participation
7. Rule of law
8. Transparency
9. Accountability
10. Continuous improvement
Conclusions1. Evidence partially supports the assumption that
increased tenure security would reduce migration
2. Highly contextual relationship
3. Significant intermediate variables such as investment, agricultural productivity, land degradation, demographic pressure
4. Factors: tenure system, tenure rights, rights holders
5. Good governance is crucial. It improves both security of tenure and the possibility of making migration a choice rather than a need
6. VGGT implementation promotes a culture of good governance