landforms l a's - davis school district · africa mountains are volcanic mount kenya , and...

UNIT 6: -AFRICAToto: Rains down in Africa

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2

Pangaea

• Africa’s Shape is determined by its location in the ancient continent of Pangaea

• It really didn’t move as the continents broke apart from it

• As the continents pulled away they helped to shape Africa's landscape

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3 Africa –A Continent of Basins & Plateaus

• Continent of Plateaus• Covered by a huge plateau

• From the coast inland most of the continent is 1000 feet above sea level

• Really doesn’t have mountain ranges like the other continents

• Basins and Rivers• On the plateau are low basins

• They are huge depressions that can span 625 miles across and reach 5,000 feet deep

• Water collects in these basins• Many rivers flow to or through these

basins

• The Congo river basin contains a massive river system

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4 Landforms

• Africa is a large plateau with escarpments on the edges• An escarpment is similar to a cliff although not as steep

• Africa has a smooth coastline with few natural harbors

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The Nile River

• The longest river in the world is the Nile River in Egypt• Flows more than 4,000 miles also

flows through Uganda and Sudan

• Many civilizations live along the Nile• Population density on the Nile is

more than 3,320 people per sqmile, compared to 216 people per square mile away from it

• People of Egypt have relied on its flooding and receding for farming for many years

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6 The Rift Valleys• Africa doesn’t have mountain ranges, its equivalent are rift valleys

• Divergent plate activity pulled plates apart created sunken lands called the Great Rift Valley in East Africa

• These valleys have steep walls and can stretch for miles• Some stretch over 4,000 miles• Rift valleys extend from The Red Sea to South Africa• Many fill with water and form lakes at the bottom of them

• These lakes are often long and deep

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7 Lakes from the Rift Valley• The African Great Lakes were formed in the

bottom of rift valleys

• Lake Tanganyika• The longest freshwater lake in

the world

• 420 miles long

• 4,700 feet deep

• Lake Victoria• Africa’s Largest Lake

• Sits in a shallow basin

between rifts

• 2nd largest fresh water

lake in the world

• Only 270 feet deep

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8

Mountains

• Africa mountains are volcanic

• Mount Kenya, and Mount Kilimanjaro

• Both are volcanoes

• Snow stays on them year round

• Mt. Kilimanjaro in Tanzania at 19,341 feet

• Mt. Kenya at 17,058 feet

• Volcanic rock covers large parts of the continent

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Map showing major rivers in AfricaAfrica has several major rivers:

-Listed counter clockwise:

A. Serengeti River

B. Niger River

C. Volta River

D. Congo River

E. Orange River

F. Limpopo River

G. Zambezi River

H. Nile River

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10 Climate of Africa -Warm Continent• Most of the Continent of Africa Lies

between the Tropics• Warm – Hot

• 2 Seasons – Wet and Dry

• The middle of the continent runs along the equator• Climates along the equator see a tropical

wet climate

• Surrounding area has a Tropical wet and dry climate

• Temperatures in these areas are more consistent throughout the full year

• Greater differences between day and night temperatures than the differences between the seasons

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11 Early & Modern Areas of Food Production

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12 Deserts

• Three Deserts in Africa, the Namib, the Kalahari, and the Sahara• Sahara is Arabic for desert

• The Sahara is about the size of the continental US• 3,000 miles across, and 1,200 miles north to south

• Only 20 percent of the Sahara is sand

• Majority are rocky mountains, rock formations, & gravel plains

• Temps can rise about 130 degrees in summer• Hot enough to cook an egg on the sand

• Temps in winter can drop below freezing at night

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Desert Travel

• Can take about 3 months travel on foot

• Camels are essential for desert travel• They can go 17 days without water

• They have eyelashes that protect it from sandstorms

• They can squeeze their nostrils shut

• Rain may not fall in the deserts for almost 6 years! • Life in the Sahara relies on

underground aquifers and oasis’

Desert Rainfall

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14 Resources• Africa is rich in mineral resources such as gold, diamonds, and alloys

• An alloy is two or more minerals mixed together

• Large deposits of Bauxite in West Africa (used to make aluminum)

• Timber is limited in Africa to countries with tropical rainforests

• Countries on the coast have fish

• Some countries have large amounts of arable land• Land capable of being ploughed and used to grow crops

Africa is the world’s largest producer of diamonds

Diamond mining in West Africa

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15

Natural Resources of Africa

• A wealth and a scarcity

• Africa has an abundance of natural resources but lacks the industry, infrastructure, and money to develop them• In terms of resources Africa is one of the

world’s richest continents

• Resources like: gold, platinum, chromium, cobalt, copper, phosphates, diamonds, and more are all found in massive amounts• South Africa is the world’s largest producer of

chromium, an element used in stainless steel

• South Africa also produces 80% of the world’s platinum and 30% of the gold reserves

• Ores and minerals account for more than half of the total value of Africa's exports

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16 Lack of Economic Success • Even though Africa is wealthy when it comes to the amount of

minerals & resources, it’s challenges and history have hindered its economic success

• European colonialism led to rapid exports of the minerals• African nations were left undeveloped, so independent nations lack the

infrastructure to do it on their own

Fossil Fuels• Nigeria, Libya, Algeria, and Angola all have access to

petroleum and lead Africa in petroleum exports

• But some countries like Gabon have access that is untapped

• Angola is an example of lack of economic return• Political turmoil has caused that money to be spent on Civil War

• Over ½ million people killed

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Other resources

• Coffee• After Oil coffee is the next most profitable commodity

• Few Africans Drink coffee, but they produce nearly 10% of the worlds coffee

• Lumber• Ethiopia produces the majority of Africa’s lumber

(ranks 8th world wide)

• Logging is impacting the forests in Africa

• Loggers clear an area the size of New Jersey each year

• Cocoa• Ivory Coast is worlds largest exporter of Cocoa beans

• Sugar, Palm Oil, also major exports

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18 African Economy Post Europe Imperialism

• Agriculture is the foundation of African economies

• 2/3 of all Africans earn their living farming

• Farm products account for about 1/3 of the continent’s exports

• Farming is limited to certain areas due climate

• They rely on cash crops (crops grown to be sold)• Coffee, tea, and sugar

• Sold directly to outside countries

• Farmland also used for subsistence crops• A type of farming where all that is produced is used up by the farmer and their

family

• Economies unstable because crop prices change world wide regularly

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19 The East Africa –The Cradle of Humanity

• Some of the earliest known prehistoric remains have been found in East Africa at Olduvai Gorge

• Olduvai Gorge is located in Tanzania• Contains the most continuous known record of humanity

• This site was occupied by Homo habilis• Approximately 1.9 million years old

• Then Paranthropus boisei• 1.8 million years old

• Then Homo erectus • 1.2 million years ago

• Homo Habilis was discovered in 1959• First human creatures to use tools

• Found 65 individual hominids

• Homo sapiens is dated to have occupied the site 17,000 years ago

• Geographic position also makes east Africa the crossroads of humanity

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20 Imperialism –The Berlin Conference• Late 1884-85, the Berlin Conference divided up the nations of East Africa

• Europe paid no attention to traditional African tribal groups of cultures

• Only Ethiopia survived• Emperor Menelik II, protected his country from Italian invasion with weapons they had gotten in

trade from Russia and France

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Independence Brings Conflict• By the 1970s most of East African nations had gained independence

• But the divisions of cultures and rivalries still existed

• Civil wars became common when Europe left

• European Nations hadn't prepared the nations for independence

• Political boundaries had created ethnic divisions

• Rival cultures would often create massive battles and bloodshed • An examples is like Rwanda

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22 Rwanda

• Rwanda was first settled by people who

raised cattle• If you owned more cattle you were a Tutsi

• Everyone else was a Hutu

• You could move ranks by getting more cattle

• When the Germans took control they looked at the divisions more racially• Tutsi had more of European look

• Germans put the Tutsis in charge

• Hutus were the majority group (90%)… not happy

• When the Germans Lost WWII, they lost control of Rwanda

• Belgian took control• They made matters worse by mandating ID cards labeling every person a Hutu, a Tutsi, or a Twa

(a hunter gatherer)

• Belgians gave the 10% Tutsi all of the power in government

• When independence started to grow, to prevent war, the Belgians switched and put the Hutu’s in power• This made the Tutsi mad and the division between the two groups grew even more

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23 The Rwandan Genocide

• In 1994 the president of Rwanda (a Hutu)

was killed by a missile that hit his plane• He had run a totalitarian government, which

didn’t allow Tutsis to be involved

• The Hutu blamed the attack on the Tutsi• Within 24 hours extremist Hutu had control of the government

• The extremist leaders set up road blocks in the capitol city• They checked IDs and killed any labeled as Tutsi

• They went door to door killing the Tutsi

• They left bodies where they were killed as a sign of disrespect• Estimated 800,000 – 1,000,000 were killed

• Lasted only 100 days

• Ended when a Tutsi resistance group came in and took control of the government

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24 Africa has superimposed boundaries• Africa has superimposed boundaries

• They are boundaries created after settlement had already occurred• They ignore pre-existing human geography

• Imposed by outsiders (such as colonizers or conquerors)

• Possible negative effects of superimposed boundaries• Tribes get separated into different countries like:

• The Somali tribe in Kenya, Somalia, & Ethiopia,

• The Tuareg tribe in Mali, Niger, & Algeria

• The Fulani tribe in Senegal & Guinea

• Hostile tribes get placed into same countries• Rwanda with the Tutsi v. Hutu, & Ethiopia with the Tigre v. Amhara

• Countries end up with many different languages & ethnicities• Example, Nigeria with over 200 languages

• Traditional migration or trading routes disrupted by boundaries• Masai tribe in Kenya & Tanzania

• Nomadic tribes in Mali, Niger, Chad, Sudan, etc.

• Somali tribes in Kenya, Somalia, & Ethiopia

• Countries with only one cash crop or a single climate• Pretty much any group in Africa could be listed for this

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Africa has many Landlocked Nations

• Landlocked means totally surrounded by other countries• Being by an ocean does NOT count as landlocked

• Examples –Zambia, Zimbabwe, Chad, Mauritania, & Lesotho

• Challenges to landlocked countries• No ports

• No fishing or sea economy

• Must pay for access to the sea

• Must fly over foreign air space to go anywhere

• Must build roads/railroads through foreign nations

• Need to have a good relation with your neighbors

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26 Urbanization• Just like every country around the world, African people are moving to

cities for better jobs

• Addis Ababa capitol of Ethiopia has grown by more than 1 million people in the last 10 years

• Cities are not prepared for rapid growth so urban problems exist

• Agriculture workers are leaving which impacts agricultural production

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27 Tourism• One of the other main economic activities in East Africa

• World Famous Wild Life Parks• Actually started by Europeans as hunting reserves (Native Africans didn’t need

reserves because they only hunted for survival and not for sport)

• Now the parks are used for wildlife growth and tourism

• Millions of dollars each year are brought in

• Wild Life Parks create conflict because they use valuable farm land• Growing populations in East Africa require more food. Farmers want to shrink the

reserves to use the farm land.

• Farmers have started farming right up

to the borders of the reserves

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28 Egypt • Early civilization grew in North Africa primarily because of the Nile River

• A Cultural Hearth – where ideas and innovations come together to shape a region and those ideas spread through cultural diffusion

• Egyptians were able to create a massive civilization because of the Nile River

• Egypt has been called the “Gift of the Nile”

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Egypt and The Nile

• Egyptians have been living around the Nile since 3300 BC• People were able to create a civilization

because they were able to farm along the Nile• Civilizations are settled and have a government

• Around 3100 BC Egypt became united under a strong king• This Began the Egyptian dynasties

• Powerful group or family that maintains its position for a considerable time

• 30 dynasties would rule Egypt over the next 2,600 years

• Rulers were called pharaohs and were worshiped as the son of the sun god Ra

• Temples and tombs were built to honor them

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30

The Nile spreads Culture

• Egyptians used the Nile to travel through Egypt and Africa• They also moved into the Red Sea and

Mediterranean Sea

• Cultures were influenced back and forth

• Its believed that many Egyptian techniques of writing, farming, and city building were influenced by the Mesopotamians of Southwest Asia

• Egyptians would pioneer and spread culture• Geometry in farming to harness the river

• Medicine

• Healing broken bonesCairo

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31 Culture in Africa

• Souks• Marketplaces – common features of North Africa

• Souks sell bright colored clothes, food, spices, and animals

• City Souks• Located in the old section of town

• High pressure sales

• Be willing to bargain for the lowest price

• Country Souks• Open early in morning, tents, storytellers, musicians, fortunetellers, etc.

Religion

• Proximity bring religion• Location near Southwest Asia and the Mediterranean Sea brought invaders

• Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, Turks, etc.

• In 632 Muslims started spreading the religion through conquest and trade• Muslim invaders from Southwest Asia brought Islam to Northern Africa

• European Imperialism brought Christianity to Southern Africa

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32 Women in North Africa

• Recently the role of women in North Africa has changed• Previously

• North African households centered around the males

• Men went to work and few women had jobs

• In Tunisia Women are having a changing role• Women's rights have improved

• Polygamy abolished

• Penalty for spouse abuse

• Women can ask for divorce

• Equal pay for women in equal jobs

• No more preteen arranged marriages

• More women are getting professional jobs

• Women hold 20% of parliament seats

• Women manage a large number of businesses in Tunisia

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Introduction to West Africa• The Trading Kingdoms

• Three kingdoms thrived in West Africa because of their location on trade routes across the Sahara

• Ghana

• Mali

• Songhai

• In West Africa along Niger River• Farming Society known as Soninke

• Joined together for protection

• Created the Kingdom of Ghana

• Ghana was in a perfect location for trade

• Traded salt & gold

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34 Controlling trade

• Ghana gets more powerful through trade

• Rulers increased personal gold supplies and created larger armies

• Trade in Ghana brought people from all over the world

• Arab traders from the East brought Islam to Ghana

• Islam spreads throughout West Africa

• Not long after Ghana falls

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35 Rise to Power the Kingdom of Mali

• Not long after Ghana Falls another kingdom rises near by

• Mali was located right on Niger River• They controlled river trade

• Conquered surrounding kingdoms

• Mansa Musa becomes Mali’s most famous ruler

• Ruled for about 25 years

• Created important trade cities• Timbuktu, Djenne, and Gao

• Mansa Musa introduced Mali to the world

• Helped spread Islam

• Brought artist and architects to build mosques---------------

• After his death, Mali lost a lot of power• By 1500 nearly all of the lands Mali controlled were lost

1492 Columbus 300 AD Ghana

Formed

Around 1040 Ghana Falls

Around 1230 Kingdom of Mali

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36 Songhai Empire• When Mail weakened in the 1400s the Songhai rose to power

• Gained independence from Mali and took over most of it

• Muhammad Ture became the Greatest ruler of Songhai

• He was also known as “Askia”• He became “Askia the Great”

• He was a devout Muslim

• Took control and increased power of main cities of Gao and Timbuktu • Great education centers of Africa

• When Askia died, Songhai’s power and influence declined

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Ghana Success Today

• Ghana is a stable trading country• Exports gold, diamonds, magnesium,

and bauxite

• Ghana produces 2x what some of the poorest countries do

• Some of Ghana’s neighbors only have a 35% literacy rate

• Expected to increase oil production

• Reasons:

• Political stability began earlier

• Election process has worked fair and free since 1992

• Focused on education

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38 West African Culture• Asasia –Kente Cloth

• Colorful woven cloth

• Contain geometric features

• Carries specific meaning

• Usually only warn by royalty

• Made by Ashanti people of Ghana

• Ashanti also famous for masks and

carved wooden stools

• Benin people (not of Benin but of Nigeria) • Artists who would make beautiful objects of

metal or terra cotta

• Most significant work is made from brass and are called• Benin “Bronzes”

• Statues, Masks, Jewelry

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39 Europeans move into Southern Africa

• The Dutch were the first Europeans to move to South Africa in the 1600s

• They clashed with the early native groups • Called themselves Afrikaners• Spoke Afrikaans

• Western Germanic language, mostly Dutch

• In 1700 & 1800s more Europeans, especially British, moved in & were met with resistance• The British first fought the Zulu people and by the late 19th

century the British controlled all the land of the Zulu

• The British then fought the Afrikaner Dutch farmers, known as the Boers, in “the Boer Wars”• “Boer” is the Afrikaans word for “farmer”• Boer is the term the British used for the people that wanted

separatism of whites and blacks• Meant to be an insult

• In 1902 the British won and created the Union of South Africa but kept many of the biases and discrimination

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40

Apartheid

• In 1948 the white minority government of South Africa instituted a policy of Apartheid• Complete segregation of races

• No social contact

• Separate schools, hospitals, neighborhoods

• Blacks made up 75% of the population but received the smallest amount of land

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Apartheid & Nelson Mandela

• In 1912 South African blacks formed a political union called the ANC to fight for their rights• Used political demonstrations to fight for their rights

• In 1949 a leader arose that made a large push for rights• Nelson Mandela

• Made public demonstrations

• Landed him in serious trouble with the government• He received a life sentence and was put in prison

• In the 1980s the world put pressure on South Africa to end the Apartheid• In 1989 a new president, F.W. de Klerk, was elected who encouraged change

• In the 1990s, South Africa went through a peaceful revolution to end Apartheid• Nelson Mandela was released from prison after 27 years

• Elections with both races took place in 1994• Nelson Mandela won and became the first black president

• In 1996 the government passed a new democratic constitution that protects the rights of ALL citizens

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42 Economy of South Africa• South African nations have some of the most advanced economic

systems in Africa• But they still struggle as Apartheid has left huge economic divisions

between whites and blacks• Blacks get the worst jobs, least productive land, & attend the worst schools

• Effects of Apartheid• When it was in place many foreign countries banned trade in South Africa

• Created a gap in education as blacks went to the poor schools

• Created two social classes in even after Apartheid ended

• South African Social Classes• Upper-middle income economy similar to U.S.

• Great cities with huge industries• Johannesburg and Cape Town modern like U.S.

• Modern farms and ranches

• Poverty stricken South Africa• Shanty Towns fill rural cities

• Housing shortages

• Unequal land distribution

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43 Health Care in Africa• Imperialism has had its effect on Africa

• Quality of life is heavily impacted by health care challenges

• A variety of diseases affect Africa• Each has its own challenges and reasons for spreading

• For example: AIDS, Cholera, Malaria, & Tuberculosis

• Cholera• Infection in the Intestine

• Causes diarrhea and vomiting

• Death comes from rapid dehydration and electrolyte imbalance

• Infection that is spread by inadequate sanitation and lack of clean water supply• Fatal if not treated

• Malaria• Chills, fever and headache that can lead to a coma and can be fatal

• Carried and spread by mosquitos

• Places with low economic development are often more impacted by malaria

• It can be resistant to standard drugs• No effective vaccine has been developed

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44 Fight Against Diseases• Countries from around the world have been working together

• To fight Malaria African nations have been using SPRAYING TECHNIQUES since the 1930s

• The Tsetse fly is a biting fly that creates sleeping sickness

• Very deadly

• Vaccine programs have been created to help get vaccinations to children in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and Europe

• Global Fund for Children’s Vaccine pledged more than $250 Million dollars

• Improving Health Care Systems

• Gabon is using oil revenue to improve health care

• African Development fund approved a loan of nearly $12.3 million dollars

to help Mozambique improve its hospitals and clinics

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HIV & AIDS in Africa• This is the most severe disease in Africa (has become a pandemic)

• Uncontrollable outbreak of a disease affecting a large population over a widegeographic area

• 67% of the world’s adult AIDS cases are in Africa • 90% of all new cases of children with AIDS are in Africa • AIDS is often accompanied by Tuberculosis

• A respiratory infection that is one of the more common reasons for death in AIDS victims

• In 2008 AIDS took the lives of around 2 million people worldwide• About 1.4 million lived in Africa• In Swaziland 3 out of every 4 deaths was attributed to AIDS

• Life expectancy has dropped from 58 years to 37 years old

• In 2008, 22.4 million people in Africa were living with HIV or AIDS

• Uganda• In 1997 Uganda began to offer same day HIV tests and education programs• Infection rates among 15 to 24 year olds dropped by 50%

• South Africa has the most severely affected area with AIDS• Zimbabwe and Botswana about 25% of all adults were infected with HIV in 2006

• In 1994 the life expectancy in Botswana was 60 years• In 1999 it declined to 39 years

• Because of education and medicine it has risen above 61 since then• Caused economic trouble as many of the highly skilled workers ended up dying of the disease

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46 Economic Impact of Disease

• People who are sick work less, or don’t work• Poverty Increases

• Economists predicted that in 2010 the GDP of South Africa is 17% lower than it would have been if not for AIDS

• AIDS Care is expensive• UN program called UNAIDS, studies the AIDS epidemic

• Estimates that $4.63 BILLION dollars will be needed to fight AIDS in Africa

• UNAIDS says that newly infected with HIV has dropped from 2.3 million people in 2001 to 1.9 million people 2008• Drop might be from education

• It might indicate that almost as many people are dying of AIDS as are being infected with HIV

• More improvement in education and healthcare is needed for future progress

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landforms l a's - davis school district · africa mountains are volcanic mount kenya , and...

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