landscaping without harmful invasive plants · 2017-02-20 · 4 landscaping without harmful...

Landscaping without harmful invasive plantsA guide to plants you can use in place of invasive non-natives

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2 LANDSCAPING WITHOUT HARMFUL INVASIVE PLANTS 3A PLANTLIFE / RHS GUIDE

A few popular landscaping plants can cause problems for

you / your clients and the environment. These are known as

invasive non-native plants. Although they comprise a small

minority of the 70,000 or so plant varieties available, the

damage they can do is extensive and may be irreversible.

Some invasive non-native plants might be

straightforward for you (or your clients) to keep in

check if you can tend to the planted area often, but

in the wider countryside, where such management

is not feasible, these plants can establish and cause

problems for native plants and animals. Trying to

get rid of problem plants from natural habitats,

especially sites of nature conservation importance, is

expensive and diffi cult. Often complete eradication

of an invasive plant from the wild becomes impossible,

and many hundreds of thousands of pounds are spent

each year in an effort to limit their spread.

Other invasive non-native plants will cause problems in their

amenity setting too, quickly outgrowing their space and

becoming diffi cult to keep under control. If invasive plants are

used in water features, they can present an additional hazard

as rampant growth can make water appear as solid ground

and so be dangerous to unsuspecting children or animals.

These websites provide more information about

invasive plants and their management:

Plantlife

www.plantlife.org.uk

Royal Horticultural Society

www.rhs.org.uk

Non-Native Species Secretariat

www.nonnativespecies.org

This guide, produced by the wild plant conservation

charity Plantlife and the Royal Horticultural

Society, can help you choose plants that are

less likely to cause problems to the environment

should they escape from your planting area.

Even the most careful land managers cannot

ensure that their plants do not escape and

establish in nearby habitats (as berries and

seeds may be carried away by birds or the

wind), so we hope you will fi nd this helpful.

Under the Wildlife and Countryside

Act, it is an offence to plant, or cause to

grow in the wild, a number of invasive

non-native plants. Government also

has powers to ban the sale of invasive

plants. At the time of producing this

booklet there were no sales bans, but

it is worth checking on the websites

below to fi nd the latest legislation

that may be relevant to you:

Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs www.defra.gov.uk

Scottish Government www.scotland.gov.uk/invasivespecies

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An unsuspecting sheep fl ounders in a river. Invasive Floating Pennywort can cause water to appear as solid ground.

Landscaping without harmful invasive plants


Symbols under each plant highlight particular conditions the plant requires (for example, wet, dry, acid or alkaline soils, or full sun). Plants able to grow in shade are also indicated. A plant with no symbols is able to cope with a broad range of conditions. The index at the back of this booklet provides full details of each plant’s cultivation tolerances.

Groundcover plants 6

Naturalising plants & bulbs 8

Architectural plants 11

Shrubs 14

Climbers / Wall cover 21

Trees 23

Pond & bog garden plants 27

Plants for wildlife 32

Cultivation chart & index 36

How to use this guide

Your choice of plant often refl ects what you want to do – for example create

a stunning visual display in a public park, or provide a barrier to discourage

use of a certain area. Here we try to suggest non-invasive plants for a

variety of different landscaping occasions and cultivation conditions.

Invasive plants have sometimes been used in the past for those diffi cult areas

of landscaping, like when a bare wall needs to be covered quickly or soil needs

to be stabilised. Meanwhile plants for other aspects of landscaping, such as

summer bedding, are unlikely to be invasive. This booklet covers those areas

of landscaping where, traditionally, invasive plants have most been used.

For example, some cotoneasters used for background screening and

groundcover are now displaying invasive tendencies in the wild and have been

added to Schedule 9 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act. We suggest safer

plants you can try instead in the 'Shrubs' and 'Groundcover plants' sections.

CONTENTS Our suggested plants are divided into eight sections PAGE

Although the plants we suggest shouldn’t cause you undue

problems, no matter which plants you use, you/your client will

need to manage your planted areas at regular intervals.

Please remember that ALL excess plant matter should be

disposed of responsibly. The Be Plant Wise website has more

information about safe disposal of plant matter:

www.nonnativespecies.org/beplantwise

Tolerant of shade

/ low light levels

Fine autumncolours

Submergedaquatic plant

Needs sun

Bears ornamental

fruit

Floatingaquatic plant

Needs acid conditions

Windbreak

Bog gardenplant

Needs alkaline conditions

Background structure /screening

Marginal / emergent

aquatic plant

Needs drier soils

Berries for birds

Fast growing

Needs rich soil

Needs poor soil

Low barrier / hedge

Needs wetter soils

Nectar source

Attractive fl owers

Provides shelter/cover

for wildlife

Attractive foliage

Within each section the recommended plants cover a range of different sites and cultivation requirements. For example, we list shrubs which offer spring or summer fl owers or stunning autumn colours, shrubs that are good for hedging or providing background structure to your borders, and shrubs for sunny or shady spots.

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CreditsImages used under Creative Commons licences (1-7):

Attribution 2.0 Generic Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Attribution-Noncommercial 2.0 Generic Attribution-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic Attribution-Noncommercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 2.0 Generic Attribution-Share Alike 2.1 Spain

Images used under GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2

Front cover image © Martin McCarthey-iStockphotoInside layout design by Andrew Evans


Groundcover plantsGroundcover plants

Erosion control

Ligustrum vulgareWild Privet

Hardy semi-evergreen shrub to 3m with narrowly oval, shiny leaves. Spikes of white fl owers are followed by small black fruit.

Calluna vulgarisHeather

Variable shrub to 60cm with tiny, densely packed leaves and bell-shaped, often pink fl owers. A great range of cultivars selected for fl ower and foliage characters is available. A good option for erosion control at inland sites.

Rhamnus catharticaBuckthorn

Dense-growing, spiny shrub to 6m with glossy, dark green leaves turning yellow in autumn. Yellowish fl owers in spring are followed by spherical fruit in autumn, red turning black.

Prunus spinosa 'Plena'Double Blackthorn

Shrub to about 4m with spiny branches and double, white fl owers in March and April.

Ulex europaeusGorse

Rounded shrub of dense habit to 2.5m bearing very spiny stems which carry bright yellow pea fl owers throughout much of the year.

Ceratostigma plumbaginoidesHardy Plumbago

Rhizomatous perennial, woody at the base with wavy-margined, bright green leaves (to 10cm long) turning red in autumn. Produces clusters of bright blue fl owers in late summer. Good for exposed sites.

Leucothoe fontanesianaDrooping Laurel

Shrub to 2m or so with arching branches carrying evergreen, leathery, lance-shaped leaves and small white fl owers in spring. Variegated cultivars are available. Needs a sheltered position.

Pachysandra terminalisCarpet Box

Evergreen perennial spreading on smooth stems from which are produced deeply cut, glossy, dark green leaves. Small white fl owers are produced in early summer.

Salix repens var. argenteaCreeping Willow

Prostrate, spreading shrub with oval, silky green leaves that are silver beneath. Produces yellow catkins in spring. Good for exposed, sunny sites.

Bergenia cordifolia & hybridsElephant-ears

Robust perennials spreading on thick, branching rhizomes. Leaves are large, glossy and paddle-like and purple-tinged in winter. The fl owers are usually in shades of pink, borne on fl eshy stems. Good for sheltered sites.

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& bulbs

Stachys byzantinaLamb's-ear

Spreading perennial to 45cm tall with elliptic leaves to 10cm which are covered in thick white wool. Small pinkish fl owers are carried on woolly stems in summer and autumn. Good for sunny, exposed sites.

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilisChristmas Box

Low-growing, suckering shrub grown for its glossy, dark green, narrow leaves and small but fragrant, pink-tinged white fl owers produced in winter. The fl owers are followed by dark, shiny fruit.

Crocus bifl orusSilvery Crocus

Variable cormous perennial to 6cm carrying fl owers which have yellow throats and can be found in shades of blue or white, sometimes with purple striping.

Colchicum autumnaleMeadow Saffron

Cormous perennial producing copious pink, goblet-shaped fl owers (to 15cm), followed by lance-shaped leaves. Double-fl owered cultivars are available.

Colchicum speciosumGiant Meadow Saffron

Vigorous, cormous perennial to 18cm with narrow leaves. Goblet-shaped fl owers are pink-purple, often with a white throat.

Crocus chrysanthusGolden Crocus

Cormous perennial to 5cm with fl owers which can vary in colour from pale cream to deep yellow, often with a purplish suffusion on the exterior.

Crocus tommasinianusEarly Crocus

Variable cormous perennial to 10cm with pale-striped linear leaves and fl owers which can be pale lilac to deep purple.

Cyclamen coumEastern Sowbread

Tuberous perennial to 8cm with silver-patterned, rounded, deep green leaves and fl owers in shades of pink with swept back tepals.

Cyclamen hederifoliumSowbread

Tuberous perennial producing waxy heart-shaped or triangular leaves with pale patterning. The fl owers are in shades of pink, borne singly on upright stems and have twisted, swept back tepals.

Crocus nudifl orusAutumn Crocus

Spreading, cormous perennial to 20cm. Its purple fl owers with a long tube are produced before the narrow leaves.

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Architectural plants

Fritillara meleagrisSnake's-head Fritillary

Bulbous perennial to 30cm with delicate stems that carry heavy, pendant fl owers (to 4.5cm long). The fl owers are in shades of pinkish purple with dark checkering.

Echium vulgareViper's-bugloss

Bushy biennial bearing bristly, narrow leaves and in the second year purple, pink-tinged, bell-shaped fl owers in dense infl orescences.

Scilla sibericaSiberian Squill

Bulbous perennial to about 15cm with shiny, lance-shaped leaves and pendant, bright blue fl owers to 1.5cm across.

Narcissus 'Actaea'Daffodil 'Actaea'

Strongly fragrant bulbous perennial to 45cm. The white fl owers have a short, cup-shaped corona which is yellow margined red. Leaves are narrow and hairless.

Ampelodesmos mauritanicaDiss Grass

Impressive grass to 3m with arching, evergren foliage and tall stems bearing pendant fl owers.

Chusquea culeouChilean Bamboo

Erect, clump-forming bamboo with solid, yellow-green stems growing to 6m in ideal conditions with a spread of 2.5m.

Fargesia nitidaFountain Bamboo

Graceful, slow-growing bamboo forming clumps of slender, dark purple canes growing to a height of 5m with a spread of 1.5m.

Miscanthus giganteusElephant Grass

Upright grass not spreading invasively, useful at the back of borders. Flowers are pinkish going silver, produced in October. Tolerant of most conditions but best in fertile, moist soil in full sun.

Astelia chathamicaSilver Spear

Clump-forming perennial to 1.2m tall bearing clumps of broad, channelled, silvery leaves. Yellowish green fl owers are sometimes produced and followed by orange berries.

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Digitalis purpureaFoxglove

Biennial forming a neat rosette of hairy leaves in the fi rst year followed in the second by graceful, one-sided spikes to 2m of tubular, purple fl owers with maroon spots on the inside.

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Architectural plants Architectural plants

Stipa giganteaGolden Oats

Forms dense, evergreen clumps over which are carried high plumes of golden fl owers.

Pleioblastus simoniiSimon's Bamboo

Fairly small bamboo to 3m in height. The variegated cultivar 'Variegatus' has linear, white-striped leaves

Crambe cordifoliaGreater Sea-kale

Huge clumps of heart-shaped foliage to 1.5m across are topped by branching sprays of small white fl owers to 2m high.

Aralia cachemiricaAngelica-tree

Huge leaves to 1.2m long divided into shiny leafl ets above which appear spikes of starry umbels to 3m tall.

Datisca cannabinaCretan Hemp

Slender stems to 3m bear delicate, dissected leaves and tassels of green fl owers.

Rheum palmatumOrnamental Rhubarb

A huge ornamental rhubarb to 2.5m tall or more with large, deeply lobed leaves and upright spikes of small greenish fl owers.

Rodgersia aesculifoliaChestnut-leaved Rodgersia

Large, wrinkled basal leaves are palmately divided and bear branching stems of small pink or white fl owers. Forms clumps to 1.5m across.

Veronicastrum virginicumCulver's Root

Perennial to 2m or more bearing architectural whorls of toothed foliage and tall wands of lilac fl owers.

Phyllostachys nigraBlack Bamboo

Clump-forming bamboo with arching, slender canes turning deep black. Grows to 5m with a spread of 3m.

Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum GroupJoe Pye Weed

Perennial to 3m with domed heads of purple fl owers over whorls of dark foliage.

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Cornus albaWhite Dogwood

Hardy and resilient deciduous shrub to 3m tall bearing red bark and available as several variegated cultivars. Grow in full sun for most striking stem colour.

Buxus sempervirensBox

Dense-growing, rounded shrub eventually to 5m but responding well to pruning. Leaves evergreen, small and dark green. Produces small and yellowish fl owers in spring. Good for dry, shady sites.

Escallonia macranthaEscallonia

A fi ne shrub to 4m but easily pruned with dark, glossy, aromatic leaves and tubular, rosy fl owers. Good as a windbreak, though may be susceptible to frost in inland areas.

Elaeagnus ebbingeiEbbinge's Silverberry

Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Leaves are leathery with silver scales on the underside. Variegated cultivars are available. Extremely fragrant, small, white fl owers are produced in autumn.

Forsythia intermediaForsythia

Easily propagated, pollution-tolerant deciduous shrub to 2m tall bearing bright golden fl owers on bare stems in spring.

Hebe rakaiensisRakai Hebe

Dense shrub to 1m with glossy green leaves to 2cm long thickly covering a rounded bush. The white racemes of fl owers (to 4cm long) are borne in summer. Good for hedging. Will tolerate maritime exposure but not very cold winds.

Hebe topiariaTopiarist's Hebe

Dense, low-growing shrub to 60cm with glossy, grey-green leaves to 1.5cm long. Racemes of white fl owers to 2cm are carried in summer. Good for hedging. Will tolerate maritime exposure but not very cold winds.

Ilex aquifoliumHolly

Hardy evergreen shrub bearing spiny, glossy foliage when young. Available in a range of variegated cultivars. Female plants bear red berries. Good as a windbreak.

Berberis verruculosaWarted Barberry

Tight-growing, evergreen shrub to 1.5m with glossy, spiny leaves to 3cm long, that are white on the underside. Dark purple fruit to 1cm long follow the golden yellow fl owers.

Garrya ellipticaSilk-tassel Bush (pictured: cultivar ‘James Roof’)

Hard-wearing evergreen shrub to 4m with glossy, grey-green, opposite leaves. Highly ornamental catkins are borne in winter and early spring. Good windbreak.

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Shrubs Shrubs

Olearia haastiiDaisy-bush

Tough, bushy evergreen shrub to 2m tall with dark green leaves felted on the underside. Produces daisy fl owers in summer.

Photinia fraseriChristmas Berry

Evergreen shrub growing to 5m but easily pruned to size. White fl owers are carried in spring and young foliage is bright red. Needs protection from cold winds.

Olearia macrodontaNew Zealand Holly

Shrub, eventually to 5m, with holly-like, greyish leaves. Profuse heads of fragrant, daisy-like fl owers are borne in summer. A good windbreak.

Euonymus japonicus & cultivarsEvergreen Spindle

Evergreen shrub with glossy foliage and small clusters of white fl owers. Tolerant of a wide range of conditions and resilient to heavy pruning. A number of fi ne foliage selections are available.

Viburnum opulusGuelder-rose

Vigorous deciduous shrub to 4m bearing lobed leaves that turn red in autumn. Its lacecap fl owers are followed by glossy red fruit.

Abelia grandifl oraGlossy Abelia

Semi-evergreen shrub to 3m bearing glossy, dark green leaves and fragrant pinkish white tubular fl owers that fall to reveal persistent pink calyces.

Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia'Spotted-laurel

Dependable shrub to 3m tall grown primarily for its glossy, toothed leaves (to 20cm long) which are speckled with yellow markings. Small purple fl owers may be followed by bright red berries. Good for dry, shady sites.

Camellia japonica cultivarsCommon Camellia

Evergreen shrubs to 4m or more, with glossy, toothed elliptic leaves. A huge number of cultivars have been selected often with large double fl owers in shades of pink.

Ligustrum lucidumChinese Privet

Evergreen shrub or tree easily pruned to size with glossy, dark green leaves. Variegated cultivars are available.

Acer palmatum var. dissectumCut-leaved Japanese Maple

Rounded shrub bearing deeply cut, sometimes purple, foliage that colours up well in autumn and is often accompanied by ornamental winged fruits. Protect from cold, drying winds.

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Euonymus europaeus 'Red Cascade'Spindle 'Red Cascade'

Deciduous shrub to 2.5cm bearing glossy leaves on green stems and small fl owers. Flowers are followed by a profusion of red fruit which open to reveal the orange-coated seeds within.

Hamamelis vernalisSpring Witch-hazel

Upright shrub bearing spidery yellow or orange fl owers on bare twigs in winter and spring. The leaves turn clear yellow in autumn.

Euonymus alatusWinged Spindle

Hardy shrub to 2m bearing glossy leaves that turn bright scarlet before falling. Also bears purple and orange fruit and winged stems.

Hydrangea serrataLacecap Hydrangea

Deciduous shrub with opposite leaves to 15cm long and fl attened domes of fl owers which bear colourful sterile bracts at the margins. Many cultivars are available.

Hydrangea macrophyllaMophead Hydrangea

Compact, deciduous shrub to 2m with opposite, broad leaves to 20cm long. There are many cultivars which bear domes of fl owers in a great range of colours, some formed of entirely sterile bracts and others with fertile fl owers at the centre.

Nandina domesticaHeavenly Bamboo

Bamboo like stems carry graceful compound, evergreen leaves that turn vivid red in autumn and winter. Small, starry fl owers are sometimes followed by bright red fruit. Requires a sheltered site to thrive.

Philadelphus coronariusMock-orange

Shrub to 3m bearing toothed, deciduous leaves and highly fragrant, creamy, cup-shaped fl owers (to 2.5cm across) in early summer.

Pieris japonicaLily-of-the-valley Bush

Evergreen shrub of neat habit to 4m tall with toothed elliptic leaves that are reddish when young. Panicles of numerous urn-shaped, white fl owers appear from pink buds. Several cultivars are available. Protect young growth from late frosts.

Osmanthus burkwoodii Burkwood Osmanthus

Evergreen shrub to 3m with a dense habit and toothed, dark green leaves. The small, tubular white fl owers are extremely fragrant.

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Cotinus coggygriaSmoke Tree

Shrub to 5m with oval leaves turning rich orange and red in autumn and retaining whispy panicles after fl owering. Purple-leaved forms available. Coloured-leaved cultivars perform best in full sun.

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ShrubsClimbers / Wall cover

Viburnum betulifoliumBirch-leaf Viburnum

Deciduous shrub with an upright habit growing to 3m tall. The white fl owers in early summer are followed by pendant clusters of bright red fruit which persist well through the winter.

Viburnum burkwoodii cultivarsBurkwood Viburnum

Evergreen shrub to 3m with dark green, shiny leaves. Globes of very fragrant white fl owers to 10cm across open from pink buds and are sometimes followed by small red fruit (turning black).

Skimmia japonica 'Nymans'Skimmia 'Nymans'

A spreading shrub to 1m x 2m bearing glossy, evergreen, aromatic foliage. Fragrant white fl owers and round, red fruits are freely produced.

Actinidia kolomiktaKolomikta

Vigorous twining climber to 5m or more, rarely producing its small fl owers but bearing large leaves that become attractively variegated white and pink in the upper half.

Ampelopsis brevipedunculataPorcelain Berry

Deciduous tendril climber to 5m bearing three-lobed leaves and small greenish fl owers which are followed by clusters of round fruit that turn from pinkish-purple to blue.

Celastrus orbiculatusStaff-vine

Strong-growing deciduous climber to 14m bearing toothed leaves turning golden in autumn. Small, greenish fl owers are followed by round, yellowish fruit that open to reveal red seeds within.

Chaenomeles japonicaJapanese Quince

Spreading, thorny shrub to 1m tall and 2m across bearing large orange-red fl owers in spring as the glossy leaves appear. The fruits are red, tinged with yellow and around 4cm long.

Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue'Californian Lilac 'Trewithen Blue'

Evergreen shrub to 5m or so with glossy, dark green, oval leaves to 10cm long. In spring and summer frothy heads of blue fl owers are borne in abundance. May be damaged by frosts.

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Sarcococca hookerianaSweet Box

Small, suckering shrub to 1.5m forming neat clumps of upright stems which bear glossy, broadly lance-shaped leaves. In winter, clusters of sweetly fragrant, small white fl owers form and are followed by shiny black fruit. Good for dry, shady sites.

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Climbers / Wall cover Climbers / Wall cover

Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo'Ivy 'Glorie de Marengo'

Large-leaved ivy with creamy marginal variegation and long, easily trained stems. Tolerant of a wide range of conditions once established.

Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart'Persian Ivy 'Sulphur Heart'

Large-leaved ivy with a large central, golden variegation growing to perhaps 5m. Tolerant of a wide range of conditions once established.

Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen'Spindle 'Silver Queen'

Evergreen shrub to 2.5m with fl exible stems bearing waxy, white-margined leaves. White fruit opening to reveal orange-coated seeds may be produced after the small fl owers.

Myrtus communisCommon Myrtle

Evergreen shrub to 3m bearing a dense coverage of dark green aromatic foliage and, from midsummer, white fl owers with prominent stamens which are followed by black fruit. Not fully hardy; shelter from cold winds.

Hydrangea petiolarisClimbing Hydrangea

Deciduous climber with leaves turning yellow before falling. Grows to 10m or more and carries domes of white fl owers with bracteate fl owers at the margins. Avoid shallow, chalky soils.

Rosa 'New Dawn'Rose 'New Dawn'

A vigorous climbing rose with arching stems bearing glossy leaves and full, palest pink fl owers. Suitable for sun or partial shade. A great range of climbing roses, providing for different aspects and effects, are available.

Acer palmatumJapanese Maple

Small tree bearing graceful, lobed leaves that become scarlet in autumn. Many choice cultivars are available.

Arbutus andrachnoidesHybrid Strawberry Tree

Tree to 8m with peeling red bark and glossy, toothed evergreen leaves that are glaucous on the underside. The small fl owers are white and appear in autumn. Alkaline soils may be tolerated but acid is preferred. Shelter from cold winds.

Vitis coignetiaeCrimson Glory-vine

Vigorous, tendril climber with large, lobed leaves to 30cm across that turn yellow, then bright red, in autumn.

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Evergreen shrub to 4m with a dense, leafy habit. Leaves are leathery with silver scales on the underside. The fl owers, produced in autumn are small, white and extremely fragrant. There are several variegated cultivars.

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Crataegus lavalleeiLavalleei's Hawthorn

Spreading, semi-deciduous tree to 7m bearing domed heads of white fl owers followed by orange-red fruits to 2cm across that persist through the winter.

Fraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood'Ash 'Raywood'

Pinnate-leaved deciduous tree to 20m bearing foliage that turns a rich red in the autumn.

Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet'Hawthorn 'Paul's Scarlet'

Thorny, deciduous tree to 8m. Bears a great profusion of bright red-pink, very double fl owers in late spring.

Ligustrum lucidumChinese Privet

Hardy, conical evergreen tree to 10m bearing glossy leaves. Spikes of white fl owers in late summer are followed by bluish fruit.

Fraxinus ornusManna Ash

Deciduous tree to 15m with pinnate leaves that turn red in autumn. Creamy white fl owers are followed by pendulous clusters of winged yellow or red fruit.

Liquidambar styracifl uaSweet Gum

Conical tree to 20m with neatly lobed leaves turning deep bronze, red and orange before falling. For best autumn colour plant in full sun. Can tolerate alkaline conditions where soils are deep.

Malus 'Golden Hornet'Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet'

Deciduous tree to 8m with a rounded habit. White fl owers in spring are followed by copious, spherical, golden yellow fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period.

Nyssa sylvaticaTupelo

Broadly conical tree to 15m. Leaves produce spectacular fi ery shades in autumn. Shelter from cold winds and plant out when young.

Magnolia grandifl oraLarge-fl owered Magnolia

Magnifi cent evergreen tree to 10m or more with large, very glossy, bright green leaves that are rusty brown on the underside. Bears huge, cup-shaped, fragrant white fl owers. May be damaged by very cold weather.

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Cercis siliquastrumJudas Tree

Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pink, pea fl owers which appear on the bare stems. The attractive foliage is glossy and heart-shaped.


Trees Pond & bog garden plants

Sorbus ariaCommon Whitebeam

Deciduous tree to 15m or more with broad, hairy, greyish leaves and fl at heads of white fl owers which are followed by dark red fruits.

Sorbus 'Joseph Rock'Mountain Ash 'Joseph Rock'

Deciduous tree to 10m bearing pinnate leaves that colour well in autumn. Spring white fl owers are followed by round, pale yellow fruit to 1cm across.

Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii'Cherry Plum 'Pissardii'

Purple-leaved deciduous tree to 10m bearing cup-shaped fl owers (2.5cm across) that are pink, fading to white.

Alisma plantago-aquaticaWater-plantain

Perennial to 1m bearing linear submerged leaves and rosettes of long-stalked, lance-shaped, greyish leaves above the water. Produces very pale pink fl owers to 1.5cm on much-branched infl orescences in summer. Best in water 15-30cm deep.

Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell'Tibetan Whitebeam 'John Mitchell'

Deciduous tree to 20m or so with very broad, round, silver-grey leaves with heads of white fl owers in spring followed by yellowish fruit to 1.5cm across.

Butomus umbellatusFlowering-rush

Perennial to 1.5m with rush-like, twisted leaves emerging purple and turning green. Umbels of fragrant pink fl owers to 2.5cm across are borne in late summer on tall stems. Grow in mud or water to 25cm deep.

Caltha palustrisMarsh-marigold

Rhizomatous perennial bearing kidney-shaped leaves to 10cm long. Open, waxy, yellow fl owers are carried on stems to 45cm in spring.

Canna 'Endeavour'Water Canna 'Endeavour'

Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, glaucous, paddle-shaped leaves and spikes of narrow-petalled red fl owers to 5cm across in summer and autumn. Lift tubers and overwinter in frost-free conditions.

Callitriche stagnalisCommon Water-starwort

Oxygenating perennial with narrow, opposite submerged leaves that become broader in the open air. The fl owers are small and insignifi cant, borne in summer.

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Spreading tree to 8m tall bearing peeling bark and spidery, bright red fl owers in winter and early spring. Produces fi re-coloured autumn foliage. Grow in acid soil for best autumn colour.


Pond & bog garden plants Pond & bog garden plants

Carex elata 'Aurea' Bowles's Golden Sedge

Rhizomatous, perennial sedge to 70cm, dying back in winter with leaves that bear a central, golden variegation. Small fl owers are produced in spring and early summer.

Ceratophyllum demersumRigid Hornwort

Submerged oxygenating plant with low light requirements. Perennial with stiff stems eventually growing to 1m if left unchecked. Leaves are dark green and forked into linear, toothed segments. Prefers quite nutrient rich water.

Canna 'Ra'Water Canna 'Ra'

Tender, rhizomatous perennial to 1.8m with erect, slender, green leaves and spikes of exotic lemon yellow fl owers in summer and autumn. Lift tubers and overwinter in frost-free conditions.

Fontinalis antipyreticaWillow Moss

Attractive, evergreen, oxygenating moss lacking proper roots with shoots to 15cm long and tightly packed leaves to 5mm.

Eleocharis acicularisNeedle Spike-rush

Rhizomatous oxygenating perennial to 10cm with rush-like leaves and fl owers in spikelets to 5mm (not produced when submerged).

Hosta 'Sum and Substance'Plantain Lily 'Sum and Substance'

Large, ribbed, heart-shaped yellow or green leaves and spikes of bell-shaped lilac fl owers in summer.

Iris pseudacorusYellow Iris

Vigorous, rhizomatous perennial to 1.5m tall with lance-shaped, greyish leaves and bright yellow fl owers with darker markings. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.

Mentha aquaticaWater Mint

Rhizomatous perennial to 90cm with purple stems and narrow, toothed, hairy and aromatic leaves. In summer dense spheres of tubular lilac fl owers are produced. Grows in water to 15cm deep. Plant in baskets to contain spread.

Hydrocharis morsus-ranaeFrogbit

Stoloniferous perennial spreading on the surface of water and producing rounded, glossy leaves to 3cm long. White, bowl-shaped fl owers, 2cm across, yellow at the centre are borne in the summer. Less vigorous in deeper water.

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Pond & bog garden plants Pond & bog garden plants

Myriophyllum spicatumSpiked Water-milfoil

Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves borne on stems to 1m or more. In summer small reddish fl owers are carried just above the water.

Myriophyllum verticillatumWhorled Water-milfoil

Perennial oxygenator with whorls of deeply divided leaves and linear leafl ets borne on stems to 1m or more. In summer very small yellowish fl owers are carried just above the surface of the water.

Myosotis scorpioidesWater Forget-me-not

Creeping, rhizomatous perennial with leaves to 10cm and, in summer, a profusion of bright blue, very open fl owers to 8mm across with a paler eye. Grows best in water to 10cm deep.

Nymphaea alba White Water-lily

Perennials with fl oating, rounded, dark green, often red-tinged leaves to about 30cm across. The starburst fl owers to 20cm or more across are white with yellow centres. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.

Nuphar luteaYellow Water-lily

Perennial bearing fl oating, rounded, thick-textured, hairless leaves to 40cm long. Above these in the summer are carried almost spherical yellow fl owers to 6cm across singly on stems. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.

Nymphaea hardy hybridsGarden Water-lily

There are many hybrids to choose from. Nymphaea 'Marliacea Albida' (pictured) has cup-shaped fl owers to 15cm across that are white with yellow centres.

Ranunculus aquatilisCommon Water-crowfoot

Pretty annual/short-lived perennial with submerged branching stems and fi nely divided leaves and fl oating lobed, kidney-shaped leaves. Produces white fl owers (2cm) at the water's surface in summer. Prefers shallow water with good nutrient levels.

Sagittaria sagittifoliaArrowhead

Spreading perennial bearing arrow-shaped leaves with long lobes at the base and 1m tall infl orescences carrying white fl owers to 2.5cm across. In deep water long, fl oating leaves may also be produced. FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.

Potamogeton crispusCurled Pondweed

Perennial oxygenator bearing submerged, dissected, almost transluscent leaves and leathery, fl oating leaves with very undulating margins. The fl owers are very small and whitish, carried just above the water.

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Rhizomatous perennial forming fl oating mats of three-parted leaves with leafl ets to 6cm long. Erect infl orescences of white, star-shaped fl owerrs are sometimes produced in summer. WILL NEED REGULAR TRIMMING; FOR LARGE PONDS ONLY.


Pond & bog garden plants Plants for wildlife

Buddleja globosaOrange-ball-tree

Erect, deciduous shrub with orange fl owers borne in eye-catching spheres in June. May be damaged by hard frosts.

Ceanothus thyrsifl orusCalifornian Lilac

Dense evergreen shrub providing cover and shelter for wildlife. Bears bright blue fl owers in early summer. Hardy in all but the coldest areas.

Veronica beccabungaBrooklime

Creeping perennial bearing fl eshy stems and leaves. Its rounded leaves can be entire or toothed. Racemes of blue fl owers with a white eye appear in spring/summer. Can only tolerate shallow water, but good for groundcover in wet/semi-aquatic areas.

Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus'Wintersweet 'Luteus'

Deciduous shrub to 4m with open, clear yellow fl owers.

Chimonanthus praecoxWintersweet

Strong-growing deciduous shrub to 4m with glossy lanceolate leaves to 20cm. Nodding, deliciously fragrant, greenish-yellow fl owers are produced on the bare twigs in winter. The fl owers are often stained purple inside and are up to 2.5cm across.

Erica darleyensisDarley Dale Heath (pictured: cultivar 'Arthur Johnson')

Low-growing shrub with needle-like leaves, bearing fl owers in late winter and spring. Flowers are urn-shaped, usually in shades of pink and form racemes to 10cm long. Many cultivars are available. Alkaline soils may be tolerated.

Hedera helixIvy

Climbing or scrambling plant eventually becoming shrubby. Non-variegated selections have the best chance of producing the nectar-rich fl owers, but these will need at least some sun. Prefers alkaline soils.

Hyssopus offi cinalisHyssop

Dwarf semi-evergreen shrub to 60cm with small, dense, aromatic foliage and spikes of two-lipped, dark blue fl owers from midsummer.

Hamamelis intermediaIntermediate Witch-hazel

Shrub to 4m with upright branches which carry green leaves (to 15cm) that turn yellow in autumn. In winter the bare twigs bear spidery, fragrant fl owers in shades of yellow, orange or red. Various cultivars are available.

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Plants for wildlife Plants for wildlife

Kniphofi a rooperiRooper's Red-hot-poker

Imposing perennial to 1.2m with clumps of broadly linear leaves and impressive, fat heads of red hot poker fl owers in autumn.

Mahonia mediaYellow Lily-of-the-valley Bush

Upright shrub, eventully to 5m, with leathery, hairless, sharp-pointed pinnate leaves to 45cm long and racemes of fragrant yellow fl owers to 35cm long at the ends of the shoots. If planting in full sun requires damp soil.

Ilex altaclarensisHighclere Holly

Evergeen shrubs providing cover and shelter for wildlife, with broad, glossy leaves that are variegated in many cultivars. Female plants bear fruit. May be damaged by hard frosts.

Sedum spectabileButterfl y Stonecrop

Easily propagated, fl eshy perennial with fl at heads of (usually) pink fl owers. For best wildlife value sterile hybrids should be avoided. Neutral, moderately fertile soil is best.

Malus 'Golden Hornet'Crab Apple 'Golden Hornet'

Deciduous tree to 8m with copious, spherical, golden yellow fruit to 2cm across which are carried over a long period. White fl owers are produced in spring.

Sorbus aucupariaRowan

Pinnate-leaved, deciduous tree to 15m with white fl owers in spring which are followed by copious orange-red berries to 8mm across.

Viburnum opulusGuelder-rose

Vigorous shrub to 4m bearing lobed leaves that turn red in autumn. Lacecap fl owers are followed by glossy red fruit. Full sun to part shade in any moderately fertile soil.

Viburnum bodnantenseBodnant Viburnum

Deciduous shrub to 3m bearing toothed leaves to 10cm that have a reddish tinge when young. The highly fragrant, tubular fl owers in shades of pink are borne in clusters at the ends of the branches.

Taxus baccata

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Coniferous evergreen bearing thick, dark needles and, in female plants, red fruit which is eat eaten by birds. Eventually becoming large but easily pruned to size.

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Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol'Holly 'J.C. van Tol'

Self-fertile tree to 6m with glossy evergreen, fairly spine-free leaves and copious bright red berries.

Late Season

Late Season

Early Season

Early Season


Calluna vulgaris 6

Ligustrum vulgare 6

Prunus spinosa 'Plena' 6

Rhamnus cathartica 6

Ulex europaeus 6

Bergenia cordifolia & hybrids 7

Ceratostigma plumbaginoides 7

Leucothoe fontanesiana 7

Pachysandra terminalis 7

Salix repens var. argentea 7

Sarcococca hookeriana var. humilis 8

Stachys byzantina 8

Colchicum autumnale 8

Colchicum speciosum 8

Crocus bifl orus 8

Crocus chrysanthus 9

Crocus nudifl orus 9

Crocus tommasinianus 9

Cyclamen coum 9

Cyclamen hederifolium 9

Digitalis purpurea 10

Echium vulgare 10

Fritillaria meleagris 10

Narcissus 'Actaea' 10

Scilla siberica 10

Ampelodesmos mauritanica 11

Astelia chathamica 11

Chusquea culeou 11

Fargesia nitida 11

Miscanthus giganteus 11

Phyllostachys nigra 12

Pleioblastus simonii 12

Stipa gigantea 12

Aralia cachemirica 12

Crambe cordifolia 12

Datisca cannabina 13

Eupatorium maculatum Atropurpureum Group 13

Rheum palmatum 13

Rodgersia aesculifolia 13

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CONDITIONS

Veronicastrum virginicum 13

Berberis verruculosa 14

Buxus sempervirens 14

Cornus alba 14

Elaeagnus ebbingei 14

Escallonia macrantha 14

Forsythia intermedia 15

Garrya elliptica 15

Hebe rakaiensis 15

Hebe topiaria 15

Ilex aquifolium 15

Ligustrum lucidum 16

Olearia macrodonta 16

Olearia haastii 16

Photinia fraseri 16

Viburnum opulus 16

Euonymus japonicus & cultivars 17

Abelia grandifl ora 17

Acer palmatum var. dissectum 17

Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia' 17

Camellia japonica cultivars 17

Cotinus coggygria 18

Euonymus alatus 18

Euonymus europaeus 'Red Cascade' 18

Hamamelis vernalis 18

Hydrangea macrophylla 18

Hydrangea serrata 19

Nandina domestica 19

Osmanthus burkwoodii 19

Philadelphus coronarius 19

Pieris japonica 19

Sarcococca hookeriana 20

Skimmia japonica 'Nymans' 20

Viburnum betulifolium 20

Viburnum burkwoodii cultivars 20

Actinidia kolomikta 21

Ampelopsis brevipedunculata 21

Ceanothus arboreus 'Trewithen Blue' 21

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CONDITIONS


Celastrus orbiculatus 21

Chaenomeles japonica 21

Elaeagnus ebbingei 22

Euonymus fortunei 'Silver Queen' 22

Hedera algeriensis 'Gloire de Marengo' 22

Hedera colchica 'Sulphur Heart' 22

Hydrangea petiolaris 22

Myrtus communis 23

Rosa 'New Dawn' 23

Vitis coignetiae 23

Acer palmatum 23

Arbutus andrachnoides 23

Cercis siliquastrum 24

Crataegus laevigata 'Paul's Scarlet' 24

Crataegus lavalleei 24

Fraxinus angustifolia 'Raywood' 24

Fraxinus ornus 24

Ligustrum lucidum 25

Liquidambar styracifl ua 25

Magnolia grandifl ora 25

Malus 'Golden Hornet' 25

Nyssa sylvatica 25

Parrotia persica 26

Prunus cerasifera 'Pissardii' 26

Sorbus aria 26

Sorbus 'Joseph Rock' 26

Sorbus thibetica 'John Mitchell' 26

Alisma plantago-aquatica 27

Butomus umbellatus 27

Callitriche stagnalis 27

Caltha palustris 27

Canna 'Endeavour' 27

Canna 'Erebus' 28

Canna 'Ra' 28

Carex elata 'Aurea' 28

Ceratophyllum demersum 28

Eleocharis acicularis 28

Fontinalis antipyretica 29

Hosta 'Sum and Substance' 29

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CONDITIONS

Hydrocharis morsus-ranae 29

Iris pseudacorus 29

Mentha aquatica 29

Menyanthes trifoliata 30

Myosotis scorpioides 30

Myriophyllum spicatum 30

Myriophyllum verticillatum 30

Nuphar lutea 30

Nymphaea alba 31

Nymphaea hardy hybrids 31

Potamogeton crispus 31

Ranunculus aquatilis 31

Sagittaria sagittifolia 31

Thalia dealbata 32

Veronica beccabunga 32

Buddleja globosa 32

Ceanothus thyrsifl orus 32

Chimonanthus praecox 32

Chimonanthus praecox 'Luteus' 33

Erica darleyensis 33

Hamamelis intermedia 33

Hedera helix 33

Hyssopus offi cinalis 33

Ilex aquifolium 'J. C. van Tol' 34

Ilex altaclarensis 34

Kniphofi a rooperi 34

Mahonia media 34

Malus 'Golden Hornet' 34

Sedum spectabile 35

Sorbus aucuparia 35

Taxus baccata 35

Viburnum opulus 35

Viburnum bodnantense 35

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CONDITIONS

Registered Offi ce

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Tel: +44 (0) 1722 342730 Fax: +44 (0) 1722 329035

[email protected]

www.plantlife.org.uk

Speaking up for the nation’s wild plants

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ISBN: 978-1-907141-34-8

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