landfill sustainability and aftercare sostenibilidad del … · 2020. 10. 18. · 4 introduction...

ISWA Main Sponsors:

LANDFILL SUSTAINABILITY

AND AFTERCARE

Sostenibilidad del Vertedero y su Posterior Gestión

Luís Marinheiro

Chair of ISWA Working Group on Landfill

XV CONFERENCIA ATEGRUS® SOBRE VERTEDEROS CONTROLADOS 14 - 15th October 2015, Lleida (Spain)

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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

•  Introduction

•  Minimum Standard

•  Time Boundary

•  Determination of Financial Provisions

•  Financing

•  Concluding Remarks

XV CONFERENCIA ATEGRUS® SOBRE VERTEDEROS CONTROLADOS

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INTRODUCTION

-‐  A"ercare is the con.nua.on of landfill management ac.vi.es done during opera.on.

-‐  A"ercare includes mainly monitoring of emissions, groundwater quality, surface water quality and soil, maintenance of the cover, maintenance of rainwater collec.on system, opera.on and maintenance of leachate and gas collec.on and treatment systems, safety and accessibility.

-‐  From a technical and opera.onal perspec.ve it is very similar to management during opera.on.

-‐  The main difference is that waste acceptance has stopped and the landfill is no longer genera.ng income to finance management. Consequently a"ercare has to be financed differently.


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INTRODUCTION -‐  The most appropriate approaches are based on the site-‐specific

assessment of required environmental protec.on. -‐  Dura.on of a"ercare depends on what each competent authority would

consider to be an acceptable level of residual threat posed by the landfill on its surroundings, par.cularly on human health and environment (HHE).

-‐  A generally accepted principle in exis.ng waste management and a"ercare regula.ons states that a"ercare has to be carried out un.l the landfill no longer poses a threat to human health and the environment.


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INTRODUCTION -‐  However this criteria is completely independent of the nature of the

landfill. For example an inorganic compound in inorganic or hazardous waste landfills may pose a risk for much longer than compounds in mixed waste or municipal waste landfills.

-‐  In compliance with the polluter pays principle, in many countries, it is established that the cost of a"ercare is included in the gate fee.

-‐  In order to allocate a"ercare costs to each tonne of waste accepted at the landfill, it is necessary to determine the investment necessary for a"ercare from the moment the landfill stops accep.ng waste.


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-‐  Impact to human health and the environment strongly depends on:

-‐ Type of landfill -‐ Type of waste accepted -‐ Nature of the close surroundings of the landfill

-‐  A correct and adequate determina.on of the required a"ercare ac.vi.es should therefore be based on a site-‐specific assessment.

-‐  Assessment:

-‐ History and analysis of the surroundings -‐ Geometry and morphology of the landfill (soil, hydrology, etc.) -‐ Start and end of landfill opera.on -‐ Waste accepted, etc.

MINIMUM STANDARD


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-‐  Major ac.vi.es carried out during a"ercare:

-‐  Water sampling and analysis: of discharged rainwater, collected

and treated leachate, groundwater monitored at piezometers, surface water and extracted groundwater.

-‐  Measurements and visual inspec.ons of seSlement, global and

veneer slope stability evalua.on, thickness of the cul.va.on layer, erosion, quality of vegeta.on, groundwater levels, visual inspec.ons, gas measurements and analyses, and material quality of the sealing.

MINIMUM STANDARD


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-‐  Major ac.vi.es carried out during a"ercare (cont.):

-‐  Cleansing and maintenance of leachate drainage, piezometers,

monitoring drainage and rainwater drainage.

-‐  Maintenance and opera.on of landfill gas extrac.on, u.liza.on and treatment systems, wastewater treatment plant and/or discharge systems, vegeta.on and cover repairs, safety and accessibility and other maintenance.

-‐  A"ercare plan is needed and should include a descrip.on of the

organiza.on of a"ercare, a"ercare records, repor.ng, evalua.on, communica.on and risk evalua.on.

MINIMUM STANDARD


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-‐  Dura.on of a"ercare is one of the most important aspect for the

calcula.on of the financial provision. -‐  Many country regula.ons o"en specify:

-‐  Financial provisions for a"ercare shall be made for at least 30

years a"er the cessa.on of opera.ons.

-‐  Landfill operator shall be responsible for a"ercare as long as the competent authority considers the landfill to pose a threat to human health and the environment.

TIME BOUNDARY


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-‐  The major facts related to the .me boundary:

-‐  Landfill operator responsible for extended a"ercare could be

faced with unan.cipated demands when society shi"s the environmental goals a"er the facility has opened.

-‐  Specific substances in leachate may take several years beyond the boundary of 30 years before are below standard thresholds.

-‐  Few operators of modern landfills have completed 30 years of a"ercare and/or pe..oned to modify the a"ercare period.

-‐  A lack of criteria and procedures for ending landfill a"ercare makes it

difficult for regulators to make decisions to end, extend, or reduce the a"ercare period.

TIME BOUNDARY


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TIME BOUNDARY


Source: Beaven, R. et al. (2014). A new economic instrument for financing accelerated landfill aftercare . Waste Management, Vol 34 Issue 7 (2014), pp1191–1198

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TIME BOUNDARY


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-‐  A"ercare costs can be calculated by applying unit costs to each a"ercare

ac.vity in the a"ercare plan.

-‐  Financial provision has to be equal to the net present value of the es.mated a"ercare costs.

-‐  Very hard to predict which ac.vi.es need to be carried out at which intensity in order to maintain the required protec.on of HHE.

-‐  Two very important factors are uncertain: dura.on of a"ercare and net interest rate.

FINANCIAL PROVISIONS


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-‐  Existence of several a"ercare provisional schemes:

-‐  Bond, an escrow account or an accoun.ng provision, cer.fied as an asset by an external auditor.

-‐  Payment of an annual levy to the competent authority corresponding to the amount of waste landfilled in the previous year.

-‐  None of the schemes prevents society from all risk!

-‐  Bankruptcy and the need of finance a"ercare from public budgets can be a reality.

FINANCING


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-‐  A"ercare is an inseparable element of responsible landfill management.

-‐  To cover the cost of a"ercare financial provisions have to be made during construc.on and opera.on of the landfill.

-‐  Poorly considered assump.ons on airspace u.liza.on projec.on that affects accrued financial provisions, the dura.on of a"ercare and net interest rate can result in an inadequate es.mate of the required financial provision.

-‐  Uncertainty about the applicable interest rate, .me frame of a"ercare and lack of criteria and methodology to end a"ercare cons.tute a considerable financial uncertainty for landfill operators.

-‐  Both regulators and operators have a need for the development of criteria and procedures for ending a"ercare.

CLOSING REMARKS


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CLOSING REMARKS LIPOR´s Closed Landfill – Adventure Park


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SEE YOU IN PORTUGAL !


ISWA Main Sponsors:

THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION

ISWA Working Group on Landfill

Website:

http://www.iswa.org/iswa/iswa-groups/working-groups/working-groups/wg/show_details/working-group-on-landfill/

WGL Chair email:

[email protected]

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References

•  ISWA (2013). ISWA Key Issue Paper on Landfill Aftercare. pp. 1-6. Working Group on Landfill, Vienna, Austria.

•  Beaven, R.P. et. al. (2014). A new economic instrument for financing accelerated landfill aftercare. Waste Management. 2014 Jul;34(7):1191-8. doi: 10.1016/j.wasman.2014.03.024. Epub 2014 Apr 24.

•  Mathlener R.A., et. al. (2006). Opening the black box, process-based design criteria to

eliminate aftercare of landfills. pp. 1–78, Dutch Sustainable Landfill Foundation, Den Bosch, The Netherlands.

•  Scharff, H. (2015). Uncertainties related to determination of aftercare duration and financial obligations for closure and aftercare. Dakofa Seminar, 5th March 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark


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Acknowledgments


landfill sustainability and aftercare sostenibilidad del … · 2020. 10. 18. · 4 introduction...

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