landscape pesticide application equipment, ppp-47 · landscape pesticide application equipment a...
TRANSCRIPT
PURDUE UNIVERSITY COOPERATIVE EXTENSION SERVICE • WEST LAFAYETTE, IN 47907
PPP-47
PURDUE PESTICIDE PROGRAMSPURDUE PESTICIDE PROGRAMS
Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service
LANDSCAPE PESTICIDE APPLICATION EQUIPMENTA Guide to Selection and Calibration of Liquid Sprayers
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
Fred Whitford, Coordinator, Purdue Pesticide Programs
Andrew Martin, Pesticide Specialist, Purdue Pesticide Programs
Dan Weisenberger, Research Agronomist, Purdue University
Allen Boger, Extension Horticulture Educator (retired), Purdue University
Zac Reicher, Turfgrass Extension Specialist, Purdue University
Bob Wolf, Extension Agricultural Engineer, Kansas State University
Dave Huth, Manager, Bennett’s Greenhouses
Arlene Blessing, Editor and Designer, Purdue Pesticide Programs
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3RECOMMENDED CULTURAL PRACTICES .............................................................................. 5OWNER’S MANUAL AND INSTRUCTIONS .............................................................................. 5THREE BASIC STEPS TO PROPER CALIBRATION .................................................................. 6USING LIQUID PRODUCTS ................................................................................................ 8
HOSE-END SPRAYERS ............................................................................................... 10COMPRESSED AIR SPRAYERS ..................................................................................... 19BUCKET SPRAYERS ................................................................................................... 28
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 36ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...................................................................................................... 38ADDITIONAL PPP PUBLICATIONS FOR THE HOMEOWNER ....................................................... 38CONVERSIONS .......................................................................................... INSIDE BACK COVER
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INTRODUCTION
The old Victorian home had been neglected for decades. Once thegovernor’s residence and the jewel of the block, it had become theneighborhood eyesore.
Deterioration had taken its toll over the years as owners and tenantscame and went, and now the house was for sale once again.
Your family had grown larger and it was time to consider purchasinga bigger home, so you decided to view the old Victorian. The signs ofneglect were shocking: peeling paint, falling wallpaper, crumbling ceil-ings, scarred wooden floors, and rotten window frames. But you knewthat underneath there was a beautiful home just waiting to blossom. Itwould take a lot of hard work.
Several years and lots of elbow grease later, your dream of restoringthe run-down old house had materialized; and, once again, it was
admired by neighbors andpassersby. But the focus onthe house had meant thatother projects were set aside,and the lawn had fallen victimto neglect just as the houseonce had. Your new focuswould be to create a beautifullandscape to complementyour beautiful home.
First, you visit with yourcounty Cooperative ExtensionService representative anddetermine that you will needto change your lawn manage-ment practices by
• applying fertilizer at theappropriate rate in Septem-ber and November insteadof early spring;
• monitoring your lawn for moisture content and watering appropri-ately instead of letting it suffer through periods of dry weather;
• sharpening your lawn mowerblades frequently;
• raising the deck on your mowerto cut at a height of 3 inches;and
• mowing frequently, cutting offno more than one-third of theleaf blades each time you mow.
P. Sellers
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Your extension educator also recommends applying a broadleaf weedkiller during October or early November to control dandelions quickly. Soyou go to a garden center to purchase a suitable weed killer (herbicide)and the appropriate application equipment. When it’s time to make theapplication, you read the product label to determine what safety precau-tions are necessary and what rate to use. You pour the herbicide into thesprayer, turn on the water, and wage your battle against the dandelions.In a couple of days the dandelion leaves are curled, but they never seemto die. You wonder how that can be when you did everything by thebook!
The problem was caused by failure to calibrate the sprayer. Calibra-tion is necessary to make sure that the herbicide is applied at the correctrate. Otherwise, the sprayer may apply too little, in which case you won’tget good control, or it may apply too much and harm your turf. Notcalibrating is analogous to placing a meal into the oven and setting thetemperature randomly. Pesticide application accuracy is extremelyimportant.
You might question your own ability to calibrate application equipmentaccurately, but calibration is not difficult. It is simply the process ofmeasuring and metering the amount of product (pesticide or fertilizer) sothat just the right amount is applied to the target area. Learning tocalibrate is like learning how to use any new tool. It’s a simple, step-by-step process. It takes time, at first, but with practice and experience it
becomes faster and easier, your results predictably accurate.
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RECOMMENDED
CULTURAL PRACTICES
Remember that many landscape pest problems can be avoided byfollowing recommended cultural practices:
• Select plants that are hardy in your climate.
• Plant them in the proper location.
• Provide timely and accurate fertilization, as needed.
• Prune, water, and mulch properly.
These practices will ensure that your lawn and landscape plants areas healthy as they can be; and healthy plants have fewer pest problems,
thus minimizing the need touse chemicals. Good culturalpractices, along with patienceand perseverance, candramatically improve even areally bad lawn, over time.Consult with your countyCooperative ExtensionService representatives andlocal garden center profes-sionals for advice on manag-ing your landscape.
Even well-cared-for plantsoccasionally experienceweed, insect, or diseaseproblems. Some pests can
kill plants or stifle growth and flowering. Others may reduce a plant’svigor, leaving it susceptible to a variety of pests. Many render the land-scape unsightly.
If you are interested in improving the appearance of your landscapebut feel that you cannot make the necessary time commitment, considerhiring a professional to maintain it for a year or two until you are free tohandle it yourself.
New pesticide application equipment generally is sold with themanufacturer’s instructions on how to use it properly. They may be foundin an owner’s manual or come as loose-leaf papers; sometimes they areprinted on the application equipment itself. Most equipment manualsprovide
• a product registration card;
• the model number of the equipment;
OWNER’S MANUAL AND INSTRUCTIONS
A. Blessing
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• the phone number of the manufacturer’s customer relationsdepartment;
• an address where a new set of instructions or an owner’s manualcan be obtained;
• a diagram and corresponding numbered parts list (and sometimesprices);
• instructions on how to set up and use the equipment;
• routine maintenance procedures needed to extend the life of theequipment;
• the manufacturer’s warranty and related disclaimers.
Operating instructions for equipment used only occasionally aresometimes misplaced or inadvertently thrown away. Guard against thesepossibilities by designating a safe place where they can be accessedquickly and easily. A file box works well and can accommodate otherhousehold appliance and tool manuals, as well. Instructions printeddirectly on equipment can wear off or become scratched or soiledbeyond recognition; copy the instructions onto a piece of paper when theequipment is new and place it in the file box for safekeeping.
Calibration of pesticide application equipment is an integral part of thepest control process. The importance of applying the correct amount ofproduct uniformly to a specific area, plant, or group of plants cannot beoveremphasized.
THREE BASIC STEPS
TO PROPER CALIBRATION
Step 1Select the Proper Pesticide Productand Application Equipment
Common pesticide products used to control home landscape pestsinclude insecticides to control insects, herbicides to control weeds, andfungicides to control plant diseases. Fertilizer is not a pesticide becauseit is not used to control pests; its function is to provide essential nutrientsfor healthy plant growth. Sometimes one or more pesticides are mixedwith fertilizer to form a combination product. This saves time and work,but combination products must be handled as pesticides.
Step 2Determine the Size of the Treatment Area
The second step is to determine the total size of the area to betreated. This is a simple calculation when the shape of the area is a
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square or rectangle and the area does not contain objects such as asidewalk, driveway, or plant bed: Simply multiply length times width todetermine the total area to be treated.
TOTAL AREA TO BE TREATED = LENGTH X WIDTH
But many application sites contain objects that occupy space and donot require treatment: the house, a garden shed, flowers, shrubs,groundcover, mulched areas, trees, patios, fountains, pools, sidewalks,driveways, etc. The total space occupied by all such objects must besubtracted from the total area of the property to determine the area thatactually will be treated.
Step 3Determine the Amount of Product Needed
The final step in calibration is to determine the application rate. Theproduct label will state how much to apply; but it will vary, depending onproduct formulation and application site. The label usually will tell youhow much product to apply per 1,000 square feet, or how much productto add per gallon of water.
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Liquid pesticides are needed when the aboveground parts of plantsrequire treatment to control pests. Some liquid formulations comepackaged in their own sprayer, ready to use; no dilution is required.Liquid concentrates, however, must be diluted with water in the spraytank; and dry wettable powders, applied as liquids, also require mixingwith water. Following are some points to consider when using liquidpesticide application equipment.
USING LIQUID PRODUCTS
A few products will dissolve in water and remain permanently insolution, but most form suspensions. Over time, the suspended particlesseparate from the water and settle to the bottom of the sprayer. Con-tinual agitation during application will keep most liquid products sus-pended in the water inside the sprayer; a good rule of thumb is to agitateevery five minutes.
Agitation
Tank sprayers are equipped with a plunger in the lid for pumping/forcing air into the tank to increase the pressure inside. An applicationwand and nozzle are attached to the tank with a hose; and when thetrigger on the wand is squeezed, the air pressure inside the tank forcesliquid out through the nozzle.
As the sprayer is used, the pressure inside drops; if you do notrepump the tank, eventually the pressure will drop too low to force theliquid out of the tank. Therefore, it is important to pump the tank periodi-cally during an application to maintain a consistent flow and ensureuniform coverage of the area being treated. When the tank is nearly full,it takes only a few seconds to pressurize it; but as the product is sprayedout and the pressure level drops, pumping it back to full pressure takes alittle longer.
The amount of pressure inside the tank determines the forcewith which the spray exits the nozzle. When the pressure is high,the liquid exits rapidly as a fine mist; low pressure results in aslower exit of larger spray droplets. Controlling the pressure, andtherefore the sprayer output, can facilitate applications where driftis a concern. Nozzle adjustments may be necessary, as well. Forexample, when spot spraying (treating individual weeds), lowpressure and large nozzle openings help produce a thick stream ofliquid that can be directed at the target. Conversely, when full coverageis needed, high pressure and small nozzle settings help produce a mistthat covers the entire plant.
Spray Tank Pressure
Never make pesticideapplications under windyconditions. If there isonly a slight breeze, uselow pressure to preventthe spray from movingoff-target.
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As described previously, pressure inside the spray tank forces liquidout through a nozzle on the end of the wand when the trigger issqueezed. The opening in the nozzle is called an orifice, and the diam-eter (width) of the orifice regulates how much liquid can pass through.
Some sprayers have adjustable nozzles that enable users to adjustthe size of the orifice. When the nozzle is tightened clockwise, the size ofthe opening is reduced and tiny spray droplets exit the nozzle as a finemist. If the nozzle is loosened counterclockwise, the diameter of theorifice increases, producing larger spray droplets that form a coarsespray pattern.
Some specially designed nozzles have interchangeable tips shapedto deliver the spray in a specific pattern. For example, a fan tip deliversthe spray in a lens-shaped or rectangular pattern and is useful forbroadcast spraying lawns. Hollow- and solid-cone tips deliver the sprayin a circular pattern, which is good for spraying plants. Check with yourequipment dealer for tips that can be used on the nozzle you have. Insome instances, nozzle tip kits containing several types are available.
Spray Nozzles and Tips
Walk at a consistent, comfortable speed when applying liquid prod-ucts. The walking speed affects the amount of product that falls onto thetreatment area: The faster you walk, the less product reaches the target.
Conversely, the slower you walk, the moreproduct is applied. In addition to maintaininga consistent walking speed when applying aliquid product, it is important to walk backand forth across the lawn in a precisepattern.
Walking Speed and Pattern
Some liquid applications require the applicator to swing the spraywand from side-to-side while walking in a straight line. Moving your armquickly while spraying a broad swath gets the job done quickly, but thegreater your speed, the less product is applied. A narrow swath and slowarm movement result in more product being applied.
Hand and Arm Movement
When applying a liquid product, the height that the nozzle is heldabove the ground determines the swath (width) covered and the amountof product applied. Raising the nozzle farther from the ground creates awider swath, and lowering the nozzle creates a narrower swath.
Nozzle Height Above the Ground
Keep an eye on the amount of mixed productthat is being applied as the job progresses;in particular, note how much has been usedat the midway point. If more or less thanhalf remains, slow down or speed up therate of application, respectively.
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Hose-end sprayers, which attach directly to the end of a gardenhose and are easy to use, are constructed with three main parts: aplastic container to hold the product, a lid that attaches the hose to thecontainer, and a siphoning tube.
Water moving through the hose creates a suction that pulls theproduct from inside the container up through the siphoning tube anddistributes it uniformly into the water flow. Always obtain quality equip-ment that has an anti-siphoning device to prevent backflow into yourwater system; backflow can result if the water is turned off at the faucetor if a sudden drop in water pressure occurs. There are three maintypes of hose-end sprayers: fine spray (mixing required); coarse spray(mixing required); and dial-in (no mixing required).
Hose-End Sprayers
These sprayers deliver a fine spray of small droplets to coat theouter leaf surfaces of flowers, small trees, and shrubs. It is excellent forapplying fungicides for disease control,e.g., black spot on roses, and for control-ling insects that feed on plant leaves. Finespray hose-end sprayers cannot be usedto control soil-dwelling insects such aswhite grubs because the mist driesquickly on the blades of grass and doesnot make it down into the soil to contactthe pest.
The product is diluted with water insidethe hose-end container. The plasticcontainer is marked conspicuously withtwo scales: fluid ounces and gallons.Read the product label to determine howmany ounces are needed for the job. Pourthe required amount into the containerand add water to the level needed for the application.
Fine Spray Hose-End Sprayers(mixing required)
This type of equipment works similar to the fine spray type butdelivers larger particles as a heavier spray. This is desirable when thespray material must reach past the grass plants, into the soil. Coarsespray hose-end sprayers have limited use in treating flowers, shrubs,and trees because the large droplets do not cover leaf surfaces uni-formly. The large droplets also do not stick to leaf surfaces as well asfine spray particles; often, in fact, they bounce off.
Coarse Spray Hose-End Sprayers(mixing required)
A. Blessing
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The instructions for filling coarse spray hose-end sprayers are thesame as those given previously for fine spray hose-end sprayers.
These sprayers usually cost a little more than the fine and coarsespray hose-end sprayers, but the extra cost is justified by one distinctadvantage: The need to measure and mix the product with water withinthe container is eliminated. Only the concentrated product is poured intothe container; then the user simply dials in the rate on the sprayer. Thedial mechanism meters the correct amount of concentrate for each gallonof water that passes through the sprayer.
There are no markings on the sides of thecontainer since no mixing is required. If unusedconcentrate is left in the sprayer after the job, itcan be returned to its original container.
Dial-In Hose-End Sprayers(no mixing required)
• They are easy to use. Hose-end sprayers areuncomplicated, lightweight, and portable.
• They require very little maintenance. Rinsingafter finishing the job is the only requirement.
• They are versatile. Hose-end sprayers can be used to applyproducts to the lawn, landscape plants, and vegetable plants.
• They are inexpensive. Hose-end sprayers cost between $8 and$20.
Good News AboutHose-End Sprayers
• Leftover dilution creates a storage/disposal problem. Leftoverdiluted material cannot be returned to the original product container.
• The applicator’s walking speed must be measured.
• Application accuracy requires measuring walking speed (whentreating large areas) or determining the amount of time re-quired to disperse the right amount of spray (when treatingindividual plants). Failure to maintain a consistent walking speedfor the proper length of time when treating lawns, bushes, or treescan result in too much or too little product being applied.
Bad News AboutHose-End Sprayers
A. Blessing
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• Your garden hose can become contaminated. The outsidesurface of your garden hose can become contaminated with theproduct as it is pulled across treated areas of the lawn.
• Extra garden hose may be required. The cost of additional gardenhose needed to reach the farthest point of the treatment area mayoffset the low initial cost of a hose-end sprayer.
• Most hose-end sprayers are not flexible. The simplicity of theirdesign does not permit adjustment of nozzle tips or spray patterns.
The pesticide label indicates how much of the product to mix pergallon of water. However, most labels don’t tell you how many gallons ofthe mixture will be needed to treat a tree, shrub, flower bed, or row ofvegetables. The correct amount varies according to the size, shape, andnumber of plants to be treated. As an example, more dilution (productplus water) is needed to spray a 20-foot tree than to treat a 3-foot shrubor a row of vegetable plants. Therefore, the first step in calibrating ahose-end sprayer is to determine how many gallons will be needed tocomplete the job.
Use the worksheet on pages 13–14 to determine how many gallons ofwater and how much product will be needed to complete the job de-scribed in the next paragraph.
You need to treat six appletrees, ranging in height from 8to 12 feet, to control aphids.The insecticide label recom-mends a rate of one ounce ofproduct per gallon of water.Record in the third column(pages 13-14) all availableplant and product information;this information is critical indetermining how much waterand product will be needed forthe job.
Calibrating a Hose-End Sprayerfor Spraying Plants
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1. Select a single plant or agroup of plants (e.g., a tree,a 20-foot row of vegetableplants, or a 100 ft2 flowerbed).
one 10-foot apple tree
2. Do not add pesticide to thewater used in this stepbecause you are merelytrying to determine howlong it takes to treat thedesignated plant(s). Usingplain water in your hose-end sprayer, spray theplant(s) designated in Step1 until all of the leaves,stems, and trunks arecompletely covered. Re-cord how much time ittakes. Note: Many productlabels instruct you to sprayuntil runoff, i.e., until thespray material begins todrip off the leaves.However, it is better to stopjust before that point isreached because thematerial that drips onto theground is wasted.
35 seconds required to treatthe 10-foot apple tree
4. Determine the total num-ber of plants or overall sizeof the planting that will betreated (e.g., 6 trees or a100-ft row of vegetables).
Calibrating a Hose-End Sprayer for Spraying Plants
13
2 qt water
collected in 35 seconds
6 apple trees
will be treated
(continued)
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
3. Spray water into a bucketfor the amount of timedetermined in Step 2.Measure and record theamount of water collectedin the bucket.
14
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5. Multiply the number ofplants or length of theoverall planting from Step4 by the amount of watercollected in Step 3. Thiswill determine the totalamount of water requiredfor the job.
6 trees
x 2 qt water / tree
12 qt
12 qt ÷ 4 qt / gal =
3 gal water
required for the job
6. Read the label todetermine the proper rate(amount of product pergallon of water). Multiplythe recommended rate bythe amount of waterdetermined in Step 5.
14
Rate = 1 oz / gal water
3 gal water x 1 oz / gal =
3 oz of the product
required to treat 6 trees
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
15
0101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101010101
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Use a graduated cylinder ormeasuring cup to measure smallamounts of the product.Inexpensive, plastic graduatedcylinders can be obtained fromstores that carry photographdeveloping supplies, but be sureto choose one marked in ounces.Rinse thoroughly, after use, andpour the rinsate into the hose-end container as part of thewater required for dilution.
Application with a Hose-End Sprayer• Pour 3 ounces of product (as determined in Step 6) into the hose-
end container.
If you have a hose-end sprayer in which product is mixedwith water inside the container, add water up to the marking for3 gallons (as determined in Step 5), and stir.
If you are using a dial-in sprayer, add the required amount ofproduct and set the dial to the mark that corresponds to the rateon the label.
• Visually check the mix-ture level in the containeras you make the applica-tion. About half theamount that you startwith should remain in thecontainer when the job ishalf finished. Slow downif significantly more thanhalf of the mixture is left;speed up, if less. Half thejob is 3 trees; the timeestimated for sprayingeach tree is 35 seconds:
3 x 35 = 105 sec, or
1 min 45 sec
Therefore, half the mix-ture should be gone afterspraying for 1 minute and45 seconds.
A. Blessing
A. Blessing
A. Blessing
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If the product has been mixed with water inside the container, itshould not be saved for future jobs. Continue to apply leftover dilution tothe labeled site until the container is empty, or use it immediately to spotspray the same kind of problem in another area of the lawn. (Note: If youare using a dial-in sprayer, the concentrated product can be returned toits original container.)
Complete your job by triple rinsing the sprayer,measuring cup or cylinder, and stirring spoon. Partially fillthe empty container with water and shake it. Repeat thisprocess twice to ensure that virtually all of the product isremoved from the equipment. After the original applica-tion has dried, apply the rinsate to the plants just treated,being careful not to rinse off the original application.
What to Do if There Is Pesticide Left Over
It is somewhat more complicated to apply pesticide products to lawnsthan it is to treat garden and landscape plants. Lawn products usuallyprovide an application rate in terms of how much of the product shouldbe diluted with a given amount of water for application to a specificsquare-foot area:
Upon completion of the job, rinseequipment over the application siteitself. Never rinse over pavementor concrete to avoid rinsate beingdirected into a drain or sewer.
Calibrating for Turf Applications
Suppose that you are applying a weedcontrol product on a 6300-square-foot lawn.The label says to use 4 ounces of the productin 2–4 gallons of water for each 1000 squarefeet.
Measure a practice area that can bedivided evenly into 1000 square feet. Assumethat as you swing the sprayer wand back andforth you will cover a 5-foot-wide swath. Agood size test strip is 5 feet by 25 feet, or 125square feet. Make two passes across thearea, side-by-side, for a total test area of 250square feet (a larger test area always in-creases accuracy).
Calculating Gallons of Water andOunces of Product Needed
The first step in calibrating your lawn sprayer is to practice on apremeasured 250-, 500-, or 1000-square-foot area. This will enable youto develop a feel for how long it takes to walk and cover the area, and itwill provide a check to make sure the correct rate of product is applied. Apaved or cement driveway is an excellent place to calibrate equipment.
number of ounces of product PER number of gallons of water PER number of square feet (usually 1000)
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Calibrating a Hose-End Sprayer for Spraying Turf
1. Attach the hose-end sprayer(container empty) to thehose and open the waterfaucet fully.
2. Spray the test area with plainwater and record the amountof time it takes to cover thetest area while walking at acomfortable, consistentspeed.
5 gallons of water will be toomuch based on the label
requirement
4. Divide the total area to betreated by the area coveredin Step 2.
Multiply the result by thenumber of gallons collectedin Step 3 to determine thetotal gallons of water thatwould be applied to a 1000-square-foot lawn at yourwalking speed.
20 seconds to walk andcover 250 ft2
1.25 gal of water
collected in 20 seconds
5. Check the product label forthe required amount of waterper 1000 square feet (this isnot always provided) andcompare it to the amountobtained in Step 4. In thisexample, the label said touse 2–4 gallons of water per1000 square feet.
1000 ft2 ÷ 250 ft2 = 4
(continued)
17
4 x 1.25 gal = 5 gal of water
3. Using the hose-end sprayer,spray plain water into abucket for the time recordedin Step 2, then measure theamount of water collected.
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
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7a. Compute the amount ofwater that will be required totreat the lawn by first divid-ing its total area by 1000square feet.
7b. Multiply the amount of waterrequired per 1000 sq ft timesthe number in 7a.
6300 ft2 ÷ 1000 ft2 = 6.3
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6. Recalibrate your sprayer bywalking over the test areasomewhat faster than inStep 2, and remeasure theamount of water as inStep 3.
During the second test, youwalked the 250 ft2 test area in15 seconds and sprayed 0.75gal of water into a bucket.
For 1000 ft2:
4 x 0.75 gal = 3 gal / 1000 ft2
8. Compute the amount ofproduct needed to treat thelawn by multiplying theamount of product requiredper 1000 sq ft times thenumber in 7a.
4 oz / 1000 ft2 x 6.3 =
25.2 oz of product needed
(round off to 25 oz)
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
3 gal / 1000 ft2 x 6.3 =
18.9 gal required
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Spraying Your Lawn
Dial-In Sprayers
Your dial-in sprayer holds 32 fluid ounces. Pour 25 ounces of productinto the container and set the dial to 1 ounce. It is important to remem-ber that the dial is set to apply a given amount of product per gallon ofwater, not per 1000 square feet of area. Therefore, you must firstconvert the total amount of product and water required per 1,000 squarefeet of area into ounces needed per gallon of water. In the example onthe worksheet, the label says to apply 4 ounces of product per 1000square feet. In Step 6, it was determined that 3 gallons of water per1000 square feet are needed:
4 oz ÷ 3 gal = 1.33, or 1 1/3 oz of product per gallon of water
Since you can’t set the dial to this exactamount, set it to 1 ounce, which is the closestwhole increment. [Note that if you had set thedial on 4, using the rate on the label (4 oz per1000 sq ft), the sprayer would have appliedalmost 5 times the recommended amount ofproduct since approximately 1 1/3 ounce isrequired per gallon of water.]
Carefully calculate and measure exactlythe right amount of concentrated pesticiderequired for the job when using a dial-inhose-end sprayer. Check the level of thespray mixture periodically duringapplication; half should remain when halfthe job is finished.
Two common types of compressed air sprayers for home use arethe backpack and hand-held tank sprayers. Both are extremely usefulfor small jobs where only a few gallons of material are needed. Gener-ally, these sprayers hold 1–3 gallons of water.
Both types work on the same principal. The user rapidly pushes andpulls a plunger, on the top or side of the tank, that is much like theplunger on a bicycle tire pump. The force of the plunger pumps air intothe empty space inside the tank and compresses it. When the space iffull of air, it becomes nearly impossible to push the plunger into the tank.
At this point, the tank ispressurized, i.e., the pressureinside is greater than thepressure outside.
As the air pressure insidethe tank drops, the amount ofliquid being expelled throughthe nozzle also decreases.Therefore, it is important tomaintain a constant pressureinside the sprayer by pumpingit regularly during application.
Compressed Air Sprayers
Sprayers used for applying herbicides must be clearlylabeled and used only for that purpose. Never usemore than one type of pesticide in a sprayer; that is,use one for herbicides and a separate one forinsecticides and fungicides. Label each sprayer for itsintended type of pesticide. The cost of extra sprayersis nominal compared to the replacement cost ofvaluable landscape plants, and cost is not the onlyinconvenience. It may take years for replacementplants to reach maturity.
Never loan your sprayer or borrow your neighbor’s.
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Backpack sprayers are carried on the back of the user and held byadjustable shoulder straps that allow the weight of the tank to be distrib-uted evenly. A hose extends from the bottom of the tank around one sideof the user. Attached to the hose is a spray wand with a trigger mecha-nism that the user squeezes to expel the tank mixture. Many backpacksprayers are equipped with a pump lever that extends from the bottom ofthe equipment around one side of the user. This permits the applicator topump the sprayerregularly, with onehand, while movingthe spray wand withthe other hand. Thismaintains the pressureinside the tank andkeeps the flow rateuniform.
The nozzle tip on backpack sprayers usually can be adjusted to createvarious spray patterns. This important feature allows the user to selectthe pattern most appropriate for uniform coverage of the target weed,
Backpack Sprayers
Pump lever on backpack
sprayer
Always put a little water in a backpack sprayer beforeadding the liquid pesticide; diluting the concentrate in thismanner makes it mix more readily and uniformly once theremainder of the water is added. Stirring while mixing alsohelps keep the pesticide suspended in the water, as doesshaking the sprayer occasionally during application.
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plant, etc. Backpack sprayers generally are sold with a hollow cone tipwhich expels spray in a circular pattern; it is often the best choice forspraying shrubs or other plants.
A fan tip, which creates a rectangular spray pattern, is best forspraying lawns. Check with the dealer where you bought your equipmentto obtain this special tip.
Hand-Held Tank Sprayers
The only real differences between ahand-held tank sprayer and a backpacksprayer are the size of the tank and how itis carried by the user. A hand-held tanksprayer typically holds 1–3 gallons ofliquid and is carried in one hand whileoperating the spray wand with the other.When the pressure inside the sprayer
begins to decrease, the user must set the sprayer down and pump it. Aswith backpack sprayers, hand-held sprayers come with adjustablenozzles.
Mini-Tank Bottle SprayersWhen only a small amount of pesticide is needed, such as for spot
treating a few weeds in a lawn, you might prefer a one-quart bottlesprayer similar to those in which window cleaning products are sold.Empty spray bottles are available at discount and department stores aswell as your neighborhood garden center. Purchase one that has an
A. B
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A. Blessing
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adjustable nozzle that will allow you to select the setting most appropri-ate for the job at hand. Label the sprayer in LARGE LETTERS for theproduct used, and always store it in a locked cabinet with other pesticideproducts and equipment. Do not use a bottle that has previously held, oris labeled for, any other product!
When dealing with very small quantities of pesticide, there is no room
for error. It is important to carefully measure the amount of pesticide that
you put into a bottle sprayer. Too little or too much can render your
application useless—or disastrous.
Since it’s usually not practical to calibrate a bottle sprayer, you must
estimate the total amount of product needed for a job, and it is important
to use the entire quantity mixed. Never save and store pesticide products
that have been mixed with water; they lose their potency, over time.
Pressure is created in a bottle sprayer by squeezing a trigger on the
lid. Each time the trigger is squeezed, pressure forces a small amount of
liquid through the nozzle.
Good News AboutCompressed Air Sprayers
• Compressed air sprayers are portable. Backpack and hand-heldcompressed air sprayers allow the user to move about freely.
• They’re efficient. Compressed air sprayers allow more precisionthan larger equipment in treating individual or small groups ofplants.
• Their flexibility is a plus. Adjustable nozzles and interchangeablenozzle tips allow the applicator to select the spray pattern mostappropriate for the job.
• They’re easy to use and affordable. Most tank sprayers aremoderately priced: $20 and up. Factors that affect price are thematerial they’re made of (plastic, brass, or stainless steel); featuressuch as adjustable nozzle tips and pressure gauges; size; andoverall quality.
• Compressed air sprayers allow precise direction of the spray.A predictable spray pattern permits the user to accurately place theproduct where it is needed, such as along sidewalks or aroundflower beds.
• They’re durable. When maintained according to the manufacturer’sinstructions, compressed air sprayers will last for many years.Individual parts usually can be obtained, permitting repair ratherthan replacement when the sprayers malfunction.
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Bad News AboutCompressed Air Sprayers
Calibrating a Compressed Air Sprayer forSpraying Trees, Shrubs, and Plants
You need to apply an insecticide to control cabbage worms on 40cabbage plants. The label of the insecticide says to use 4 teaspoons ofthe concentrated product per gallon of water.
Calculating Gallons of Water andOunces of Product Needed
• Usefulness of compressed air sprayers is limited. Due to theirsmall tank capacity, they are inefficient for treating large areas orlarge groups of plants.
• Experience governs effectiveness. The user has to develop a feelfor the amount of pressure that must be maintained to insureuniform and complete coverage.
• Proper maintenance is essential. Backpack and hand-heldcompressed air sprayers generally require more maintenance thanhose-end or bucket sprayers.
• Compressed air sprayers are cumbersome. Lifting and carrying afull, compressed air sprayer—especially a backpack sprayer—canresult in muscle strain and fatigue.
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1. Select a single representa-tive plant or group of plants.
10 cabbage plants
2. Add plain water to the tankand pump it to capacity. Donot add the pesticide prod-uct at this time.
Put a hollow cone tip in thenozzle and adjust the nozzleto deliver a fine spray (smalldroplets are less apt to rolloff the leaf surface).
Apply the water so that allparts of the plants arecovered uniformly. Be sureto treat the underside ofleaves as well as the upperside. Record the amount oftime required to achieveadequate coverage.
60 seconds to properly treat10 cabbage plants
3. Spray plain water into abucket for the amount of timerecorded in Step 2. Measureand record the amount ofwater in the bucket.
4. Compute the amount ofproduct needed to treat thetest plant or group of plants.
One quart of spray will treat 10cabbage plants. If 1 quart willtreat 10 plants, 4 quarts (onegallon) will treat 40 plants. Thelabel says to use
4 tsp / gal water
1 qt of water sprayed intobucket in 60 seconds
Calibrating a Compressed Air Sprayer for SprayingTrees, Shrubs, and Plants
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
24
25
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Spraying Plants with aCompressed Air Sprayer
• Pour about a half gallon of water into the spray tank. Add 4 tea-
spoons of the product and stir to mix. Add additional water to fill the
tank to the one-gallon level, which is the total amount needed for 40
plants. Pump the sprayer to full capacity.
• Check the level of liquid in the tank after
spraying half (20) of the plants. It should
have taken you about two minutes (2 x 60
seconds for 10 plants). Adjust your
application speed: slower if less than half
the mixture remains; faster if more than
half is left in the sprayer at the midway
point. As you spray, agitate the tank from
time to time to keep the product distributed
uniformly in the water.
When it is difficult to see the level of liquidinside a plastic spray tank, press yourfinger on the outside and look inside,through the top opening; you will be able tosee the shadow of your finger on theoutside of the tank. Move your finger up ordown the outside of the tank to the actuallevel of contents. Then see where yourfinger is on the scale on the outside of thetank to determine how much is left.
Calibrating a Compressed Air Sprayerfor Spraying Small Areas of Turf
Calculating Gallons of Water and Ouncesof Product Needed to Treat a Small Area
You want to kill dandelions on a portion of your lawn that measures
approximately 250 square feet. The label on the product says to use 5
ounces per 1,000 square feet.
• Use all of the mixture in the tank. If the tank is not empty aftertreating the entire area, repeat the application until all of the mixtureis used. Never store mixed product for later use.
• Complete the job by triple rinsing the sprayer. Pour water into thetank and shake it; dispose of the rinsate by putting it on the plantsthat you just treated. Repeat this process twice to make sure all ofthe pesticide is removed from the sprayer.
• Allow the sprayer to dry before replacing the plunger. Store it in aclean, tight container, away from dirt. Follow the manufacturer’sinstructions for general maintenance and for lubricating the plunger.When preparing a compressed air sprayer for winter storage, besure to remove absolutely all of the liquid from inside the nozzle andhose as well as from the tank, especially if it will be stored attemperatures below freezing.
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1. Pour one gallon of plainwater into the tank andpump the sprayer tocapacity. Do not addpesticide at this time.
Put a fan tip in the nozzleand adjust it to deliver acoarse spray; large dropletsare less apt to drift off-targetand heavy enough topenetrate through thegrass.
While standing still on drypavement, hold your armextended while moving thespray wand back and forthjust as you would whilespraying the lawn. Measurethe width of the area thatreceived the spray.
width of sprayed area onpavement is 4 ft
2. Spray the pavement,moving in a straight lineand maintaining the 4-footswath width, for 15seconds. Measure thelength of the strip coveredin 15 seconds.
length of sprayed strip
is 25 ft
3. Compute the total areacovered by multiplying thewidth of the strip (Step 1)by the length (Step 2).
4 ft x 25 ft = 100 ft2
Calibrating a Compressed Air Sprayerfor Spraying Small Areas of Turf
26
(continued)
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
27
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5a. Compute the amount ofwater required to treat thearea by first dividing its totalarea by the square footagein Step 3.
5b. Determine the total amountof water required bymultiplying the numberfrom Step 5a times theamount of water collectedin Step 4.
250 ft2 ÷ 100 ft2 = 2.5
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4. Spray plain water into abucket for 15 seconds, thenmeasure the amount ofwater collected.
64 oz (0.5 gal) of water
was collected
6a. Compute the amount ofproduct needed to treat thearea by first dividing thearea to be treated by 1000square feet (from rate onthe label).
6b. Then multiply the amountof product required per1,000 square feet times thenumber in 6a.
250 ft2 ÷ 1000 ft2 = 0.25
5 oz / 1000 ft2 x 0.25 =
1.25 oz to treat 250 ft2
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
2.5 x 0.5 gal =
1.25 gal of water required
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Spraying Turf with a Compressed Air Sprayer
• Pour half of the water required (Step 5b) into your sprayer. Add1.25 ounces of the product (Step 6b) and stir. Then add the remain-der of the water to bring the level up the 1.25 gallons. Replace theplunger and pump the sprayer to capacity.
• Agitate the mixture regularly, while spraying, and check the level inthe tank when half the job is completed; adjust your walking speedaccordingly.
• Triple rinse, dry, and storeyour sprayer properly.
Bucket Sprayers
Bucket sprayers are devices that use a bucket for mixing and supply-ing the pesticide product. There are two major types: siphoning andtrombone.
Siphoning Bucket Sprayers
With siphoning bucketsprayers, a bucket is placednext to the water faucet anda siphoning device ispositioned between thefaucet and a garden hose.One end of the siphon isscrewed directly onto thefaucet, and the other isattached to the hose. Asmall rubber tube is at-tached to one side of thesiphoning device and it’sfree end placed in a bucketcontaining the pesticidemixed with a little water.
As water flows throughthe siphoning device, itcreates suction that pullsthe product out of thebucket, through the tube,
A. Blessing
If some of the mixed product is left in the sprayerafter you have finished the job, immediately use itto spot treat the same kind of weeds in another areaof the lawn, or respray the area just treated.
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and injects it into the stream of water moving through the garden hose.An adjustable nozzle that can turn the water on and off is attached to theopposite end of the hose, allowing the applicator to alter the spraypattern. The operation is similar to that of a hose-end sprayer.
The siphoning device proportions the product in a ratio of 16:1. Thatis, for every 16 gallons of water flowing through the siphon and into thehose, one gallon of product is pulled from the bucket into the water flow
and mixed uniformly. This ratio must be consid-ered when mixing the pesticide concentrate withwater in the bucket. The concentration of thebucket mixture must be computed so that, whenit is being mixed with water flowing through thehose, the correct concentration exits the nozzle
at the opposite end of the hose.
Always use a siphon equipped with avalve to prevent backflow of thepesticide into your water system.
Good News About Siphoning Bucket Sprayers
• Bucket sprayers are inexpensive. They cost around $15.
• The fatigue factor is minimal. The bucket containing the productdoes not have to be carried; it remains stationary during the applica-tion.
• Various spray patterns can be selected. Interchangeable nozzlesfor the garden hose allow the user to change the spray pattern asdesired.
• They’re versatile. The siphoning equipment can be used to treatmany sizes and shapes of plants, ranging from small shrubs tomedium-sized trees. Buckets of various sizes can be used, depend-ing on the size of the job.
• Bucket sprayers are easy keepers. They require very little mainte-nance, are relatively easy to clean, and don’t require much storagespace.
Bad News AboutSiphoning Bucket Sprayers
• Contamination of the garden hose can be a problem. Smallamounts of pesticide may be left inside the hose, and the outside ofthe hose may become contaminated as it is dragged across thelawn during application. Never drink water from a hose that is usedto apply pesticides.
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• Application distance from water faucet is limited. It is generally
recommended that no more than 50 feet of garden hose be used
with bucket sprayers; this, of course, limits their usefulness to a
radius of 50 feet from the water faucet.
• Bucket sprayers are difficult to monitor. The bucket containing
the product often is left unattended and out-of-sight while the user is
spraying. This poses a threat to small children and pets playing
nearby and limits the applicator’s ability to keep an eye on the level
of product in the bucket.
• Garden hoses can be difficult to maneuver around plants. Use
a quality hose that maintains its flexibility when temperatures are
cool.
Calculating Gallons of Waterand Ounces of Product Needed
Calibrating a Siphoning BucketSprayer for Spraying Plants
You plan to spray 25 shrub rose bushes with a fungicide to control
black spot disease. The label of the product says to use 1.5 fluid ounces
per gallon of water.
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1. Attach the siphon deviceto the faucet and thegarden hose. Attach thenozzle to the opposite endof the hose and make surethe valve is turned off.
Do not add pesticide atthis time. Put plain waterin the bucket and drop thesiphon tube into the water.Turn on the water at thefaucet, then at the end ofthe hose. Spray the rosebushes with the water andrecord the amount of timerequired to treat all of theplants.
5 minutes to treat
25 rose bushes
2. Determine how muchwater was used in oneminute. Spray water into asecond bucket andmeasure the amountcollected in one minute.
2 gallons of water
collected in 1 minute
3. Determine how muchwater is required for theentire job.
4. Compute the amount ofpesticide product requiredfor the job.
1.5 fl oz / gal x 10 gal =
15 fl oz
2 gal / min x 5 min = 10 gal
Calibrating a Siphoning Sprayer for Spraying Plants
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
31
(continued)
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Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
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5. Compute the amount ofwater and pesticide to addto the bucket when thedelivery ratio for thesiphoning device is 16:1.
Since only 10 gallons ofwater will be required forthe job, you’ll need a 10/16 mix in the bucket.
16 gal water passing throughhose will withdraw 1 gal of
liquid from bucket
10 ÷ 16 = 0.625 gal
.625 gal x 128 oz / gal =
80 oz
Since 15 fl oz of the product(Step 4) is required for the job,the actual amount of waterneeded is
80 fl oz – 15 fl oz = 65 fl oz
6. Mix 15 fl oz of pesticideproduct with 65 fl oz ofwater in the bucket.
First, put the 15 fl oz of pesti-cide into the bucket. Then add65 fl oz of water to bring thelevel up to 80 fl oz. Stir to mix.
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Spraying Plants with aSiphoning Bucket Sprayer
Trombone Bucket Sprayers
• Place the siphoning tube into the bucket containing the 80-ouncemixture of pesticide and water, and turn the water on at the faucet.At the opposite end of the hose, direct the nozzle toward the rosebushes and squeeze the trigger. Spray the rose bushes until themixture in the bucket is used.
• Working from the nozzle end of the hose, partially fill the bucket withplain water, rinsing the sides as you go. Spray this solution onto thesame plants after the first application has dried. Repeat twice sothat the equipment is triple rinsed.
• Remove the siphon and attach the garden hose directly to thefaucet; allow water to flow through the hose and nozzle to makesure all of the product is rinsed out. Remove the nozzle.
• Rinse, dry, and store the nozzle and the siphoning device accordingto the manufacturers’ instructions.
Trombone bucket sprayers have a sprayerwand made up of two pieces. The front pieceslides back and forth on the other, much like theslide on a trombone. This movement creates asuction that pulls the mixture out of the bucketthrough a small hose clipped to the side. Theopposite end of the hose is attached to thesprayer.
Trombone sprayers are useful in treating talltrees that cannot be covered by small com-pressed air sprayers and hose-end equipment.They are particularly useful for spraying fruittrees.
Like the siphoning device, the trombonesprayer requires a bucket; but there are somemajor differences. The bucket is not stationaryand is carried to the job. There is no attachmentto a faucet, nor is a garden hose used to deliverthe product.
When using a trombone sprayer, you mix thepesticide product at the label rate, in the bucket;a ratio of 1:1 is used rather than the 16:1 ratioused for the siphoning device.
When spraying trees or tall shrubs,always direct the spray from the centerof the plant, outward, to avoidexposing yourself to parts of the plantalready treated; i.e., don’t put yourselfin a situation where you have to reachpast wet, treated foliage to reachuntreated parts of the plant. Whenspraying overhead, make sure yourgloves are outside your sleeves.
A. B
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• Trombone sprayers can be used to treat tall trees. Fully primed,a trombone sprayer can reach trees as tall as 20 feet.
• Their range of treatment is unlimited. The sprayer is not tetheredto a garden hose and does not have to be used in proximity to awater faucet.
• Contamination possibilities are minimal. A garden hose is notused to deliver the product.
• Trombone sprayers are easy to operate. Equipment is self-contained, portable, and relatively easy to maintain; and it requiresminimal storage space.
• They are easy to monitor. The level of the bucket mixture isobservable while spraying.
Good News AboutTrombone Sprayers
• Trombone sprayers are expensive. A quality trombone sprayercosts $40–$60.
• They are somewhat inconvenient. Larger jobs require the user tostop and refill the bucket several times.
• They are awkward. The pesticide applicator has to lift and carry thebucket as the job progresses, and it is very heavy when full.
• Drift can be a factor. Movement of the spray off-target, due to abreeze or wind, can be a problem when spraying tall trees at highpressures.
Bad News AboutTrombone Sprayers
Calibrating a Trombone Sprayerfor Spraying Plants
Calculating Gallons of Waterand Ounces of Product Needed
You plan to spray three fruit trees with a
multipurpose pesticide product containing a
fungicide and two insecticides. The label on
the product says to use 5 tablespoons (5 Tsp)
per gallon of water.
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1. Select a tree to spray.
Fill a 5-galllon bucket withplain water and carry it tothe tree. Do not addpesticide at this time.
Clip the trombone sprayerhose to your bucket andadjust the nozzle for thedesired spray pattern.
Spray the entire tree,making sure to completelycover all of the branchesand leaves (both sides)and the trunk. Spray to thepoint that the liquid is justabout ready to run or dripoff the tree.
Note how much liquidremains in the bucket, andsubtract it from the 5-galloncapacity to determine howmuch was used.
Repeat this process for theremaining two trees.
4.75 gal remain
5 gal – 4.75 gal = 0.25 gal0.25 gal = 1 qt
2. Compute the amount ofwater required for the job.
1 qt + 3 qt + 8 qt = 12 qt
12 qt = 3 gallons
3. Compute the amount ofpesticide product requiredfor the job.
5 Tsp / gal x 3 gal = 15 Tsp
Calibrating a Trombone Sprayer for Spraying Plants
Calibration Steps Sample Problem Calculations
35
Tree number 1 = 1 qt
Tree number 2 = 3 qt
Tree number 3 = 8 qt (2 gal)
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Application Procedures
• Pour into the bucket half the water necessary for the entire job. Addall of the pesticide required for the job. Stir until the product isdistributed uniformly in the water, then add the rest of the water.
Sample Problem: In a 5-gallon bucket, mix 15 tablespoons ofproduct with 3 gallons of water.
• Spray all of the mixed product onto the three trees. After the originalapplication has dried, fill the bucket with plain water and spray it onthe trees. Repeat this two times so that the equipment has beentriple rinsed.
• Allow the equipment to dry, and store it properly.
• Note: The size of some jobs may require mixing and applyingseveral bucketfuls of mixed product, in which case you will put offtriple rinsing until the entire application is completed.
CONCLUSION
Homeowners take great pride in beautiful and productive landscapesthat complement their homes and increase their property’s value. A lushgreen lawn, large shade trees, healthy shrubs, bountiful fruit trees andvegetable gardens, and beautiful flowers blend to create the perfectpicture.
But landscape plants must be maintained properly to protect thehomeowner’s investment, and those who assume the task themselvesmust become knowledgeable of the needs of landscape plants and thecultural practices required to keep them healthy.
Homeowners must constantly nurture their green thumb! Some havean inherent desire to interact directly with their landscape plants and doso with an on-going, intensive study of horticultural practices. Theyderive great pleasure and satisfaction from gardening and the challengesit presents. They exert an effort to learn about landscape maintenanceand actually take charge, performing whatever activities are required,themselves.
Other homeowners are less interested in gardening but share garden-ing enthusiasts’ love of a beautiful landscape and appreciation for thevalue it adds to their property. Their choice is to contract with a profes-sional lawn care services to maintain their lawn and plantings.
Although an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure—anddespite our using good cultural practices—sometimes pests get theupper hand. And sometimes pesticide applications are necessary. If youdecide to apply pesticides, yourself, remember these steps:
1. Make sure the pest is positively identified.
2. Be careful to select the correct product to control the pest.
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3. Buy only the amount you’ll need to avoid having to
store leftover product.
4. Read the label carefully and understand how to
mix and use the product safely and effectively.
5. Obtain and use the required safety clothing.
6. Select the proper application equipment for the
job, and calibrate it accurately.
7. Mix just enough to complete the job—or to com-
plete each increment if the job requires making a
series of applications.
8. Know and practice all safety measures referenced
on the product label.
9. Clean, store, and maintain the application equip-
ment according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
These steps may appear complicated to a first-time
user of pesticides and pesticide application equipment,
but they are very straightforward and can be mastered
with study and experience.
Calibration is an important step in pesticide applica-
tion. Other publications in this series address various
aspects of homeowner pest control (see page 38).
Obtain, study, understand, and practice the require-
ments for each step. Pesticides (and fertilizers) must be
applied safely to minimize risk to the user, the environ-
ment, and the landscape plants. Visit the following
websites for additional information:
www.btny.purdue.edu/PPP/
www.agry.purdue.edu/agronomy/turf/turf.htm
Homeowners’ responsibility to calibrate equipment
accurately is an integral component of safe pesticide
application, and the result is worth the time and effort: a
healthy, beautiful landscape that adds value to yourhome.
38
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Pesticides and the Label, PPP-24
Pesticides and the Home, Lawn, and Garden, PPP-29
Pesticides and Pest Prevention Strategies for the Home, Lawn, and Garden,
PPP-34
Pesticides and Personal Protective Equipment, PPP-38
Pesticide Safety and Calibration Math for the Homeowner, PPP-39
Lawncare Pesticide Application Equipment, PPP-46
Call toll free, (888) 398-4636, and ask for the Media DistributionCenter to request one free copy of each.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The illustrations in this publication are by artists Steven and Paula
Adduci, i2i Interactive, Campbell, California. We are grateful for their
artistic expression which complements our topic so effectively.
The authors thank the following individuals for their painstaking
review of Landscape Pesticide Application Equipment:
Roy Ballard, Purdue University
Larry Caplan, Purdue University
Dave Clamme, Purdue University
Raymond Cloyd, Purdue University
Karen Delahaut, University of Wisconsin
Phil Greenwood, Purdue University
Mike Harris, LESCO
Bill Hoopes, Scotts Lawn Service
Rosie Lerner, Purdue University
Phil Nixon, University of Illinois
Sam Parsons, Purdue University
Sandy Perry, Michigan State University
Gail Ruhl, Purdue University
Steve Sieglin, Purdue University
Susan Whitney, University of Delaware
Dan Wixted, University of Wisconsin
ADDITIONAL PPP PUBLICATIONS
FOR THE HOMEOWNER
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1 gallon = 16 cups 1 gal = 16 C= 8 pints = 8 pt= 4 quarts = 4 qt= 128 fluid ounces = 128 fl oz
1 quart = 4 cups 1 qt = 4 C= 2 pints = 2 pt= 32 fluid ounces = 32 fl oz
1 pint = 2 cups 1 pt = 2 C= 16 fluid ounces = 16 fl oz
1 cup = 8 fluid ounces 1C = 8 fl oz
1 tablespoon = 3 teaspoons 1 Tsp = 3 tsp= 1/2 fluid ounce = 1/2 fl oz
4 tablespoons = 2 fluid ounces 4 Tsp = 2 fl oz= 1/4 cup = 1/4 C
8 tablespoons = 4 fluid ounces 8 Tsp = 4 fl oz= 1/2 cup = 1/2 C= 1/4 pint = 1/4 pt
1 square yard = 9 square feet 1 sq yd = 9 sq ft 1 sq yd = 9 ft2
1 acre = 43,560 square feet 1 A = 43,560 ft2
CONVERSIONS ABBREVIATIONS
To quickly and easily measure an application site, determine the length of your normal stride whilewalking. First, walk across an area and count the number of steps you take. Then measure the length ofthe area covered and divide it by the number of steps to determine the length of your stride.
Example: You take 25 steps and cover 75 feet.
75 ft ÷ 25 steps = 3 ft
So the length of your normal stride is 3 feet.
Next, measure the length and width of a treatment area by walking across it in opposite directions andcounting the number of steps. Multiply the number of steps by the length of your stride.
Example: Length = 37 steps Width = 22 steps
37 steps x 3 ft =111 ft
22 steps x 3 ft = 66 ft
Finally, multiple the length times the width:
111 ft x 66 ft = 7,326 ft2
40
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The information given herein is supplied with the understanding that no discrimination is intended and no endorsement by the Purdue
University Cooperative Extension Service is implied.
It is the policy of the Purdue University Cooperative Extension Service, David C. Petritz, Director, that all persons shall have equal
opportunity and access to its programs and facilities without regard to race, color, sex, religion, national origin, age, or disability.
Purdue University is an Affirmative Action employer.
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