landuse&classicficationreportfinal

Amhara National Regional State (ANRS)

TABLE OF CONTENT

Abbreviations..................................................................................................................eExecutive Summary......................................................................................................i1. Introduction................................................................................................................1

1.1. Background...............................................................................................................11.2. Location....................................................................................................................11.3. Objectives and Methods...........................................................................................2

1.3.1. Objectives....................................................................................................21.3.2. Methods.............................................................................................................3

2. Land Resources.........................................................................................................42.1. Landform and Soils...................................................................................................42.2. Climate......................................................................................................................52.3. Current Land Cover and Land Use...........................................................................92.4. Current Land Utilization Types..............................................................................11

3. Land Capability Classes and their Environmental Requirements......203.1. Land Capability Classes.........................................................................................203.2. Environmental Requirements of Land Capability Classes.....................................20

4. Major Land Uses /Production Systems Selected for Different Land Capability Classes and their Definitions.......................................................23

4.1. Major Land Uses/Production Systems Selected for Implementation in the ANRS234.2. Description and Definitions of Land Uses/Production Systems.............................24

4.2.1. Rain-fed Smallholders Food Crops Production............................244.2.2. Rain-fed Smallholders Cash Crops Production............................244.2.3. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production.....244.2.4. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production.....254.2.5. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production....254.2.6. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production....254.2.7. Smallholders Small Scale Dairy, Fattening and Poultry

Production.................................................................................................264.2.8. Small Scale Livestock (cattle, goats, chicken and poultry)

production.................................................................................................264.2.9. Large Scale Poultry, Cattle and Dairy Production......................274.2.10. Smallholders Perennial Crops and Forestry Production........274.2.11. Small Scale Agro-forestry Development.....................................274.2.12. Large Scale Forestry Production....................................................284.2.13. Nature Conservation and Tourist Attraction..............................28

5. Criteria Developed for Identification of Areas Potential for Major Land Uses in ANRS...........................................................................................................31

6. Findings of the Land Capability and Land use Potential areas.............346.1. Land Capability classes and their distributions......................................................346.2. Land Use Potential Areas and Their Distributions.................................................46

6.2.1. Land Use Potential Areas.....................................................................466.2.2. Land Use Potential Area Distributions in the ANRS...................47

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI)

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7. Conclusions and Recommendations...............................................................70References.....................................................................................................................71

LIST OF TABLES

Table 2. 1: Summary of climatic conditions of the ANRS within each DLGP polygon.........8Table 2. 2: Current Land Utilization Types Occurring in the different TAEZs of ANRS...............................11Table 2. 3: Environmental requirements of LUTS potential in ANRS...........................................................13Table 4. 1: Assumed & Recommended Production Systems/land use types for Different Land Capability

Classes..........................................................................................................................................30 Table 6. 1: Capability Sub-Classes............................................................................................................41Table 6. 2: Land Capability classes distribution in different mapping Areas of ANRS in

Hectares....................................................................................................................................42Table 6. 3: Total Area of Capability Classes in ANRS in ha..........................................................42Table 6. 4: Land capability Classes Occurring In different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area.........43Table 6. 5: Land Capability Classes Occurring indifferent Weredas of South Western Part of North Gonder

Mapping Area...............................................................................................................................43Table 6. 6: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of Eastern Part of North Gonder and

Wag Hemra Mapping Area..........................................................................................................43Table 6. 7: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area.........44Table 6. 8: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of Northwestern Part of North Gonder

Mapping Area...............................................................................................................................44Table 6. 9: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello

Mapping Area...............................................................................................................................45Table 6. 10: Land capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping

Area..............................................................................................................................................45Table 6. 11: Land Capability Classes Occurring in Different Weredas of West Gojam and

Agew Awi Mapping Area....................................................................................................46Table 6. 12: Subdivisions of the ANRS into Mapping Areas for 1:250,000 scale Land Use Potential Classes

Mapping........................................................................................................................................47Table 6. 13: Highly potential land area distribution for different major land uses in different mapping

areas in hectares in the ANRS......................................................................................................52Table 6. 14: Highly potential Land Area Distribution for crop production in different

Weredas of east Gojam Mapping Area..........................................................................53Table 6. 15: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in Different Weredas

of East Gojam Mapping Area.............................................................................................53Table 6. 16: Highly potential land area Distribution for Farm forestry based production

in different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area...................................................54Table 6. 17: Highly potential land area distribution for forest production in Different

Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area..........................................................................54Table 6. 18: Highly potential Land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of east

Gojam Mapping Area...................................................................................................................55Table 6. 19: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different

Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area..........................55Table 6. 20: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas

of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area.............................................55Table 6. 21: Highly Potential land area distributions for Farm Forestry based production

in different Weredas of southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area. . .55Table 6. 22: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of

South Western Part of North Gonder Mapping Area.................................................55Table 6. 23: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of

Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area..............................................................56Table 6. 24: Highly potential land area distribution for Crop production in different

Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area.....56


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Table 6. 25: Highly potential land areas for Ecotourism in different Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area..............................................56

Table 6. 26: Highly Potential land area distribution for Farm forestry in eastern part of North Gonder and Wag emra Mapping area...............................................................57

Table 6. 27: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different eredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area.............................57

Table 6. 28: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of North east Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area..........................57

Table 6. 29: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area.......................................................................58

Table 6. 30: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area..........................................................................................58

Table 6. 31: Highly potential area distributions for farm forestry based production in different Weredas of North shewa Mapping Area.....................................................59

Table 6. 32: Highly potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area...............................................................................................................................59

Table 6. 33: Highly Potential land area for livestock production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area...............................................................................................60

Table 6. 34: Highly potential land area distribution for floriculture in different Zones and Weredas of ANRS.............................................................................................................................................60

Table 6. 35: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Western part of North Gonder Mapping Area.......................................................................61

Table 6. 36: Highly potential ares distributions for ecotourism in different weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Zone Mapping Area.......................................61

Table 6. 37: Highly potential area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area...................................................62

Table 6. 38: Highly Potential land areas distributions for forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of north Gonder mapping area..............................................62

Table 6. 39: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in the Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping area................................................................................................62

Table 6. 40: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area.......................................................62

Table 6. 41: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of south Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area.................................................................................63

Table 6. 42: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area....................................63

Table 6. 43: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area.................................................................................64

Table 6. 44: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area.....................................................................64

Table 6. 45: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area............................................................................................65

Table 6. 46: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of South Welo and Oromia Mapping Area.................................................................................................................65

Table 6. 47: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area..........................................................................................................66

Table 6. 48.: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area........................................................................66

Table 6. 49: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area................................................67

Table 6. 50: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area............................................67

Table 6. 51: Highly potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area..............................................................68


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Table 6. 52: Highly potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area..........................................68

Table 6. 53: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area..................................................................68

Table 6. 54: Table 6.54: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area...................69


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Abbreviations

ANRS Amhara National Regional State

DLGP Dependable Length of Growing Period

DSA Development Studies Associates

GIS Geo Information System

GPZs Growing Period Zones

ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone

LCC Land Capability Class

SCI Shawel Consult International

USDA United States Department of Agriculture


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Executive Summary

General

The ANRS is endowed with spatially variable natural resources. These resources include climate, soils, vegetation, water, and fauna. They exhibit variable potentials and constraints of development at different sites. However, the differences were not properly documented regionally. Following the new economic policy of the Ethiopian Federal Democratic Government, the regional state has created favourable business environment to stimulate the private investment using the land capability and potentials of the National Regional State.

Despite the encouraging environment, investments are restricted to specific areas and sectors mainly due to absence of investment opportunities and absence of entrepreneurial know-how that are based on resources potentials and constraints relating to land capabilities and potentials of production. Hence this study is launched to address the problem and give guidance by showing land capability and land potential areas distributions in different zones and Weredas of ANRS for land users.

The National Regional State has a vast area of land that accounts for about 11% of the Country/Ethiopia’s land area. Highlands and lowlands are common land features of the region as far as land forms are concerned.

The main and specific objectives of the study as specified in the Terms of Reference provided to the consultant are to:

(i) Identify opportunities for Investment;(ii) Enhance the Participation of Private Investment/Capital based on the region’s

potential resources; and (iii) Enhance markets for goods & services through the establishment of various

types of projects in the region.

The specific objectives of the Land Capability and Land Use Potential areas identification, mapping and characterization are to:

i. Identify, map and characterize the natural resources that occur at different sites at 1:250,000 scale;

ii. Identify the potentials and constraints of the different natural resources that occur at different sites;

iii. Determine the land characteristics and qualities of the natural resources of different sites;

iv. Identify and characterize the land capability classes that could occur at different sites;

v. Determine the environmental requirements of land capability classes;


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vi. Determine land use types that match to different land capability classes and physical constraints of land uses;

vii. Map land capability classes at 1:250,000 scale that occur at different sites by matching the land use requirements with the land characteristics and qualities using the GIS facility of the consultant;

viii. Identify major land use types and define them;ix. Develop criteria for identification and mapping of land use potential areas;

andx. Map land use potential areas by matching natural resource characteristics and

criteria of land use types.

The land capability classification and identification of high potential land areas for different land uses was mainly done by extracting the regional land information from natural resources study documents compiled especially for this purpose.

The ranges of characteristics of each land type features were considered to determine the land capability and criteria for identifying, delineating and mapping different land use potential area sites and their distributions by taking into consideration the different features of the land and its resources and defining the ranges of potential levels for pre-selected land use types that can attract investors by multidisciplinary team of experts including the GIS specialist.

Major land uses selected for the land capability and land potential assessment were crop, livestock, and forest, farm-forestry, ecotourism and flowers productions.

Land ResourcesAs per previously conducted studies the regional state is made up of:

(i) Flat to rolling high altitude plateau including hills, mountains and side slopes

(ii) Gorges(iii) Low land plains, and (iv) Rift valley

On the other hand, the outcomes of several soil studies in Ethiopia indicated as there are different types of soils with different physical and chemical properties that determine land use choices in the ANRS. In addition, there are two major types of rainfall pattern regimes that also have direct contribution to the selection of land uses. These are:

Dry and wet-characterized by mono-modal rainfall pattern Three types of seasons- characterized by quasi-bimodal rainfall pattern designated

as Bega, Belg and Kiremt of which Kiremt is dominant in the eastern part of the region.

Climatic constraints that have impact on the socio-economic developments especially on agriculture in the region are:

a) The inter-annual & inter-seasonal rainfall variability;b) The frequent and severe occurrences of drought with no apparent periodic cycle;


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c) The occasional occurrences of flood associated with erosion and land slides, have significant negative impact on ecosystems together with considerable impact on agricultural production;

d) The incidences of hail mainly over the highland areas where it would have significant impact on stalk crops; and

e) The occurrences of frost mainly over the high land and valley areas where it would have significant effect on the production of crops, particularly vegetables and fruits.

Moreover, it is understood that extreme values of air temperature in the region greatly influence the establishment, growth and development of plants and/or crops in the region. Maximum temperature occurs in the months of March to May; while minimum temperature takes place during the months from November to January. Minimum temperature which occurs even in the transition month in October also affects crops growth and development.

In the ANRS 13 growing period zones are identified and delineated on a map of which 9, 3, and one are referred as single, double and no growing period zones respectively.

Currently, in the region, built-up areas, cultivated land, afro-alpine and sub-afro-alpine vegetation, forest, woodland, wetland, exposed surface and water body are identified as major land cover types from satellite imagery interpretation and limited field checking. These land cover types influence the major land uses that currently exist.

Built-up areas are mainly used for settlements, markets, and social infrastructures. Areas of natural vegetation influence livestock production; wood, incense and gum collection; recreation and tourism. Cultivated land areas influence crop, livestock and farm forestry production.

The actual cultivated land in the ANRS occupies about 35 %, grassland 18.37 % and forest including all types 1.43% of the ANRS’s land area. The natural forest alone covers 0.22 % of the region .Currently in the ANRS; quite a number of annual and perennial crops are produced indicating that the region has high potential for agriculture and natural resources development.

FindingsAs a result of the study, in the ANRS, 8 land capability classes had been identified. Land areas that fall within class one to class four are capable for production of crops and variably class one land having no environmental limitations. Environmental limitations for agriculture increase from class one to class 8 land. Class one land occurs on soils that do not have physical and chemical limitations.

In the ANRS, land capability class one land occupies 104, 535.7 ha (0.70%); class two land : 2,669,338 (17.1%); class three land 1, 352,784 ha (8.77%); class four land: 2, 600,019 ha (16.86%); Class five land: 4,511 ha (0.03%); class six land: 196,216 (1.27%); class seven land : 5,238,631 ha (33.98%) and class eight land: 3,251382 ha (21%) of the


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total land area of ANRS excluding areas occupied by the water bodies. Land capability class one land which has high attraction for investors occurs in the south western part of North Gonder, South Gonder and North Wello, South Wello and Oromia and West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping areas.

The total land area which is capable for agriculture (Classes I, II,II and IV) is 43.64 % of the total land area of the ANRS. Class two to class 4 lands have more value for the Government and the local land users with considerations of appropriate interventions that remove land use hindrances. The Zonal and Wereda distributions of each land capability class are given in the main body of this technical report and on the thematic map produced by the consultant.

High potential areas for production of crops, livestock, ecotourism, flowers, farm forestry, and forestry were determined by matching the environmental requirements of these pre-selected land uses with environmental properties of different land types occurring in the region. As a result, high potential lands for crop, livestock, floriculture, ecotourism, farm-forestry and forestry were discovered while matching100 % of the land uses requirements with the land properties. High potential lands occur at different sites and spots of the region and mostly overlapping with each other. Their spatial distributions are given on 1: 250, 000 Maps and in the main body of this technical report.

High potential land for crop, livestock, farm-forestry, forestry, ecotourism and floriculture occupy 1,190,076; 3,951,744; 1, 915, 12; 868,768; 2,611,370 and 1, 665,877 hectares of land respectively at different places and spots of ANRS.


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1. Introduction 1.1. Background

The Amhara National Regional State is endowed with varied natural resources such as climate, vegetation, soils and terrain, water and fauna. These natural resources exhibit different potentials and constraints for different development uses. However, the capability and potentials of these resources for agriculture, nature conservation and tourism and forestry development were not evaluated and classified at regional level. Studies at localized levels however were conducted aimed at different development purposes. These include the Abay & Tekezie Rivers basins, integrated water resource development master plan, the Kobo Girana valley development study and the North Wollo Environmental Support Project study intended for better environmental and natural resources information to underpin policy formulation, development planning and decision making.

The present study, however, emanated from the need to identify, classify, evaluate and determine land resource capability classes and potentials of areas for different uses as related to investment attraction in the entire National Regional State. According to the Region’s Investment Office (2004), no significant Private Investment had taken place in the region mainly due to policy measures which had been working against the private sector. However, as a result of the new economic policy of the Federal Government of Ethiopia, the regional state has created a favorable business environment and is providing infrastructural facilities to stimulate Private Investment. Despite the encouraging investment atmosphere, investments in the region are restricted to specific areas and sectors mainly due to absence of entrepreneurial know-how and absence of investment opportunities that base on identified resources capabilities and potentials and socio-economic conditions of the region. In response to these, the ANRS Investment Office commissioned DSA/SCI to identify, classify, map and characterize the different natural resources of the region and determine the capability and potentials of the natural resources for investment and other developments. Accordingly DSA/SCI, based on existing studies and field assessment, identified, characterized, mapped, evaluated and determined the capabilities and potentials of the different natural resource units for development and investment attraction in the region.

1.2. Location


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The Amhara National Regional State with an estimated population of 17.3 million (ANRS, Investment Office, 2004) occupies a total land area of about 160,000km2. The region’s area is about 11% of the entire land area of Ethiopia. It lies across Northeastern and Northwestern part of Ethiopia. Geographically, it is situated between 90 and 13045' north latitude and 360 and 40036' east longitude with common boundaries with Tigray in the North, Oromiya in the South, Beneshangul Gumuz and the Sudan in the West and Afar in the east. Highlands and lowlands are common land features in the National Regional State. Highlands occur above 1500m asl and lowlands below this elevation.

1.3. Objectives and Methods

1.3.1. Objectives

The main objectives of the study as specified in the Terms of Reference provided to the consultant are to:

(iv) Identify opportunities for Investment;(v) Enhance the Participation of Private Investment/Capital based

on the region’s potential resources; and (vi) Enhance markets for goods & services through the

establishment of various types of projects in the region.

The specific objectives of the Land Capability and Land Use Potential areas identification, mapping and characterization are to:

xi. Identify, map and characterize the natural resources that occur at different sites at 1:250,000 scale;

xii. Identify the potentials and constraints of the different natural resources that occur at different sites;

xiii. Determine the land characteristics and qualities of the natural resources of different sites;

xiv. Identify and characterize the land capability classes that could occur at different sites;

xv. Determine the environmental conditions of land capability classes;

xvi. Determine the major land use types that match the different land capability classes and physical constraints of land uses;

xvii. Map land capability classes at 1:250,000 scale that occur at different sites by matching the major land use types requirements with the land characteristics and qualities using the GIS facility of the consultant;

xviii. Identify major land use types and define them;xix. Develop criteria for identification and mapping land use

potential areas; andDevelopment Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International

(SCI)2


xx. Map land use potential areas by combining natural resource characteristics and criteria of land use types.

1.3.2. Methods

The Land capability classification and land use potential areas identification was carried out by extracting the required data and information from the natural resources study documents compiled during the study period. The information or data extracted include climate, soils and physiography, forestry, livestock and land use and land cover.

Land Capability Class determination was based on USDA (United States Department of Agriculture) Land Capability Classes classification as modified by the Assistance to Soil and Water Conservation Program of the FAO in 1988 for the purpose of Land Classification for use in Soil and Water Conservation in Ethiopia. The classification was based on the experience of land use and natural resources relationship and management and local natural resource conditions of Ethiopia in general and that of the ANRS in particular. The range of characteristics of each land feature or natural resource was taken into account in determining land capability classes.

The environmental conditions of different land capability classes were determined by considering land use limiting factors that were observable and measurable at different representative sites of natural resource features.

Criteria for identification, delineation and mapping different land use potential sites were developed by taking into consideration the different features of the land and its resources and defining their range of suitability levels/classes for different predetermined major land use types by a group of respective experts involved in the study. These were climatologist, agronomist, livestock expert, soils expert, forest expert, GIS expert and land use expert. Major Land Uses were identified by considering both rain-fed and irrigated conditions as far as crop production is considered. Production of livestock, forestry, agro-forestry and tourist attraction were considered only from rain-fed production point of view.


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2. Land Resources

2.1. Landform and Soils

The Amhara Region is made up of four major physiographic types:

Flat to rolling high altitude plateau including hills, mountains and their side slopes:

(i) Gorges(ii) Low land plains, and (iii) Rift valley

The plateau highlands lie between elevations of 2000 masl and exceeding 3,000 masl. Within this range, one could see rugged mountains, undulating plains, numerous mountain peaks and hills. The plateaus descend in the west towards peripheral lowlands. The mountain peaks rise as high as 4,620 masl at Mount Ras Dashen. The plateau highlands cover the central and eastern part of the Region. Along the western border of the high plateaus, the topography drops off suddenly and gently declines towards the Ethio-Sudanese border. The streams flowing from the highlands cut deep gorges and ultimately end up in the Abbay or Tekeze rivers.

The gorges and canyons have been formed by the major rivers and their tributaries within the Region along the weak zones of the plateaus and mountains. The streams flowing along the gorges and canyons have cut deep the geological formations along their course resulting in interfluvial ridges and inter-ridge valleys. Interfluvial ridges are the old ruminants of plateaus which are highly dissected by the major rivers and their tributaries within the Region forming a number of ridges. The interridge valleys are formed by the major rivers and their tributaries. They are mainly formed of alluvial colluvial fans. The deep gorges could have very steep or gently sloping sides. The Abbay and the Tekeze river gorges are spectacular and are very deep (up to 1500 m). In reality, the Region has been divided into a number of blocks by deeply incised gorges of the Tekeze and Abbay rivers and their tributaries.

Low to medium altitude, undulating to hilly plains and moderate relief hills with low altitude alluvial colluvial plains are common land features in the region. The plains are mostly found in the western and north-western parts of the Region. In the extreme west along the Ethio-


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Sudanese boarder, the land forms are very gently undulating to almost flat landscape except where it is cut by streams. Rift Valley: this occupies a relatively small area south of Woldiya. This includes the broken land and plains in the vicinity of the Kesem and Borkena rivers. This land form is a complex of steep, rough and rocky escarpments and gently undulating terraces (steeped plateau) and includes shallow soils on severely eroded side slopes and almost flat land on the colluvium and alluvium along the Borkena River.

Based on the outcomes of several soil studies previously carried out in the Region and the present field soil study, the land units were compiled and defined. For each of the land units presented and mapped, the appropriate association of soils has been indicated.

2.2. Climate

In order to promote effective economic growth of a regional state, it is of paramount importance to integrate climatic information with any natural resource and socio-economic development strategies. In this technical study, attempt has been made to identify important climate resource potentials of the ANRS.

In view of this, brief summary of the climatic resource potentials of the region have been presented as specified underneath.

1. Rainfall regimes and seasons are delineated based on rainfall patterns. With regard to this, two categories of seasons were identified in the ANRS.

(a) Dry and wet – characterized by mono-modal rainfall pattern,(b) Three season types – characterized by quasi-bimodal rainfall

patterns designated as Bega, Belg and Kiremt, in which the later one is more dominant in the eastern part of the ANRS;

2. The weather/climate systems that influence the climatic conditions in the ANRS are the following:

(a) Bega:

(i) Winds that originate from the Saharan high pressure system bring hot and dry climate;

(ii) Winds that originate from the Siberian high pressure system produce rather cold and dry climate;


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(b) Belg:

(i) Warm-moist air streams that originate from the Arabian Sea high pressure system produce considerable amount of rainfall,

(ii) Cold and moist northwesterly winds created as a result of the intrusion of mid-latitude depression towards low latitude mostly across the Red Sea produce substantial rainfall.

(c) Kiremt:

(i) Southwesterly and northwesterly airstreams coupled with warm moisture laden air streams originated from the subtropical high pressure systems that are located over the Southern Indian and Atlantic oceans;

(ii) The fluctuation of the leading edge of the moist air steam which is termed as the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ);

(iii) The development of the thermal lows over the Sudan and the Arabian Peninsula;

(iv) The generation and intensification of the monsoon depression over the Indian sub-continent, and

(v) The generation and development of upper level and low level strong winds that are referred to as the Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ) and the Somali-jet, respectively, enhance the spatio-temporal rainfall distribution;

3. The rainfall trend generally shows that it is predominantly characterized by decreasing trend.

4. The regional prevailing winds at different levels have shown that:

(a)They are generally easterlies becoming more south easterlies and south westerly during the rainy seasons;

(b)The rose wind diagrams are anticipated to be beneficial (see the climate resource report):

(i) In selecting sites for the establishment of industries, with a view to protecting cities from air pollution;

(ii) For the provision of wind data to aircraft landings and take-offs.


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5. The climatic constraints that have impact on the socio-economic development, particularly on agricultural and livestock productions include:

f) The inter-annual & inter-seasonal rainfall variability;g) The frequent and severe occurrences of drought with no

apparent periodic cycle;h) The occasional occurrences of flood associated with erosion and

land slides, have significant negative impact on ecosystems together with considerable impact on agricultural production;

i) The incidences of hail mainly over the highland areas where it would have significant impact on stalk crops; and

j) The occurrences of frost mainly over the high land and valley areas where it would have significant effect on the production of crops, particularly vegetables and fruits.

6. Temperatures and Thermal Zones

When the mean temperature values are above or below the threshold values, it is referred to as, respectively, maximum and minimum temperatures. It has already been indicated that extreme values of temperature would greatly influence the growth of plants and/or crops.

In the ANRS, the maximum temperature occurs during the months of March to May; while the minimum temperature takes place during the months from November to January. Though October is a transitional month, the minimum temperature during the month would significantly affect crops which are particularly in growing stages. In this instance, with a view to protecting crops from the harmful effects of climatic hazards, appropriate preventing measures must be undertaken.

7. The Thermal Zones:

The thermal zones of the ANRS that relate the mean annual temperature change in height with the altitude variations have been delineated (see the climatic resource map).

8. With regard to the Dependable Length of Growing Period (DLGP), the following brief notes must be considered during planning:

(a) It has been well noted that the DLGP is assessed and evaluated by superimposing the mean annual potential evapotranspiration onto the mean annual rainfall. Since PET is much less during the rainy seasons and higher during the dry season, the line graphs of the two elements intersects at two


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points. The first intersection is designated as the commencement of the DLGP and the second intersection is referred to as the end of DLGP.

(b)The growing period zones (GPZs) are classified based on various soil moisture holding capacities at different root zones. In this respect, in Ethiopia 53 GPZs are identified. Out of these 53 GPZs, 13 GPZs of which 9, 3 and 1 are referred to as single, double and no growing periods, respectively, are delineated in the ANRS.

(c) For practical purpose, with a view to producing the map of the 14 ACZs in the country, the map of the 53 GPZs were overlaid on to the map of the six thermal zones (T1-T6). Out of the 14 ACZs, 8 ACZs of which 4, 3 and 1 are identified as single, double and non-growing zones, respectively, in the ANRS.

Table 2.1 below provides the general climatic conditions of ANRS.

Table 2. 1: Summary of climatic conditions of the ANRS within each DLGP polygon

1 2 3 4 5 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4

No DLGP (Days)

Location–ZonesMean

Kiremt Rainfall (mm)

Mean annual Temp. (0C)

Climatic ConstraintsCV DP Hail Frost

1 25 E- NW & EM-OR 400 20-30 HV HDP INS INS2 66 E-WH 100-500 10-15 HV MDP Fr- LFr INS-LFr3 75 E-NW, OR & NSH 500-700 17-22 HV HDP-MDP INS- LFr INS- LFR4 104 S-NSH 500-800 15-20 HV HDP-MDP LFr- INS Fr- Pat5 106 W-SW, E-NG, W-WH &

W-NSH600-1000 12-18 MV-LV LDP & MDP LFR- Fr Pat-Fr

6 119 W-SW, E-NG, Wm- WH, N-NSH

600-1100 13-17 LV-HV LDP LFr-Fr Pat-Fr

7 120 W-NG 300-500 24-27 LV-HV HDP-MDP INS INS8 144 Most- NG, S-SG, E-EG

& Wm- NSH600-1200 14-22 MV-LV LDP & MDP LFr-Fr Pat- Fr

9 150 N-WG, S-NG, N-AG 700-1200 18-23 LV MDP-LDP INS-LFr Pat10 161 S-WG & S–EG, SW-NG 600-1200 18-21 LV LDP LFr Pat11 168 N-AG, Em-WG, Wm-

EG800-1400 15-22 MV-LV LDP LFr- Fr Pat-Fr

12 183 Central & E– NSH 700-1200 14-20 MV-HV

MDP-LDP LFr-Fr Pat- Fr

13 196 NW-WG & Most – AG 100-1600 17-21 LV LDP LFr-Fr Par-Fr14 229 Southern – NSH 600-1000 14-20 HV-LV MDP-LDP INS- LFr Par-Fr

Source: the climatic study of the region conducted by DSA/SCI in 2005.Note CV= coefficient of rain fall variability


8


DP = Drought ProbabilityE= EastW=WestS= SouthN= NorthEm= Eastern MostWm= Western MostPat- PatchyNW = North WelloOR= OromiyaWH= Wag HumeraNSH = North ShoaSW = South WelloNG= North GonderSG = South GonderWG = West GojamEG = East GojamAG = AgewawiLV = Less VariableMV= Moderately VariableHV = Highly Variable HDP= High Drought ProbabilityMDP= Moderate Drought ProbabilityLDP= Low Drought ProbabilityFr= Frequent LFr= Less Frequent INS= Insignificant

2.3. Current Land Cover and Land Use

Land cover types are the main natural and economic resources of the region. Land cover types determined from satellite imagery analysis and limited field survey conducted in the region include built up areas, cultivated lands, “Afro-alpine and sub-afro-alpine vegetation, forest, woodland, shrub land, grassland, marshland, exposed surface and water body. The spatial occurrences of these resources are influenced by climate, soil & terrain conditions and human influence in the ANRS. Built up area, cultivated land and forest are highly influenced by human needs and activities more than other cover types.

Built up area and cultivated lands are highly man made land features while forests in the region are partially man made and partially natural. Built up areas and cultivated lands are established at places of natural vegetation including forest lands at the expense of the natural fauna and flora of the region.

Development Studies Associates (DSA) & Shawel Consult International (SCI) 9


Land cover types indicate/imply land uses in the region; for instance built up areas are mainly used for settlements, markets, construction of social infrastructures and other services like roads, footpaths etc. The natural vegetation types influence livestock production, wood collection for different purposes, incense and gum collection, recreation and tourism.

In the ANRS built up area was sub-classified into two; cultivated land into 9; afro-alpine vegetation into 3; forest into 3; woodland into 2; shrub-land into 2 and grassland into 4 while the remaining were unclassified because they didn’t show differences of compositions determined by signatures and field observation properties (details of Sub-units are given in the Land Cover /Land Use Report and Map produced by DSA/SCI)

The cultivated land mapping unit area occupies about 66.2% while the actual cultivated land is only 35 % of the region’s land area (i.e. the remaining 31.2 percent are occupied by about 23 % inclusions and 9 % inaccuracy of interpretation. For details see the land cover land use report and map produced by DSA/SCI for ANRS) and the grassland mapping unit area occupies the second largest area of the region which amounts for about 18.37% of the entire land area of the region (detail description is given in the land cover/land use report).

Forest was found as natural and plantation forest. Plantation forest refers to enrichment planting at the original sites of natural forests and plantation of woodlots and forestation carried out at different sites including the surrounding areas of homesteads. Currently woodlots planted around homesteads supply wood for construction, fire and poles.Natural forest occupies only 0.22% of the land area of the national regional state; enrichment plantation 0.82% and plantation forest as woodlots 0.39%.

In the National regional state tree plantation in the last 3 decades is considered one of the important conservation and economic activities being undertaken by the government and the communities. Currently farmers in the ANRS sell wood as a means of improving their living. Area occupied by different land cover types and their sub-types in the ANRS are given in the Land Cover and Land Use report and on the map accompanying it. The associated land use types of different land cover types are also shown in Table 6.2a and 6.2b of the aforementioned report. Detail information on land use and its distribution can be obtained from the land cover & land use map and report prepared as



one of the background documents prepared for land capability classification for ANRS by DSA/SCI.

2.4. Current Land Utilization Types

A land utilization type is a kind of land use defined in more detail according to a set of technical specifications in a given physical, economic and social setting. A single crop can be regarded as a land utilization type. In the existing farming systems of the ANRS crop cultivation, livestock rearing including apiculture and poultry production, tree planting and incense and gum collections are the major land uses that prevail in different traditional agro-ecological zones. These major kinds of land uses constituted different land utilization types that can be defined by defined management practices, inputs, outputs and uses. The major land use rain-fed crop production for instance includes the production of cereals, pulses, oil crops, perennials, and spices cultivation or planting. Each group again consists of different single crops that have different management and environmental requirements. Accordingly, the livestock production sector includes livestock needed for draught power, milk, meat, honey, eggs, etc. each of them having different environmental and management requirements like the crops mentioned above (detail account on the livestock production is given in the respective technical report). Some of the current crop production land utilization types identified in the ANRS during the land use survey are the ones given in Table 2.2 below (Land utilization types were collected during land cover and land use survey carried out by DSA/SCI in ANRS and their requirements from literatures reviews).

Table 2. 2: Current Land Utilization Types Occurring in the different TAEZs of ANRS

Crop in % of observation

TAZs in m asl500-1500

(n=10)

1501-2400

(n=59)

2401-2800

(n=28)

2801-3200

(n=13)

>3200 (n=5)

Total (n=115)

Barley 20.0 69.5 82.1 100.0 80.0 72.2Maize 60.0 50.8 42.9 7.7 20.0 43.5Millet 20.0 32.2 18.3Oats 6.8 21.4 38.5 40.0 14.8Rice 5.1 2.6Sorghum 100.0 67.8 10.7 15.4 20.0 48.7Teff 90.0 98.3 85.7 38.5 20.0 84.3Wheat 57.6 92.9 92.3 60.0 65.2Chick Peas 50.0 61.0 46.4 23.1 20.0 50.4Haricot Beans 10.0 6.8 3.6 7.7 20.0 7.0Horse Beans 10.0 64.4 85.7 92.3 60.0 67.8Lentils 10.0 42.4 46.4 61.5 80.0 44.3Field Peas 10.0 66.1 78.6 92.3 100.0 68.7Vetch 10.0 33.9 57.1 15.4 40.0 35.7



Crop in % of observation

TAZs in m asl500-1500

(n=10)

1501-2400

(n=59)

2401-2800

(n=28)

2801-3200

(n=13)

>3200 (n=5)

Total (n=115)

Soya Bean 1.7 0.9Flax 61.0 85.7 84.6 80.0 65.2Niger Seed 60.0 76.3 50.0 7.7 57.4Rape Seed 10.0 20.3 10.7 13.9Sesame 50.0 15.3 12.2Safflower 20.0 20.3 3.6 23.1 15.7Mango 10.0 1.7 1.7Black Comun 10.0 35.6 3.6 7.7 20.9Black Paper 1.7 0.9Cinnamon 3.6 0.9Fenugreek 33.9 50.0 23.1 32.2Ginger 5.1 3.6 7.7 4.3Red Paper 100.0 64.4 21.4 15.4 48.7White Comun 10.0 39.0 7.1 15.4 24.3Apples 10.0 1.7 7.7 1.7Banana 60.0 30.5 7.1 23.1 25.2Lemon 30.0 22.0 7.1 15.7Mango 10.0 13.6 3.6 8.7Oranges 20.0 22.0 14.3 7.7 17.4Papaya 60.0 20.3 7.1 7.7 18.3Beet Root 13.6 14.3 23.1 20.0 13.9Cabbage 20.0 49.2 53.6 69.2 60.0 50.4Carrot 10.2 14.3 30.8 12.2Cauliflower 20.0 0.9Garlic 10.0 40.7 35.7 15.4 20.0 33.0Lettuce 3.4 1.7Onion 40.0 45.8 50.0 61.5 40.0 47.8Green Paper 3.4 3.6 2.6Potatoes 10.0 35.6 46.4 92.3 40.0 42.6Pumpkin 10.0 3.4 7.1 4.3Sweet Potatoes 3.4 1.7Tomatoes 20.0 25.4 3.6 15.7Guava 10.0 3.4 3.6 3.5Peach 1.7 10.7 15.4 5.2Spinach 3.6 7.7 1.7Green Bean 20.0 0.9Chat 20.0 25.4 14.3 7.7 19.1Coffee 28.8 14.8Cotton 1.7 0.9Enset 0.9Gesho 10.0 89.8 85.7 92.3 78.3Sugar Cane 10.0 6.8 3.6 5.2Coriander 10.0 8.5 10.7 7.7 8.7Sacred Basil 20.0 28.8 10.7 23.1 21.7Rue 15.3 10.7 10.4Avocado 10.0 13.6 7.8

Source: Land Cover and Land Use Survey Conducted by DSA/SIC in 2005



The environmental requirements of these land utilization types as researched from literatures by the agriculture expert of this study are given in Table 2.3.“S1” represents environmental requirements of highly suitable land use; ‘S2” for moderately suitable; “S3” for marginally suitable and “N” for not suitable land uses.

Table 2. 3: Environmental requirements of LUTS potential in ANRS

S.No Crop TypeSuitability Class

S1 S2 S3 N1 Forage Crops

Mean Temperature (oc)

>5 – 25 25 - 30 30 – 32 >30, <5

Altitude (meter) 2000 -2800 1500 - 2000

2800 -3500

<1500, >3500

Rainfall during (mm) GP

800-1600 750-800 700-750 <700, >1600

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 120-150 110-120 100-110 <110, >150Soil Type Deep, Medium textured, Drainage Well-drained Drained Poorly

DrainedImperfectly very poorly drained

PH 5.5-7 5-5.5 7-8.5 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope 0-2 2-5 5-8 >8Frost Hazard

2 BananaMean Temperature (oc)

20 –27 16 - 20 27 – 35 <8, >35

Altitude (meter) 800 -1500 500 -800 400 - 500 <400, >1800


2000 -2500 1800 - 2000

1500 - 2000

<1500, >2500

Wind speed (m/sec) <1 1-2 2-4 >4LGP (Days) Treated as perennialSoil Type Loams with high water

holding capacityLoams with less water

Silty clay loam

Saline soils

Drainage Well –Drained PH 5-7 5.5-5 7-8.5 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope Frost Hazard

3 BeansMean Temperature (oc)

15-20 20- 22 22 – 25 <10, >27




S1 S2 S3 NAltitude (meter) 1500-2200 1450-

15001400-1450

<1400, >2200


300- 500 250-300 200-250 <200, >500

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 90-120 80-90 75-80 <75Soil Type Friable, deep Friable Deep None friable,

and very shallow (10cm)

Drainage Perfectly Well Drained Well Drained

Drained Poorly Drained

PH 5.5 – 6 5 – 5.5 6 – 7.5 <5, >7.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1


4 VegetablesMean Temperature (oc)

17-24 24 - 28 28 -30 <5, >30

Altitude (meter) 1500-2200 1450-1500

1400-1450

<1400, >2200


400-500 350-400 300-350 <300, >500

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 90-140 80-90 75-80 <75Soil Type Sandy Loam Sandy ClayDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly

drainedImperfectly poorly drained

PH 6-7 5.5-6 7-8 <5.5, >8Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

SlopeFrost Hazard

5 Citrus (If not Irrigated)Mean Temperature (0c)

23-30 30-35 35-38 >38, <13

Altitude (meter) 500-1500 450-500 400-450 <400, >1500


900 – 1200 800-900 750-800 <750, >1200

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) NA NA NA NASoil Type Light to medium textured,

deep soilsMedium textured

Heavy textured

Very heavy textured

Drainage Well drained Drained Poorly drained

Imperfectly poorly drained

PH 5-8 4.5-5 4.0-4.5 <4, >8.0




S1 S2 S3 NOrganic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope Frost Hazard Tolerant for light frost for short periods only <-3oc

6 Cotton Mean Temperature (oc)

20-30 30-35 35-40 >40, <12

Altitude (meter)Rainfall during (mm) GP

800 – 1300 750-800 700-750 <700, >1300

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 150-180 140-150 130-140 <140, >160Soil Type Medium heavy textured,

deep. Drainage Well drained Drained Poorly


PH 7-8 6-7 8-8.5 <6,>8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope Frost Hazard No Information

7 PepperMean Temperature (oc)

18-25 25-27 12.5-18 <12.5, >27


600-1250 550-600 500-550 <500, >1250

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 120-150 110-120 100-110 <100, Soil Type Light Soils are PreferredDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly


PH

Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope Frost Hazard

8 Coffee Mean Temperature (oc)Altitude (meter) 1500-2000Rainfall during (mm) GP

Under Irrigation Condition only

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) NA NA NA NASoil TypeDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly

drainedImperfectly poorly




S1 S2 S3 Ndrained

PH

Organic Matter Content (%)Slope Frost Hazard

9 Teff Mean Temperature (oc)

15 – 20 12.5- 15 20-25 <12.5, >25

Altitude (meter) 1700-2500 1500-1700

2600-3000

>3000


400-600 600-800 200-400 <200, >800

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 120-150 90-120 75-90 <75Soil TypeDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly


PH 5.5-8 8-8.5 4.5-5.5 <4.5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 2-3 1-2 <1

Slope Frost Hazard

10 Wheat/BarleyMean Temperature (oc)

12.5-17.5 7.5-12.5 17.5 –22.5

<7.5, 22.5

Altitude (meter) 2000-2800 1500-2000

<1500, >2800


400-800 200-400 800-1200 <200, >1200

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 130-180 80-130 65-80 <65, >120Soil TypeDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly



>3 2-3 1-2 <1


11 RiceMean Temperature (oc)

13-15 12-13 10-12 <12, >20

Altitude (meter) 1800-2600 1500-1800

<1500, >2800


400-800 200-400 800-1200 <200, >1200

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NA




S1 S2 S3 NLGP (Days) 130-180 80-130 65-80 <65, >120Soil Type Heavier soils Clay

LoamySilty clay loam

Sandy soils

Drainage Imperfectly Poorly drained Poorly Drained

Drained Excessively Drained

PH 5.5-6 5-6.5 4.5-7 <4.5, >7Organic Matter Content (%)

12 SesameMean Temperature (oc)Altitude (meter)Rainfall during (mm) GPWind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days)Soil TypeDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly


PH

Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Slope Frost Hazard

13 LentilMean Temperature (oc)

12.5-17.5 10-12.5 10-20 <10, >20

Altitude (meter) 2200-3000 1800-2200

3000-3200

<1800, >3200


650-900 500-650 900-1200 <500, >1200

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 90-150 80-90 75-80 <75Soil TypeDrainage Moderately Well Somewha

t drainedPH 5.5-7.3 7.3-8.5 5-5.5 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 2-3 1-2 <1

Slope Frost Hazard

14 Chick PeaMean Temperature (oc)

15-20 12.5-22.5 12-23 <12.5, >22.5

Altitude (meter) 1800-2400 1500-2800

1200-2800

<1200, >2800


650-750 550-1000 500-1000 <550, >1000

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NA




S1 S2 S3 NLGP (Days) 90-140 75-140 100-120 <75, Soil TypeDrainage Moderately drained Drained Poorly

drainedPH 6.7-8 8-8.5 5-6.7 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 2-3 1-2 <1

15 Sorghum Mean Temperature (oc)

20-25 25-27 <17.5, >32.5

Altitude (meter) 1000-1600 1600-1800

1800-2200

<1000, >2200


800-1000 600-1100 550-1200 <550, >1200

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) >120 90-120 75-90 <75Soil Type Light to Medium textured Medium

texturedDrainage Moderately Well drained Imperfectl

y Somewhat drained

Poorly drained

Very, Excessive (un-drained)

PH 5.5-7.5 7.5-8.5 5-5.5 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

3> 3-2 2-1 <1

16 Sugar Cane Mean Temperature (oc)

22-30 20-38 15-38 <10, >38


1500-2500 evenly distributed during GP

1300-2000

Wind speed (m/sec) <1 1-2 2-2.5 >4LGP (Days) NA NA NA NASoil Type All type, but deep more

than 2 meterDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly


PH 5.5-6.5 5-7 5-8.5 <5, >8.5Organic Matter Content (%)

17 Grape Mean Temperature (oc)

10-18 8-20 8-22 <8, >22

Altitude (meter) 1500-2000 1450-2200

1400-2500

<1400, >2500


Under Irrigation Condition

Wind speed (m/sec)LGP (Days) NA NA NA NASoil Type Light Soils




S1 S2 S3 NDrainage Well drained Drained Poorly



>3 3-2 2-1 <1

SlopeFrost No Information

18 GroundnutMean Temperature (oc)

22-28 20-30 18-33 <18, >33


500-700 450-700 400-700 <400

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 90-120 85-120 80-120 <80Soil Type Loose, friable medium

texturedMedium textured

High Clay content soil type

Drainage Well drained Drained Poorly drained


PH 5.5-8 5-8.5 4.5-8.8 <4.5, >8.8Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

19 MaizeMean Temperature (oc)

15-20 15-25 12-27 <12, >27


500-800 400-800 400-1000 <400, >1000

Wind speed (m/sec) NA NA NA NALGP (Days) 110-140 100-140 100-135 <100, >135Soil Type Light friable loam Friable

loamLoam Heavy clay,

& very sandy

Drainage Well Drained Drained Poorly drained


PH 6-7 5.5-7.5 5-8 <5, >8Organic Matter Content (%)

>3 3-2 2-1 <1

Source: Various research results and studies



3. Land Capability Classes and their Environmental Requirements

3.1. Land Capability Classes

The land capability classes determined by USDA and modified for soil and water conservation land classification and use in Ethiopia by FAO in 1988 are adopted for this study. These land capability classes are 8 and determined by important environmental limiting factors in a range of land characteristics and qualities for each land feature. The land capability classes are coded using Roman numbers as I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII and VIII. In these classes of land, the risk of environmental limitations increases through Class I to class VIII and requirements for improvement and amelioration of risks as well. According to this classification, Class I to Class IV land are suitable for crops specially annual crops with increased limitations that reduce production respectively from Class I to Class IV land. Class V land is a wet land i.e., suitable for temporary grazing after rainy periods and production of rice by using appropriate techniques of wet land management practices.

Class VI land is suitable for perennial crops, grazing and tree planting with implementation of appropriate soil and water conservation practices that are recommended for a specific ecological zone where this class of land is available.

Class VII land is suitable only for forestation, reforestation and grazing. Tree crops/perennial crops could also be integrated with the forestry system where it could environmentally be possible.

Class VIII land is not suitable for agriculture. It is potential for nature conservation and recreation since the limiting factors are unmanageable and costly to change or modify the situation.

Grazing, forestry and agro-forestry systems are also potential land uses in Class I to Class IV lands.

3.2. Environmental Requirements of Land Capability Classes

The environmental requirements of the land capability classes are the range of characteristics and qualities of different land features that determine the land capability class. In this study, land characteristics and qualities chosen to determine a specific land capability class are slope in percent, soil depth in cm., signs of past erosion, conditions of



water logging, drainage conditions of the soil, surface texture of the soil, surface stoniness and rockiness, length of growing period in days, mean air temperature in 0C, frost hazard, and toxicity of the soil. These land properties are the most limiting factors that determine the capability class of the land. As the limiting factors become severe the land capability class decreases and the production per unit area becomes low. Thus one or two severe limiting factors in a certain class pushes the land capability level to the next lower class. Inputs and technologies required to ameliorate limitations are expensive. Hence, when one considers involving inputs to overcome limitations one could calculate the cost and benefit margins of the chosen land use.

The land capability class limiting factors determined by this study for the ANRS land capability classification are given in Table 3.1 below.



Table 3. 1: Land Capability Classification/Conversion Criteria Developed for Ethiopia based on USDA and adjusted to ANRS and applied as per the ANRS’S Environmental Conditions.

Limiting factor Range of FactorsSlope % 0 – 5 5 – 8 8 – 15 15 – 30 0 – 30 30 – 60 > 60 0 - 60 0 - >60Soil Depth cm > 150 100 – 150 100 – 150 50 – 150 25 – 150 50 – 150 25 – 150 0 - 150 0 - 150Past erosion** None None None to

slightNone to moderate

None to moderate None to severe

None to very severe

None to very severe

Water logging None None None to intermittently water logged

None to regularly water logged




Water logged to swamps

Drainage Well Well Well to moderately well

Well to moderately well

Well to imperfect Well to imperfect

Well to imperfect

Poorly to very poorly

Surface texture L, SL, CL L, SiL, CL, SL

L, SL, CL, SiC, Hc

SL, L, SiL, CL, SiC, C, Hc



S, SL, L, SiL, CL, SiC, C, HC

S, SL, L, SiC, CL, SiL, C, HC

Surface stoniness/ rockiness

None to common

Common to many

None to many

None to many

None to abundant None to abundant

None to extremely stony/rocky

None to extremely stony/rocky

LGP (days) > 120 > 90 > 90 > 90 45 to > 90 45 to > 90 45 to >90 >120Mean Temperature 0C

12.5 – 25 12.5 – 25 12.5 - 25 12.5 – 25 7.5 – 25 7.5 7.5 12.5-25

Frost hazard Light Light Light Light Moderate Moderate Moderate to severe

Light

Toxicity 5.5 – 7.5 5.5 - 7.5 5.5 - 7.5 4.5 – 8.5 4.5 – 8.5 4.5 – 8.5 4 - 8.5 7.5 - 8.5 Land Capability Classes

I II III IV VI VII VIII V

S= Sandy, SiL= Silty Loam, SL= Sandy loam, CL= Clay loam, L = Loam, C= Clay, SiC= Silty Clay, Hc= Heavy Clay

** Signatures of erosion such as rill, gulley and ravin which had resulted from processes of erosion in the past



4. Major Land Uses /Production Systems Selected for Different Land Capability Classes and their Definitions

Major land uses suitable for different land capability classes identified in the Amhara National Regional State were selected on the basis of natural resources potentials recognized in different physical resource units of the region. These physical resources include current land cover types, soil depth, slope of the terrain, altitude of the area/locality, length of growing period, mean annual rainfall of belg or meher seasons, availability of water for irrigation, distribution of rainfall, and mean annual air temperature during the growing period. These environmental conditions were considered because they highly influence the required land management practices, inputs and technology of land uses and the production level of a certain land use in a specific environmental condition.

4.1. Major Land Uses/Production Systems Selected for Implementation in the ANRS

Major Production Systems chosen for different land capability classes that were recognized in the region by matching the land use requirements with the land characteristics are the following:

1. Rain-fed smallholders food crops production2. Rain-fed smallholders cash crops production3. Rain-fed medium and large scale food crops/cereals production4. Rain-fed medium and large scale cash crops production5. Irrigated medium and large scale food crops production6. Irrigated medium and large scale cash crops production7. Smallholders small scale dairy, fattening and poultry production8. Small scale livestock (cattle, sheep, goats, chicken and poultry)

production9. Large scale poultry, cattle and dairy production10. Smallholders perennial crops and forestry production11. Small scale agro-forestry/farm forestry development12. Large scale forestry production13. Nature conservation and tourism


23


4.2. Description and Definitions of Land Uses/Production Systems

Description and definitions of these land use types/production systems are based on physical and management conditions required by the land use types to provide the required output. The definitions are general because the level of detail available on soils, landform, climate and management factors affecting the land use system are at reconnaissance level. Though this level of study help assist to indicate areas potential for different projects and enables to initiate semi- detail and detail project studies that enable implementation of projects based on identified detail costs of implementations.

4.2.1. Rain-fed Smallholders Food Crops Production

The smallholders food crops production is supposed to be conducted at the level of land holdings of local farmers, i.e., on less than one hectare land. The land use will be carried out with low capital intensity, high family labour input and oxen, mule and horse power will be used for land preparation. Rain will be the main source of moisture. In order to improve the current production level appropriate chemical fertilizers, manure, improved seeds and pesticides will be used as input of production. Family labour is used for land preparation, sowing, weeding, harvesting, threshing and winnowing. The land use is expected to produce surplus for markets or as outgrows for agro-industries of investors.

4.2.2. Rain-fed Smallholders Cash Crops Production

The land use is supposed to produce cash crops for the market on the land available with the local farmers. It will be conducted with low capital intensity, high family labour, and oxen, mules and horses being used as farm power together with the family labour. Source of moisture in this production system will be rain. Local farmers use improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, manure and pesticides to improve production per unit area. Outputs of the production system can be supplied for investors on contractual agreement basis or directly to local market to be used by any consumer. Crops to be considered include vegetables, fruits, spices and oil seeds. These are high value crops.

4.2.3. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production


24


The land use’s activity is supposed to be conducted by investors on 200 to 3000 and above hectares of land that would be provided by the Investment Office. The activity will be carried out with high capital intensity. Source of moisture for this land use system is rain. Farm machineries and human labour will be used for land preparation, harvesting and threshing. Inputs will be improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Crops that would be considered in this land use system include wheat, barely, maize and sorghum. The production of this land use type is mainly market oriented.

4.2.4. Rain-fed Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production

The production system will focus on market and agro-industry oriented crops like vegetables, spices, fruit crops, oil seeds, fiber crops and cereals. The land use activity will be conducted with high to medium capital intensity, and high labor intensity depending on the type of crops to be considered. Land preparation can be carried out with farm machineries and/or animal power depending on the size of the land that would be developed. Land preparation and crop harvesting could also be done either with machineries or human labour depending on the type of crops that would be grown. The land use activity will be carried out by investors provided with land through the investment office. The land size could vary from 25 to over 3000 hectares or less depending on the type of crops to be produced by the investors and requirements of capital. Source of moisture for this land use type will be meher and belg rains. Inputs required are chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and improved seeds that maximize production per unit of land.

4.2.5. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Food Crops Production

This land use production system focuses on production of crops like maize, sorghum, wheat and barely on a land size of 200 to 3000 hectares that will be provided to investors in the areas where fresh river and lake water is available for full irrigation schemes. The capital and labour intensity is high. Land preparation will be fully covered with tractors while harvesting and threshing can be done also with farm machineries and labour. Weeding can partially be done by hand. Appropriate water conveyance system can be decided by the investor. Inputs required include improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, herbicides and insecticides. Outputs could be market or agro-industry oriented depending on the interest of the investors.


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4.2.6. Irrigated Medium and Large Scale Cash Crops Production

This production land use system focus on production of cash crops like vegetables, fruits, spices, oil seeds, fiber crops and cereals. The activity can be conducted on land size of 25 to 3000 hectares where fresh water is available. The size of the land that would be given to investors could be greater or smaller than the above indicated size depending on the type of the investment, availability of water and interest of the investor. The capital and labour intensity of this land use production system is very high. Farm machineries are needed for different operations depending on the type of crops and area of land used. Both oxen and tractor powers could be used for land preparation. Water convergence system can be decided by the investor and the type of land used. Water sources for irrigation could be rivers and lakes including ground water. Inputs required include chemical fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides and improved seeds and seedlings.

The production of this land use system is either market oriented or agro-industry oriented depending on the interest of the investor.

4.2.7. Smallholders Small Scale Dairy, Fattening and Poultry Production

These land use systems can be conducted by the local farmers together with the other farming activities on the land available with the local farmers. The local farmer can choose one, two or all types of the land utilization types. The activities require low to medium capital and labour intensity depending on the type of the investment. Inputs required for these activities include good housing facility, good sources of water and feed; improved breeds of dairy heifers or cows; good breeds of poultry and fattening animals; livestock clinic and veterinarians’ services and good market network. The production can directly be oriented to market or to agro-industries with contractual agreements entered between farmers and investors.

4.2.8. Small Scale Livestock (cattle, goats, chicken and poultry) production

This type of land use system is traditional in the region. However, the production is very poor due to the prevalence of animal diseases, poor genetic make and poor availability of feed. This can be improved by developing a mechanism that overcomes the existing problems. The small scale livestock production system can be improved by improving the housing facilities, the veterinary services, and the genetic make-up


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of the livestock and feed and water availability in the existing farming system. The activity requires low to medium capital and labour intensity in order to improve the production and productivity of the livestock. Livestock feed can be improved by improving the conditions and management practices of existing feed sources such as grasslands and crop residues. The labour source for such production system would be the family. Products can be sold to markets or Agro-Processors.

4.2.9. Large Scale Poultry, Cattle and Dairy Production

These land uses are targeted to large scale production system in a confined area mostly situated near towns and elsewhere. The land size needed by investors will depend on the type of the production project and number of livestock that would be used for the production. The poultry production system is intended for supply of eggs and meat while the cattle production is for supply of fattened live animals, meat and the dairy production is meant for supply of milk and milk products.

These land use production systems require high capital and medium labour intensity. Inputs required for these types of projects include veterinary clinic or service; improved genetic base of livestock; housing facilities, concentrated feed; natural grazing areas, and water sources. Farm machineries could also be necessary depending on the type of the project and activities needed to enhance production. Projects could supply their produces directly to markets or change produces into agro-industry based production like caned meat, cheese, etc.

4.2.10. Smallholders Perennial Crops and Forestry Production

This mixed type of land use is targeted for areas with slopes less than 60% where land is available for forming by local farmers. Perennial crops that provide economic benefit from sales of fruits, leaves and stems could be planted and additionally serve as soil and water biological conservation measures. Together with this, farmers can also grow trees that produce poles, timbers, firewood and products can be used for local construction purposes and making farm tools to be sold in markets. The system can also be integrated with controlled livestock production. The livestock can be stall fed in order to avoid destruction of woody plants established by farmers. The land use system requires low to medium intensity of capital and labour. It can be practiced mainly on private land holdings of farmers. Inputs needed for the production system include improved multipurpose fruit crops and tree


27


species seedlings and appropriate techniques of farming. Products of the land use system can be sold in markets or can be delivered to investors who entered contractual agreement with local farmers for use in agro-industries. Appropriate fruit tree crops can be introduced to the appropriate environmental conditions through the government’s extension system.

4.2.11. Small Scale Agro-forestry Development

Farm-forestry/Agro-forestry is a system whereby the land use system integrates production of trees and annual crops. The system focuses on conservation and production activities that sustain production and improve the conditions of the environment. In this system multipurpose trees will be planted along field boundaries and terraces to support physical features and thereby protect the movement of soils down slope. In this system again woody plants will also be planted to supply fodder, firewood and fruits as additional output. Leguminous woody species also add organic matter, nutrients and fix nitrogen into the soil to improve its fertility level. Improving the fertility status and water holding capacity of the soil improves the production level of annual crops grown in the system. Thus, farmers and investors can produce cereal crops, fodder and fruits that would be sold in markets for various uses by different interest groups and for home consumption.

The labour and capital intensity is low to medium depending on the size of the project. The land size that would be used for this land use system can vary from 10 to 50 hectares.

4.2.12. Large Scale Forestry Production

Large scale forestry production can be established mainly on areas > 60% slope and at any place where land is available for investors. The land area to be used for such land use should not be less than 100 hectares. Trees that would be planted should involve economic species that produce pole, timber, firewood and other construction materials. It requires medium capital intensity and high labour intensity. Selections of species depend on the outputs intended by investors. In order to develop the system and attract investors in such a land use system the government is expected to construct roads that access to these areas and other communication facilities. Large scale forestry production can also be implemented in areas < 60% slopes if land is available. In principle all land types are suitable for forestry except rock outcrops.


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4.2.13. Nature Conservation and Tourist Attraction

This type of land use can be implemented on areas having unique ecosystems such as wetlands, lakes, heath vegetation, natural forests, and natural woodlands. The purpose of such a project is to attract biodiversity, tourists and to generate income from the smokeless industry and conserve the unique biodiversity of the region.

It can properly be done with high capital intensity and low labour intensity. Construction of roads and integrating the existing land use system with nature conservation and tourist attraction is an important activity that needs to be agreed with the local land users and the government. Benefit sharing and integrating systematic livestock grazing with the intended investment could be best strategy to be developed with the local land resource users.

The relationship of the recommended land use types and the land capability classes are the ones given in Table 4.1 below. Matching the land use types with the land capability class was based on descriptions of land capability classes given under 3.1 and Table 4.1.


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Table 4. 1: Assumed & Recommended Production Systems/land use types for Different Land Capability Classes

LCC (Land Capability Class) Recommended Potential Production Systems

I= Land mainly suitable for annual crops 1. Rain-fed smallholders food crops production 2. Rain-fed smallholders cash crops production 4. Rain-fed medium and large scale cash crops

production 5. Irrigated medium and large scale food crops

production 6. Irrigated medium and large scale cash crops

production 7. Smallholder & small scale dairy, fattening and

poultry production8. Small scale livestock (cattle, sheep & goats,

chicken and poultry production)9. Large scale poultry, cattle and dairy production

II= Land mainly suitable for annual crops with minor limiting factors

The same as above with little care for the land

III= Land suitable for crops with difficult conservation practices due to more restrictions than in class II land

The same as I and II, but with more care for the land than I

IV= Land suitable for agriculture with greater restriction than class III land (conservation practices are more difficult to apply and maintain)

The same as I, II, III with most care for the land

V= Land suitable for high water demanding crops and grasses

Smallholders and small to large scale rice, chickpeas, lentils and vetch production with proper surface and sub-surface drainage management(Before implementing this Production System, its impact on the environment should be studied in depth by the implementing Organization)

VI= Land suitable for perennial crops, grasses and forestry with difficult conservation structures

1. Smallholder perennial cropping and forestation2. Small-scale agro-forestry development3. Small to large scale forestation4. Controlled livestock grazing/livestock

production

VII= Land suitable only for forestation wildlife and rough grazing

1. Smallholder forestation 2. Smallholder livestock production3. Area closure for ecosystem rehabilitation 4. Wildlife conservation and eco-tourism

VIII= A land the use of which is restricted to protection, reclamation and wildlife

1. Tourism and nature conservation


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Source: MOA/FAO, 1988 and expertise assumption during the study.


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5. Criteria Developed for Identification of Areas Potential for Major Land Uses in ANRS

The potential use of a land unit in an area is highly influenced by its inherent properties or characteristics of natural resources. These natural resources are climate, physiography, soils, water and vegetation. The qualities, quantities and extents of these resources determine the type of potential land use that has to be carried out by land users of any type. Thus, during development of criteria for identification of areas potential for major land uses determined indispensable for the development of the rural areas of the ANRS, are physical parameters like altitude, slope, current physiognomic vegetation type, current land cover or land use, soil depth, length of growing period, mean annual rainfall, availability of water, mean annual air temperature and unique land cover types. The criteria were developed by concerned experts involved in the study in a technical meeting held among experts during the study.

The major land use types considered important for implementation in the rural environment of ANRS and the related physical parameters determined necessary for delineation and characterization of the potential sites are the ones listed under each major land use type here under. The major land uses considered are food and cash crops production using rain-fed and irrigation, livestock production, Forestry, Agro-forestry, Floriculture and tourism and nature conservation.

I. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Agricultural Potential Areas (both for food and cash crops) with rain and irrigation. (irrigation in areas where water is available)

1. Alt between 500 and 3200m asl2. Slope: below 30 %3. Both currently cultivated and uncultivated areas with

capability classes of cultivation4. Areas not covered with forest and woodlands5. Soil depth: > 50cm6. LGP: > 90 days7. Mean annual rainfall of Meher or Belg rainfall: not less than

500 mm8. Both densely and sparsely populated areas9. Availability of water for full and supplementary

Irrigation (> 1500m elevation rain-fed + supplementary + full irrigation during dry period; 500 – 1500m elevation supplementary + full irrigation)


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10. Mean annual temperature between 7.5 and 250C11. Areas of slope < 8% for large scale rain-fed mechanized

agriculture

II. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Livestock Production

1. Altitude between 500 and 3200 m asl2. RF greater than 200 mm3. Slope below 60%4. Uncultivated areas except areas occupied by forest,

woodlands and Afro alpine vegetation/grazing and browsing areas.

5. Annual dry matter production more than one tone/ha/annum6. All cultivated areas7. Not very shallow soil, i.e., areas not less than 30cm depth8. mean annual temperature between 10 and 27.50C9. Areas free from Tsetse fly

III. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Forestry

1. Slope: <60%2. Existing forest and natural vegetation areas3. Altitude between 500 and 3200m asl4. Rainfall > 300mm

IV. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential mainly for Farm forestry/ Agro-forestry based Agriculture

1. Slope: < 60%2. Altitude between 500 and 3000m elevation (asl)3. Soil depth: > 20cm4. LGP: > 45 days5. Areas not currently occupied by natural forest and woodland6. Both currently uncultivated and cultivated areas with land

capability classes of cultivation7. Rainfall >500 mm

V. Criteria for Identification and Delineation of Areas Potential for Tourist Attraction (Eco-Tourism)

1. Unique ecosystems like Afro alpine & sub-afro-alpine areas2. Low land woodlands and wooded shrublands and grasslands

where unique species of wildlife and natural vegetation types occur including existing forests


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3. Wetlands for conservation of water fawels4. Lakes5. Existing forest areas.

VI. Criteria for identification and delineation of areas suitable for Floriculture/Flower production

1. Altitude between 1400 and 25002. soil depth >30 cm3. well drained soil4. temperature between 5 and 300c5. rainfall between 800 and 1400mm


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6. Findings of the Land Capability and Land use Potential areas

6.1. Land Capability classes and their distributions

Land capability assessment utilizes information from different aspects of the land specially soil properties. Hence, soil mapping units are grouped together to form land capability subclasses. The major aim of the land capability classification is to assess the degree of limitations to a given land use imposed by land characteristics as far as permanent land properties are concerned.

As the degree of limitation increases, so the range of land use options decreases. The type of limitations encountered such as erosion, drainage, slope, soil depth etc. are indicated by a letter subscript. For example class IV with major limitations imposed by shallow soil depth and steep slope is indicated as IVs (l) where soil depth limitation is represented by s and slope by l.

Land capability maps are prepared based on the land capability assessment criteria. Such maps can be used for a variety of purposes, by soil and water conservation advisors to determine the conservation needs; by agricultural advisors to understand the basic characteristics of the soils and for planning purposes.

The following maps given here under (Figures LCa 1 and LCa 2) are examples of small scale inset land capability class maps produced for ANRS to help assist the reader to be encouraged to look at the 1: 250,000 scales mapping area land capability class maps accompanying this report.


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Figuer LCa 1: Land Capability map of North Shewa Mapping Area


36


Figure LCa 2: Land Capability map for eastern part of North Gondr and Waghemra Mapping Areas


37


Class I

This class consists of soil mapping units 32, 33, 44 and 50. The soils do not have limitations or hazards that restrict their use. They can be cropped very intensively, used for pasture, range, woodlands and wildlife reserves. The soils are deep, well drained, and the land is flat to gently sloping and generally fertile. Their texture indicates that they have a higher water-holding capacity. They are suitable for irrigated crop cultivation.

The soils need only commonly used crop management practices such as land preparation, manure and fertilizer application and weeding to maintain their productivity. Erosion is slight to moderate. Land management, however, is linked to farm size, level of capitalization considered economically justified by the farmers. The level of yield is considered relatively high in these soils.

The soils occur in the western part of Semen Gonder, East and West Gojam, Awi, South Wello and Oromiya zones. This capability class covers an area of 104,535.7 hectares which is about 0.70 percent of the total area of the Region. Weredas which contain the dominant part of the land capability sub-class include Dangla, Achefer, Merawi (in West Gojam and Awi zones), Alefa (North Gonder zone).

Class IILand capability class II which is sub-divided into the following sub-classes occupies a significant land area. The area of land occupied by this class is 2,669,337.6 hectares which accounts for 17.1 % of the land area in the region.

Sub-Class IIe

This sub-class consists of soil mapping units 3, 5, 6 and 49. The land capability mapping unit has erosion limitation which reduces the choice of crop cultivation and requires some conservation work. The erosion hazard is, however, moderate. The soils could be cropped intensively, used for pasture, forestry and wildlife.

The soils are generally well drained, deep, and the land is gently sloping to moderately steep. The soils are clay textured and therefore, can sufficiently hold moisture. They commonly occupy plains, plateaux and side slopes. Some part of the unit is suitable for irrigated agriculture. Cropping is very flexible and a wide range of crops can be grown. The limitations are minor in their effect and the land in the capability unit is productive.


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The mapping unit occurs dominantly in West Gojam, Awi, Eastrn Gojam, North Gonder and North Shewa zones. The land capability mapping unit covers an area of 1,081,786.65 ha that is about 6.86 percent of the total area of the Region. Sub-Class IId

This land capability mapping unit consists of soil mapping units 57, 92 and 93. Drainage is a limitation for this sub-class. This limitation could reduce the choice of crops and could entail certain drainage costs to improve the situation.

The soils are deep, moderately well to imperfectly drained, slightly sloping, with mainly clay texture. The principal effect of drainage problem is through workability and traffic-ability in the farm and pasture land. In this mapping unit, there may not be severe physiological effects on the plant from waterlogging. Erosion is almost non-existent. The land is well suited from moderate to intense cultivation, moderate grazing, forestry and wildlife.

The soils occur in South Wello, Oromiya, North Shewa, Awi, West Gojam, East Gojam, North Gonder zones. The land capability sub-class covers an area of 882,605.77 ha or about 5.6 percent of the total area of the Region.

Sub-Class IId (e)

The sub-class consists of soil mapping units 14, 62, 70 and 81. The unit has been downgraded because of drainage and erosion. Cropping is flexible and a wide range of crops can be grown and the level of yield is high but less consistently obtained than on Class I land due to minor drainage and erosion problems. The limitations are minor in their effect. The situation can be improved by draining the soil and arresting the erosion problem using biological and physical measures. The soils are deep imperfectly drained, flat to gently sloping with clay texture. Erosion is slight to moderate. Impermeable layers of various kinds, flushing by steams, regular flooding by rivers or simply high rainfall, all cause drainage problems and each requires different remedial measures. Surface water erosion is common in the sub-unit. Wind erosion exists in the area, but the damage caused is not very significant. The erosion in the area is a limitation because it reduces yield by selectively leaching the plant nutrients. It causes progressive deterioration of the soil. This capability unit occurs in North Gonder, Wag Humra, Mirab Gojam. South Gonder, North Wello, South Wello, South Gojam and North Shewa zones. The land capability sub-class covers an area of 640,170.61 ha or about 4.06 percent of the total area of the Region.


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Sub-Class II l (e)

The sub-class consists of soil mapping unit 42. Slope and erosion are the major limitations of the sub-class. A sloping ground poses many problems to agricultural development. It obviously entails erosion. It, furthermore, inhibits the use of agricultural machineries such as tractors and combine harvesters. Some agricultural implements such as fertilizer spreader work effectively on a limited slope range. It is not possible to use agricultural machines and implements above 300

slopes. The soils with most risk on steep slopes are those with coarse loams or sandy soils and weak structure.

The soils are deep, well drained. The soil texture is clay. The soils are capable of sustaining less intensive cropping. The management practices required include terracing, strip cropping, contour tillage and grassed waterways.

The soils occur in Awi, West Gojam and East Gojam zones. The sub-class covers an area of 28,197.24 ha or about 0.18 percent of the total area of the Region.

Class III

This class consists of soil mapping units 55, 58, 59, 72, 56, 94, 19, 23, 98, 1, and 97. The major limitations of this class include erosion, slope, soil depth, drainage and stoniness. It is, therefore, obvious that the soils in Class III have combinations of limitations that reduce the choice of plants or require special conservation practices. This capability class covers a total of 1,352,783.9 hectares which is 8.77 % of the region’s land area.

Class IV

The class consists of soil mapping units 7, 82, 90, 8, 9, 65, 12, 16, 22, 61, 18, 26, 69, 83, 95, 96, 4. The major limitations of this class are soil depth, erosion, slope and salinity.

The soils in this class can be used for cultivation, but there are very severe limitations on the choice of crops. Also, very careful management is required. This class covers 2,600,018.8 hectares which is 16.86 % of the ANRS land area.

Class V


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This class comprises soil mapping units 45 and 91. The most limiting factor of these soils is poor drainage. Soils in classes V to VIII are generally not suited for cultivation. In some waterlogged areas of this class, drainage is not feasible. Often water loving crops such as rice, dry season grazing or pasture development is feasible on this class of land. The class occupies only 4, 510.8 hectares that counts for 0.03 % of the Region’s land area.


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Class VI

This class consists of soil mapping units 2, 86, 88, 36 and 99. The major limiting factors of the class are soil depth, erosion and slope.

Soils in this class have extreme limitations that restrict their use other than grazing, forestry and wildlife. This class covers about 196,215.8 hectares which is 1.27 % of the Region’s land area.Class VII

This class consists of soil mapping units 24, 27, 63, 68, 28, 35, 37, 38, 75, 29, 30, 31. The major limitations of the class are soil depth, slope, and erosion.

Soils in this class have very severe limitations which restrict their use to grazing. It can be used for limited forestry and wildlife. This land capability class occupies a vast area which is about 5, 238,631 hectares. It is 33.98 percent of the Region’s land area.

Class VIII

This class consists of soil mapping units 25, 41, 43, 47, 67, 79, 84, 85, 89, 34, 40, 46, 48, 51, 52, and 53. The major limitations of the class are soil depth, erosion and slope.

The soils in this land capability class should not be used for commercial tree planting. Their use should be restricted to recreation, wildlife or aesthetic purposes.

The major and sub-land capability classes are given in Table 6.1 and distributions of area of land capability classes in Tables 6.2 and 6.3 below. This land Capability class occupies relatively a vast area in the region which is 3, 251,381.8 hectares that accounts for 21% of the ANRS land area.


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Table 6. 1: Capability Sub-Classes

Amhara Region Land Capability Classes

Land capability class

Land capability subclass Soil mapping unit codes Limitations

I I 32,33,44,,50 II IIe 3,5,6,49 Erosion IId 57,92,93 Drainage IId(e) 14,62,70,81 Drainage and erosion II l(e) 42 slope and erosionIII IIIe 55,58,59,72 Erosion IIIe(l) 56,94 erosion and slope IIIs(d) 19,23 soil depth and drainage IIIs(l) 98 soil depth and slope IIId 1 Drainage IIIs(r) 97 soil depth and stoninessIV IVs 7,82,90 soil depth IVe 8,9,65 Erosion IVs(E) 12,16,22,61 soil depth and erosion IV l(e) 18 Slope and erosion IV s(l) 26,69 soil depth and slope IVf 83 Salinity IVd,e 4 soil depth and erosion

IVs(l,e) 95,96soil depth ,slope and erosion

IVd(e) 4 Drainage and erosionV VW 45,91 water loggingVI VIs 2,86,88 soil depth Vie 36 Erosion VIs(l) 99 soil depth and slopeVII VIIs 24,27,63,68 soil depth VIIs(l) 28,35,37,38,75 soil depth and slope VIIe 29,30,31 Erosion

VIII VIIIs25,41,43,47,67,79,84,85,89 soil depth

VIIIs(e) 34 soil depth and erosion VIIIs(l) 40,46,48,51,52,53 soil depth and slope

Source: The Soil properties matching exercise carried out by DSA/SCI, 2005

In order to clearly see the distributions of the land capability classes as they are related to soil mapping units, the accompanying hard or soft copy land capability map can be consulted by users of this document.


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Table 6. 2: Land Capability classes distribution in different mapping Areas of ANRS in Hectares

Capability Class

Mapping AreaEast

GojamSoutth

Western part of north

Gonder

Eastern Part of North

Gonder And Wag Hemra

North Shewa

North Western Part of North

Gonder

South Gonder

And North Wello

South Wello and

Oromia

West Gojam

and Agew Awi

1 0.0 14,460.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,479.1 8,903.1 78693.52 457,093.3 516,807.

136,598.4 346,684

..2129,684..

2139,883.4 255,933.

9786,653.

13 141,275.0 137,520.

8209,188.6 77185.4 260,196.3 260,008.8 129,765.

9137,643.

14 146,343.6 558,674.

4184,037.6 77,476.

0421,292.4 430,317.9 28,294.8 753,582.

15 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2,328.7 901.5 1,280.6 0.06 0.0 0.0 7,429.7 6,598.7 511.0 89474.3 92,202.1 0.07 0.0 907.5 878,361.1 721,043

.1351,068.4 1,093,900

.01,129,59

7.4389,659.

88 674,903.8 0.0 1,179,293

.3361,200

.3319,553.0 752,605.6 565,042.

673,687.0

Source: Statistics of the Land capability classification GIS Map. Table 6. 3: Total Area of Capability Classes in ANRS in ha

Capability Class

Area in ha of the actual land area

Percentage of the ANRS land

areaI 104,535.7 0.70II 2,669,337.6 17.31III 1,352,783.9 8.77IV 2,600,018.8 16.86V 4,510.8 0.03VI 196,215.8 1.27VII 5,238,631.0 33.98VIII 3,251,381.8 21.08

Total 15,417,415.41

100.00

Source: Table 6.2

In the Amhara National Regional State, land area capable for agriculture accounts for about 43.64 % of the Regional State. However

1 The land capability classes land area given in Table 6.3 misses the land area occupied by water body which is about 315,521 ha since this area was not considered in the land capability classification as it is covered with water permanently.


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class one land which doesn’t have environmental limitations is only 0.70% of the region and is distributed in south western part of north Gonder, South Gonder and North Wello, South Wello and Oromia and West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Areas. The remaining part of the region is capable for biological and Physical conservation based development in general since land degradation is the major problem.

The following tables (Tables 6.4 to 6.11) provide distributions of land capability classes in ha in different mapping areas and Weredas falling in the 8 mapping areas of the Region. Sources of these tables are statistical informations derived from land capability maps of the 8 mapping areas produced by DSA/SCITable 6. 4: Land capability Classes Occurring In different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area

WEREDA Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_7 TotalHULET IJ INESE 6,220.5 27,923.2 58,565.1 50,731.8 143,440.7GONCHA SISONA INESE 2,488.2 32,438.9 11,934.2 59,302.3 106,163.6BIBUGNE 9,399.9 1,059.8 33,590.8 11,104.8 55,155.3INESE SAR MIDIR 9,952.8 8,386.2 2,580.4 81,143.3 102,062.7INARJI INAWGA 9,860.7 19,214.5 8,985.2 47,045.6 85,106.0DEBAY TILATIGIN 25,481.1 18,753.7 7,648.9 18,753.7 70,637.5

MACHAKEL122,889.

9 0.0 3,824.5 94,552.0 221,266.3INEMAY 38,751.6 10,137.2 1,290.2 16,542.0 66,720.9

GOZAMEN106,670.

5 4,193.1 17,924.3 54,602.4 183,390.3SHEBEL BERENTA 15,067.5 0.0 0.0 70,222.8 85,290.3AWABEL 54,049.4 19,168.4 0.0 41,654.5 114,872.3DEJEN 18,292.9 0.0 0.0 37,277.1 55,570.0BASO LIBEN 37,968.2 0.0 0.0 91,971.6 129,939.8

Total457,093

.3 141,275.0 146,343.6 674,903.81,419,61

5.8

Table 6. 5: Land Capability Classes Occurring indifferent Weredas of South Western Part of North Gonder Mapping Area

WEREDA Class_1 Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_7 TotalQUARA 0.0 357,505.6 133,285.7 295,793.7 0.0 786,585.0ALEFA 14,460.0 159,301.5 4,235.1 262,880.7 907.5 441,784.8

Total 14,460.0516,807.

1137,520.

8558,674.

4 907.5 1,228,369.8

Table 6. 6: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of Eastern Part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area

WEREDA Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_6 Class_7 Class_8 Total

ADI ARKAI 0.0 110.1 7,539.8 0.0104,291.

6 145,457.9 257,399.4DEBARIK 0.0 385.2 7,209.6 0.0 65,436.8 79,690.9 152,722.6BEYEDA 990.6 0.0 10,731.9 0.0 15,630.0 88,661.6 116,014.1


45


WEREDA Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_6 Class_7 Class_8 TotalJANAMORA 825.5 550.4 9,521.1 0.0 47,330.2 113,977.8 172,205.0DABAT 4,567.9 5,888.8 27,242.4 495.3 48,430.9 32,030.5 118,655.8

ZIQUALA 2,641.7 7,925.1 24,270.5 0.0126,966.

1 183,707.3 345,510.7SEKOTA 6,549.2 6,549.2 48,541.0 5,448.5 60,868.9 190,091.4 318,048.2

WEGERA 4,733.0 1,155.7 22,069.1 0.0142,375.

9 20,583.1 190,916.9LAY ARMACHIHO 7,319.7 0.0 1,761.1 715.5 75,068.0 20,858.3 105,722.5

BELESA 0.0 54,594.9 1,596.0 770.5106,493.

0 98,292.8 261,747.2GONDER ZURIA 5,393.4 34,617.1 11,667.5 0.0 76,113.6 5,228.3 133,020.0DEHANA 0.0 0.0 4,512.9 0.0 165.1 193,943.9 198,621.9DEMBIYA 3,577.3 97,412.2 7,374.7 0.0 9,190.9 6,769.3 124,324.4

Total36,598.

4209,188

.6184,037

.6 7,429.7878,361

.11,179,29

3.32,494,90

8.6

Table 6. 7: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area

WEREDA Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_6 Class_7 Class_8 TotalGISHE RABEL 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 59,343.5 4,460.5 63,804.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 1,551.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 11,732.9 27,344.6 40,629.0GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 65,161.5 0.0 2,715.1 0.0 82,324.6 11,926.9 162,128.0EFRATANA GIDIM 2,424.2 10,181.5 0.0 872.7 2,812.0 31,029.3 47,319.7WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 8,242.2 1,648.4 0.0 0.0 73,791.5 0.0 83,682.1LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 40,532.0 0.0 0.0 193.9 56,143.6 0.0 96,869.6KEWET 30,350.5 20,847.8 969.7 484.8 19,005.4 11,248.1 82,906.4LAY BETNA TACH BET 4,945.3 0.0 9,405.8 0.0 82,906.4 0.0 97,257.4MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 19,005.4 6,399.8 1,842.4 97.0 73,888.5 16,969.1 118,202.2MORETNA JIRU 18,714.5 0.0 11,151.2 0.0 33,550.4 0.0 63,416.1DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 35,877.6 0.0 2,230.0 0.0 85,427.5 4,169.6 127,704.7SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 32,386.8 0.0 19,102.4 0.0 67,876.6 0.0 119,365.8ANKOBER 2,812.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7,078.6 54,301.3 64,191.8ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT 17,550.9 2,230.2 0.0 0.0 36,750.3 46,156.1 102,687.6BEREHET 4,848.3 14,932.8 0.0 0.0 4,363.5 65,355.4 89,500.1HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 3,199.9 5,042.3 0.0 0.0 24,047.7 50,422.6 82,712.4SHENKORANA MINJAR 59,343.5 15,902.5 30,059.6 4,945.3 0.0 37,816.9 148,067.9

Total346,94

6.277,185.

477,476.

0 6,593.7721,04

3.1361,20

0.31,590,44

4.8

Table 6. 8: Land Capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of Northwestern Part of North Gonder Mapping Area

WEREDAClasss_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_5 Class_6 Class_7 Class_8 Total

SANJA 40,002.3117,160.

8320,743.

2 2,328.7 16,611.6 144,536.3167,254.

3 808,637.2METEMA 88,232.8 92,010.6 49,006.7 0.0 2,484.0 94,287.5 51,180.2 377,201.9

CHILGA 1,449.0 51,025.0 51,542.5 0.0 3,415.5 112,244.6101,118.

5 320,795.0

Total129,684

.2260,196

.3421,292

.4 2,328.722,511.

0351,068.

4319,55

3.01,506,63

4.1


46



47


Table 6. 9: Land capability classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area

WEREDAClass_1 Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_5

Class_6 Class_7 Class_8 Total

IBNAT 0.0 0.0 2,328.9 300.5 0.0 0.0 213,055.413,372.

3 229,057.1

KEMKEM 0.0 6,085.254,390.

713,747.

9 0.0 0.0 64,232.224,791.

4 163,247.3

BUGNA 0.0 4,732.9 5,333.915,626.

1 0.0 1,352.3 5,333.9261,135

.7 293,514.7

KOBO2,479.

111,869.

827,796.

4 2,854.8 601.0 1,652.8 4,582.6132,446

.0 184,282.4

GIDAN 0.0 0.0 0.012,095.

2 0.0 8,864.8 7,061.885,793.

1 113,814.9

LAY GAYINT 0.0 0.0 0.029,749.

6 0.0 0.0 115,693.0 1,352.3 146,794.9

FOGERA 0.0 9,691.250,484.

243,572.

7 0.0 0.0 1,727.9 0.0 105,476.0

MEKIT 0.015,025.

1 8,789.713,898.

2 0.039,966.

7 84,591.129,524.

3 191,795.0

FARTA 0.0 1,427.4 450.880,910.

0 0.0 0.0 41,844.8 3,005.0 127,637.9

HABRU 0.0 8,188.722,462.

5 0.0 0.0 2,328.9 1,727.9133,572

.8 168,280.7

GUBA LAFTO 0.0 2,103.511,043.

418,330.

6 300.5 1,652.8 25,467.540,342.

3 99,240.6

DERA 0.0 9,240.4 7,662.888,122.

0 0.0 0.0 53,038.5 0.0 158,063.7

DAWNTNA DELANTA 0.033,280.

5 0.0 6,310.5 0.020,058.

5 70,993.422,913.

2 153,556.2

WADILA 0.028,021.

7 2,404.018,856.

5 0.013,597.

7 32,003.4 4,357.3 99,240.6

TACH GAYINT 0.0 0.0 0.015,400.

7 0.0 0.0 71,218.8 0.0 86,619.5

ESITE 0.0 4,207.038,389.

067,838.

2 0.0 0.0 129,966.8 0.0 240,401.1

SIMADA 0.0 6,010.028,472.

5 2,704.5 0.0 0.0 171,360.9 0.0 208,547.9

Total2,479.

1139,88

3.4260,00

8.8430,31

7.9 901.589,47

4.31,093,90

0.0752,60

5.62,769,57

0.5

Table 6. 10: Land capability Classes Occurring in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area

WEREDA Class_1

Class_2

Class_3

Class_4

Classs_5

Class_6

Class_7 Class_8

Total

AMBASEL 0.0 0.0 4,573.5 426.9 0.0 0.0 59,333.7 29,392.5

93,726.6

WERE BABU 0.0 3,232.0 13,781.5

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 45,613.2

62,626.7

TEHULEDERE 0.0 487.8 21,952.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 1,402.5 27,746.0

51,589.3

BATI 0.0 0.0 12,866.8

0.0 0.0 0.0 12,866.8 72,017.6

97,751.3

TENTA 0.0 30,917.0

9,939.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 85,372.3 0.0 126,229.0

KUTA BER 0.0 1,158.6 0.0 2,561.2

0.0 0.0 78,481.5 7,927.4 90,128.7

MEKDELA 0.0 3,232.0 2,012.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 140,620.4

0.0 145,864.7

KALU 0.0 9,086.1 7,805.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 112,691.4

129,582.9


48


SAYINT 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 229,651.5

0.0 229,651.5

DESE ZURIA 0.0 4,939.4 7,317.6 4,634.5

0.0 853.7 55,918.9 68,480.8

142,144.9

LEGAMBO 0.0 7,500.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 64,578.0

43,783.8 0.0 115,862.4

WERE ILU 0.0 43,600.8

0.0 975.7 0.0 7,561.5 49,333.0 5,976.1 107,447.1

CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO

6,281.0

22,989.5

8,415.3 18,659.9

0.0 0.0 2,866.1 64,395.1

123,606.9

DEBRE SINA 0.0 548.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100,190.5

0.0 100,739.3

KELELA 0.0 29,636.4

0.0 0.0 0.0 17,928.2

115,374.6

0.0 162,939.1

WEGEDI 0.0 18,781.9

0.0 0.0 0.0 1,280.6 90,067.8 0.0 110,130.3

ARETUMA FURSINA JILE

2,622.1

18,233.1

41,100.7

1,036.7

1,280.6 0.0 6,829.8 130,802.5

201,905.5

JAMA 0.0 61,590.0

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 57,504.3 0.0 119,094.3

Total 8,903.1

255,933.9

129,765.9

28,294.8

1,280.6

92,202.1

1,129,597.4

565,042.6

2,211,020.4

Table 6. 11: Land Capability Classes Occurring in Different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

WEREDA Class 1 Class_2 Class_3 Class_4 Class_7 Class_8 TotalBAHIR DAR ZURIA 211.5 40,545.5 4,371.9 35,398.0 62,616.3 22,141.4 165,284.6

DANGILA 36,314.7174,310.

4 17,699.0141,733.

0 14,948.9 0.0 385,005.9

ACHEFER 26,019.6 49,853.3 0.0159,714.

0 12,481.0 2,538.5 250,606.4MERAWI 9,942.5 33,776.2 0.0 96,815.6 916.7 21,365.7 162,816.6ADET 3,243.6 4,653.9 59,866.3 23,904.2 39,135.2 0.0 130,803.3FAGITA LAKOMA 0.0 14,596.4 0.0 45,411.0 6,839.8 0.0 66,847.2QUARIT 0.0 10,718.1 26,019.6 44,212.2 775.7 0.0 81,725.6SEKELA 0.0 5,429.6 0.0 50,840.5 0.0 1,621.8 57,891.9

GWANGWA 2,256.4118,886.

4 28,487.6 3,384.7 65,789.5 0.0 218,804.7BANJA 0.0 29,051.7 0.0 50,064.9 5,993.7 0.0 85,110.3DEGA DAMOT 0.0 37,654.4 0.0 18,051.6 18,827.2 0.0 74,533.2ANKASHA 0.0 41,039.1 1,198.7 64,026.6 21,154.2 0.0 127,418.6JABI TEHINAN 0.0 75,238.3 0.0 19,038.8 6,134.7 10,083.5 110,495.3BURE WENBERIMA 705.1 92,725.8 0.0 987.2

110,777.3 15,936.1 221,131.6

DEMBECHA 0.0 58,174.0 0.0 0.0 23,269.6 0.0 81,443.6

Total78,693.

5786,65

3.1137,64

3.1753,58

2.1389,659

.873,687.

02,219,91

8.8

6.2. Land Use Potential Areas and Their Distributions

6.2.1. Land Use Potential Areas

Land Use potential Areas in the ANRS were classified based on the land Potential classification criteria showed under section 5 for the major


49


land uses of Crop Production; Livestock production; Farm-forestry/ Agro-forestry; Forestry; Floriculture and Ecotourism using the Arc View GIS software facilities adopted for classification and mapping.

During land potential classification for a specific land use type, some of the criteria which were universal and having no potential contribution in separating and delineating potential classes were ignored (for instance Criterion like sparsely and densely populated areas for crop production). As a result, the ANRS was classified only into highly potential areas of different major land uses. In the process, the environmental requirements of which were 100% matched with the selected land properties for the purpose of investments considering that only these land types highly influence investors.

Moderately potential, potential, and marginally potential areas of which land properties didn’t 100% matched with environmental requirements of the selected major land uses were deliberately not shown on a map for any of the major land uses thinking that these land types do not have much attraction for the investor. Highly potential areas practically met all the major land use requirements indicated in section 5 of this report per each major land use type. Moderately potential areas were restricted by one or two environmental factors; potential areas by three to four factors and marginal areas by 5 factors while not potential areas by more than 5 factors and sometimes by one overriding factor which can not be corrected by using easy and not highly costing management practices.

These types of land have development relevance mainly for the farmers and the government using appropriate land ameliorating measures.

The highly potential land types suited for each major land use type were mapped at 1: 250,000 scale i.e. independently for each type of land use. For ease of presentation, ANRS was subdivided into 8 Mapping Areas which constituted different neighboring zones and Woredas. Zone and/or Wereda Constituents of each Mapping area are given in Table 6.12.

Table 6. 12: Subdivisions of the ANRS into Mapping Areas for 1:250,000 scale Land Use Potential Classes Mapping

No. Mapping Area Included Administrative Areas/ Zones/Weredas

1 North Western Part of Semen Gonder

Metema, Sanja and Chilga Woredas


50


2 Eastern Part of Semen Gonder and Wag Humra Zone

Semen Gonder and Wag Humra

3 South Western Part Of Semen Gonder

Quara and Alefa Woredas

4 Awi and Mirab Gojam Zones Awi and Mirab Gojam zones5 Debub Gonder and Semen Wello

ZonesDebub Gonder and Semen Wello Zones

6 Debub Wello and Oromiya Zones Debub Wello and Oromya Zone

7 Misrak Gojam Zone Misrak Gojam Zone8 Semen Shewa Zone Semen Shewa Zone

Source: Mapping area map produced by DSA/SCI in 2005

6.2.2. Land Use Potential Area Distributions in the ANRS

Distributions of the Land Use potential area classes in the ANRS are shown on the accompanying maps produced at a scale of 1: 250, 000 each representing areas potential for:

a) Agriculture(Crop Production);b) Livestock;c) Farm-forestry/Agro-forestry;d) Forestry ; e) Ecotourism; andf) Floriculture

Hence, each type of major land use potential area is presented on 8 pieces of maps constituting zones and weredas as indicated in Table 6.12 above.

In order to encourage the readers of this document to look at the accompanying 1:250,000 scale maps of the 8 mapping areas, the two mapping areas(Figures LUP 1 and LUP 2) small scale land use potential maps are given here under as inset maps.


51


Figure LUP 1: Land Use potential Map for crop production in the east Cojam Mapping Area



Figure LUP 2: Land Use Potential Map for crop production in the West Gojam and Awi Mapping Area


#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y #Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y #Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y #Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

#Y

DANGILA

ACHEFER

ADET

GWANGWA

MERAWI

BAHIR DAR ZURIA

ANKASHA

BANJ A

BURE WENBERIMA

QUARIT

J ABI TEHINAN

SEKELA

DEMBECHA

DEGA DAMOT

FAGTA LAKOMA

Menta Wuha

Chagni

Shul

Dinkara

Anjni

Kuzela

Liben

Yesmal

Akuri

Dur Betewetet Abbay

Merawi

Meshenti

Bahir Dar

Zegie

Zenzelma

Debre Mewi

Dangila

Chara Gumdir

addis Kidame

Kosober

Kosober

Kesa

Zegena Lake

Tilili

Gishabbay

Gishshinkurta

Bure

Shindi

Finote Selam Jiga

Yechereka

Dembecha

Anjene

Feres Bet

Lake Tana

840000

840000

860000

860000

880000

880000

900000

900000

920000

920000

940000

940000

960000

960000

980000

980000

1000000

1000000

1020000

1020000

1140

000 1140000

1160

000 1160000

1180

000 1180000

1200

000 1200000

1220

000 1220000

1240

000 1240000

1260

000 1260000

1280

000 1280000

1300

000 1300000

1320

000 1320000

SEMEN GONDER

AWIDEBUB WELLO

MIRAB GOJAM

SEMEN SHEWA

DEBUB GONDER

MISRAK GOJ AM

SEMEN WELLO

WAG HEMRA

OROMIYA7

50 0 50 100 Kilometers

N

10 0 10 20 Kilometers

N

Scale: 1 : 250,0000

CROP POTENTIALMAP OF WEST GOJ AM AND AWI

MAPPING AREA, 2006

High Potential Areas

Other Areas

Wereda Boundary

Mapping Area Boundary

Main Rivers

All-weather (GravelDry-WeatherAll-weather (Asphalt)

Roads

Motorable Track

#Y Major Towns

LEGEND

Mapping and Ana lysis Base d on:- Alti tude Ranges;- Slope Gradient ;- Existing Land U se/Land Cover;- Length of Growing Period;- Ra infal l;- Mean Annual Temperature; - Soil Depth;- Land Capabil ity

Other Features are Based on EMA Topographic Maps of 1:250,00 0 Scale andWoody Biomass Inventory and Strategic Planning Project (1995-2002).

Source:

Prepared By Development Studie s Associates (DSA) and DELTA Development Management C onsultancy Service s (August 20 06)

Ill ipsoid: WGS_984Projection : U TMZone: 36

53


In the ANRS highly potential areas for agriculture/crop production occupy 1,190,076 hectares land; (Table 6.13). Crop production in the remaining portions of the region is constrained by many environmental factors that are difficult to correct. Some of these factors are shortage of moisture, steep slopes, shallow soil depth etc.

Highly potential land areas for Livestock production cover about 3,951,744 hectares which of course overlaps with the other land use potential areas too(Table 6.13). The figure indicates as the regional state is fairly conducive for improved livestock production.

Highly Potential land area for farm-forestry occupies 1,915,122 hectares as shown in Table 6.13. These areas are naturally steep and susceptible to soil degradation that requires good vegetation cover to save the soil and water resources of the region if the system is properly practiced.

Areas highly potential for forestry cover 868,768 ha as per the criteria used for classification (table 6.13). Areas potential for agriculture, livestock and agro-forestry are also naturally potential for trees but forestry production in the region has to be restricted on steep slopes including existing forest areas to save more land for other non soil protecting land uses.

Potential areas for Ecotourism development in the ANRS occupy 2,611,370 hectares. These areas mainly occur in the North eastern, north western and eastern part of Semen Gonder and East Gojam Mapping Areas. This is a vast area of land that needs special attention of the government for development through favorable investment policy.

Highly potential areas for Floriculture occupy about 1,665,877 ha overlapping on highly potential lands for other major land uses. However, comparing the investment cost and long and short term benefits with the present use of land, it can be converted to such high value product.

Distributions of highly potential land areas for major land uses falling within each Mapping Area of ANRS and Weredas are given in Tables 6.13 to 6.54.

Highly Potential areas were classified based on principles of FAO’s Framework for land evaluation 1976. Accordingly, highly potential areas provide about 80-100% of the expected production without incurring any major inputs and land improvement and management activities.


54


Table 6. 13: Highly potential land area distribution for different major land uses in different mapping areas in hectares in the ANRS

Mapping Area

Major Land Use Types

Crop production

Ecotourism

Farm Forestry

Forestry Livestock Floriculture

East Gojam 338,028.3 310,621.3 453,177.3 23,499.8 374,829.7

South Western part of North Gonder

63,829.5 735,311.5 208,266.7 361,498.8 411,394.8

Eastern Part of North Gonder & Wag Hemra

13,869.9 522,371.7 294,43.8 221,076.3 435,713.6

North Shewa 166,245.4 28,506.0 215,614.7 6,498.5 430,647.5

North Western Part of North Gonder

6,934.4 544,769.7 19,250.8 235,201.4 305,115.0

South Gonder & North Wello

60,176.5 191,368.6 94,563.0 10,839.2 990,407.6

South Wello & ,Oromia

158,975.4 91791.1 205,320.4 0.0 409,909.0

West Gojam & Agew Awi

382,017.5 186,629.9 689,485 101,54.0 593,727.1

Total 1,190,076.9

2,611,369.8

1,915,121.7

868,768.0

3,951,744.3

1,665,817.1

Source: Major land use potential maps produced by DSA/SCI in 2005

The following Tables (Tables 6.14-6.54) provide information on highly potential area distribution of major land uses in different Weredas. These potential areas spatial distributions in different zones of the ANRS and Weredas are mapped at 1: 250, 000 scale map produced by the consultant accompanying this technical report. The 8 mapping


55


areas thematic maps are part and parcel of this Technical report to be used by the Investment Office and other development actors in the ANRS. Note: Source of in formations given in tables 6.14-6.54 are statistics of the land use potential maps produced by DSA/SCI in 2005 for crop, livestock, farm-forestry, forestry, ecotourism, and floriculture. Table 6. 14: Highly potential Land Area Distribution for crop production in

different Weredas of east Gojam Mapping Area

Wereda Area In HaHULET IJ INESE 5,160.7GONCHA SISONA INESE 1,797.0BIBUNGNE 276.5INESE SAR MIDIR 7,326.4INARJI INAWGA 5,713.7DEBAY TILAIGEN 20,412.6MACHAKEL 95,704.0INEMAY 31,010.5GOZAMEN 74,508.2SHEBEL BERENTA 12,487.1AWABEL 44,787.8DEJEN 11,243.0BASO LIBEN 27,600.7Total 338,028.3

Table 6. 15: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in Different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haHULET IJ INESE 15,389.9GONCHA SISONA INESE 18,241.0BIBUGNE 7,767.4INESE SAR MIDIR 5,306.2INARJI INAWGA 9,979.7DEBAY TILATGEN 14,964.1MACHAKEL 70,391.7INEMAY 0.0GOZAMEN 59,756.2SHEBEL BERENTA 35,428.3AWABL 15,939.7DEJEN 7,194.6BASO LIBEN 50,262.4Total 310,621.3


56


Table 6. 16: Highly potential land area Distribution for Farm forestry based production in different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haHULET IJ INESE 6,266.6GONCHA SISONA INESE 2,257.8BIBUNGNE 9,353.8INESE SAR MIDIR 9,906.8INARJI INAWGA 9,630.3DEBAY TILATGEN 25,527.2MACHKEL 122,751.8INEMAY 38,521.2GOZAMEN 103,767.7SHEBEL BERENTA 14,929.3AWABEL 53,819.1DEJEN 18,385.1BASO LIBEN 38,060.4Total 453,177.3

Table 6. 17: Highly potential land area distribution for forest production in Different Weredas of East Gojam Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haHULET IJ INESE 46.1GONCHA SISONA INESE 0.0BIBUGNE 1,013.7INESE SAR MIDIR 0.0INARJI INAWGA 783.3DEBAY TILATGEN 7,096.0MACHAKEL 3,732.3INEMAY 0.0GOZAMEN 9,492.1SHEBEL BERENTA 0.0AWABEL 1,336.3DEJEN 0.0BASO LIBEN 0.0Total 23,499.8


57


Table 6. 18: Highly potential Land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of east Gojam Mapping Area

WeredaArea In Ha

HULET IJ INESE 88,781.5GONCHA SISONA INESE 45,424.2BIBUGNE 29,073.3INESE SAR MIDIR 23,378.1INARJI INAWGA 47,261.3DEBAY TILATIGI 43,495.1MACHAKEL 45.9INEMAY 50,522.3GOZAMEN 0.0SHEBEL BERENTA 46,802.0AWABEL 45.9DEJEN 0.0BASO LIBEN 0.0

Total374,829.

7

Table 6. 19: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area

Wereda Area in HaQUARA 1,694.1ALEFA 62,135.4Total 63,829.5

Table 6. 20: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haQUARA 409,097.5ALEFA 326,214.0Total 735,311.5

Table 6. 21: Highly Potential land area distributions for Farm Forestry based production in different Weredas of southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area


Table 6. 22: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of South Western Part of North Gonder Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haQUARA 314,670.3


58


ALEFA 46,828.5Total 361,498.8

Table 6. 23: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of Southwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area


Table 6. 24: Highly potential land area distribution for Crop production in different Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haADI ARKAI 0.0DEBARIK 0.0BEYEDA 165.1JANAMORA 165.1DABAT 990.6ZIQUALA 1,100.7SEKOTA 0.0WEGERA 495.3LAY ARMACHIHO 4,733.0BELESA 0.0GONDER ZURIA 2,696.7DEHANA 0.0DEMBIYA 3,522.3Total 13,868.9

Table 6. 25: Highly potential land areas for Ecotourism in different Weredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area

WeredaArea in ha

ADI ARKAI 128,626.3DEBARIK 67,226.4BEYEDA 59,044.1JANAMORA 56,046.4DABAT 23,860.0ZIQUALA 67,532.4SEKOTA 35,548.1WEGERA 26,297.8LAY ARMACHIHO 1,508.9BELESA 20,388.3GONDER ZURIA 36,293.0DEHANA 0.0DEMBIYA 0.0

Total522,371.7


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Table 6. 26: Highly Potential land area distribution for Farm forestry in eastern part of North Gonder and Wag emra Mapping area

Wereda Area in haADI ARKAI 0.0DEBARIK 0.0BEYEDA 990.6JANAMORA 715.5DABAT 2,476.6ZIQUALA 2,696.7SEKOTA 5,723.7WEGERA 1,265.8LAY ARMACHIHO 6,714.3BELESA 0.0GONDER ZURIA 5,338.4DEHANA 0.0DEMBIYA 3,522.3Total 29,443.8

Table 6. 27: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different eredas of Eastern part of North Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haADI ARKAI 51,072.7DEBARIK 13,428.6BEYEDA 27,517.6JANAMORA 30,709.6DABAT 5,558.6ZIQUALA 61,089.1SEKOTA 5,393.4WEGERA 19,922.7LAY ARMACHIHO 4,623.0BELESA 1,761.1GONDER ZURIA 0.0DEHANA 0.0Total 221,076.3

Table 6. 28: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of North east Gonder and Wag Hemra Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haADI ARKAI 9,135.8DEBARIK 7,539.8BEYEDA 7,374.7JANAMORA 8,750.6DABATn 42,542.2ZIQUALA 27,352.5SEKOTA 24,270.5WEGERA 87,285.8


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Wereda Area in haLAY ARMACHIHO 21,463.7BELESA 30,764.7GONDER ZURIA 56,796.3DEHANA 4,292.7DEMBIYA 108,144.1Total 435,713.6

Table 6. 29: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haGISHE RABEL 0.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 485.0GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 42,773.8EFRATANA GIDIM 872.9WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 4,073.7LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 25,994.0KEWET 6,013.5LAY BETNA TACH BET 3,491.7MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 10,184.2MORETNA JIRU 0.0DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 21,629.4SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 194.0ANKOBER 1,066.9ANGOLELA TERANA ASAGIRT 15,615.8BEREHET 0.0HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 2,327.8SHENKORANA MINJAR 31,522.6Total 166,245.4

Table 6. 30: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area

Wreda Area in haGISHE RABEL 0.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 0.0GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 0.0EFRATANA GIDIM 0.0WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 0.0LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 0.0KEWET 0.0LAY BETNA TACH BET 0.0MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 0.0MORETNA JIRU 0.0DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 0.0SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 0.0ANKOBER 1,668.9ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT 13,959.2BEREHET 12,877.9HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 0.0


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SHENKORANA MINJAR 0.0Total 28,506.0

Table 6. 31: Highly potential area distributions for farm forestry based production in different Weredas of North shewa Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haGISHE RABEL 0.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 1,842.9GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 42,482.8EFRATANA GIDIM 2,521.8WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 8,147.4LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 24,345.2KEWET 17,846.7LAY BETNA TACH BET 5,043.6MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 19,398.5MORETNA JIRU 0.0DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 32,104.6SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 291.0ANKOBER 2,812.8ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT 17,846.7BEREHET 1,842.9HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 3,006.8SHENKORANA MINJAR 36,081.3Total 215,614.7

Table 6. 32: Highly potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haGISHE RABEL 0.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 0.0GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 0.0EFRATANA GIDIM 0.0WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 0.0LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 0.0KEWET 0.0LAY BETNA TACH BET 0.0MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 97.0MORETNA JIRU 0.0DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 3,103.8SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 0.0ANKOBER 3,297.8ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT 0.0BEREHET 0.0HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 0.0SHENKORANA MINJAR 0.0Total 6,498.5

Table 6. 33: Highly Potential land area for livestock production in different Weredas of North Shewa Mapping Area


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Wereda Area in haGISHE RABEL 0.0ANTSOKIA GUMUZ 1,454.9GERA MIDIRNA KEYA GABRIEL 64,500.1EFRATANA GIDIM 13,385.0WEREMO WAJITUNA MIDA 11,251.1LALO MIDIRNA MAMA MIDIR 37,051.2KEWET 39,670.0LAY BETNA TACH BET 22,502.3MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA 26,382.0MORETNA JIRU 10,863.2DEBRE BIRHAN ZURIA 37,536.2SAYA DEBIR WAYUNA INSARO 19,398.5ANKOBER 2,715.8ANGOLELA TERANA ASAFIRT 19,786.5BEREHET 19,398.5HAGERE MARIAM KESEM 8,438.4SHENKORANA MINJAR 96,313.7Total 430,647.5

Table 6. 34: Highly potential land area distribution for floriculture in different Zones and Weredas of ANRS

Wereda ZONE Area in haACHEFER AWI 543.0ADET AWI 543.0ALEFA AWI 4,343.7ANKASHA AWI 3,800.8ANTSOKIA GUMUZ AWI 5,972.6AWABEL DEBUB GONDER 8,144.5BAHIR DAR ZURIA DEBUB GONDER 543.0BANJA DEBUB GONDER 1,628.9BASO LIBEN DEBUB WELLO 4,343.7BEYEDA DEBUB WELLO 169,405.1BIBUN DEBUB WELLO 114,565.7BUGNA DEBUB WELLO 206,869.7BURE WENBERIMA MIRAB GOJAM 1,628.9CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO MIRAB GOJAM 107,507.1DANGILA MIRAB GOJAM 543.0DEBAY TILATIGIN MIRAB GOJAM 99,362.6DEGA DAMOT MIRAB GOJAM 5,972.6DEJEN MIRAB GOJAM 30,406.0DEMBECHA MIRAB GOJAM 2,171.9DEMBIYA MIRAB GOJAM 16,831.9DERA MIRAB GOJAM 9,773.4EFRATANA GIDIM MIRAB GOJAM 1,085.9FAGITA LAKOMA MISRAK GOJAM 180,807.4FOGERA MISRAK GOJAM 25,519.4GOZAMEN MISRAK GOJAM 29,320.1


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Wereda ZONE Area in haGWANGWA MISRAK GOJAM 1,085.9HABRU MISRAK GOJAM 90,675.2HAGERE MARIAM KESEM MISRAK GOJAM 5,429.7HULET IJ INESE MISRAK GOJAM 51,038.7INARJI INAWGA MISRAK GOJAM 96,104.8INEMAY MISRAK GOJAM 2,714.8INESE SAR MIDIR MISRAK GOJAM 5,972.6JABI TEHINAN MISRAK GOJAM 1,085.9JAMA OROMIYA 3,257.8JANAMORA SEMEN GONDER 115,108.6KALU SEMEN GONDER 52,667.6KELELA SEMEN GONDER 9,773.4KEMKEM SEMEN GONDER 72,757.3KEWET SEMEN GONDER 2,171.9LAY BETNA TACH BET SEMEN GONDER 14,660.1MACHAKEL SEMEN SHEWA 543.0MAFUD MEZEZONA MIGENA SEMEN SHEWA 36,921.6MEKIT SEMEN SHEWA 18,460.8MERAWI SEMEN SHEWA 10,859.3QUARIT SEMEN SHEWA 1,085.9SEKELA SEMEN SHEWA 37,464.6SHEBEL BERENTA SEMEN WELLO 2,714.8SHENKORANA MINJAR SEMEN WELLO 1,085.9WERE ILU SEMEN WELLO 543.0Total 1,665,817.1

Table 6. 35: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of North Western part of North Gonder Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haSANJA 6,106.4METEMA 0.0CHILGA 828.0Total 6,934.4

Table 6. 36: Highly potential ares distributions for ecotourism in different weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Zone Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haSANJA 266,022.8METEMA 188,690.7CHILGA 90,056.2Total 544,769.7


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Table 6. 37: Highly potential area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haSANJA 18,371.1METEMA 0.0CHILGA 879.7Total 19,250.8

Table 6. 38: Highly Potential land areas distributions for forestry in different Weredas of Northwestern part of north Gonder mapping area


Table 6. 39: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in the Northwestern part of North Gonder Mapping area


Table 6. 40: Highly potential area distribution for crop production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haIBNAT 0.0KEMKEM 2,392.1BUGNA 4,709.5KOBO 0.0GIDAN 0.0LAY GAYINT 0.0FOGERA 224.3MEKIT 7,923.9FARTA 0.0HABRU 4,036.7GOBA LAFTO 0.0DERA 1,046.5DAWNTNA DELANTA 16,371.0WADILA 21,304.7TACH GAYINT 0.0ESITE 0.0SIMADA 2,167.8Total 60,176.5

Table 6. 41: Highly potential land area distribution for ecotourism in different Weredas of south Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area


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Wereda Area in haIBNAT 10,764.5KEMKEM 43,057.9BUGNA 74.8KOBO 60,326.0GIDAN 11,287.8LAY GAYINT 0.0FOGERA 1,345.6MEKIT 0.0FARTA 2,616.4HABRU 28,107.3GOBA LAFTO 1,569.8DERA 598.0DAWNTNA DELANTA 0.0WADILA 0.0TACH GAYINT 0.0ESITE 31,620.7SIMADA 0.0Total 191,368.6

Table 6. 42: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haIBNAT 0.0KEMKEM 5,905.5BUGNA 11,512.0KOBO 4,485.2GIDAN 0.0LAY GAYINT 0.0FOGERA 224.3MEKIT 14,203.1FARTA 0.0HABRU 7,923.9GOBA LAFTO 0.0DERA 1,644.6DAWNTNA DELANTA 26,238.4WADILA 18,090.3TACH GAYINT 0.0ESITE 0.0SIMADA 4,335.7 Total 94,563.0


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Table 6. 43: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haIBNAT 0.0KEMKEM 0.0BUGNA 0.0KOBO 0.0GIDAN 0.0LAY GAYINT 598.0FOGERA 0.0MEKIT 0.0FARTA 2,915.4HABRU 0.0GOBA LAFTO 6,578.3DERA 0.0DAWNTNA DELANTA 448.5WADILA 0.0TACH GAYINT 0.0ESITE 299.0SIMADA 0.0Total 10,839.2

Table 6. 44: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Gonder and North Wello Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haIBNAT 2,990.1KEMKEM 72,959.3BUGNA 26,911.2KOBO 119,007.4GIDAN 19,585.4LAY GAYINT 31,620.7FOGERA 82,677.2MEKIT 35,358.4FARTA 68,698.4HABRU 110,709.8GOBA LAFTO 42,160.9DERA 106,224.6DAWNTNA DELANTA 46,870.4WADILA 54,271.0TACH GAYINT 19,510.6ESITE 112,728.1SIMADA 38,124.2Total 990,407.6


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Table 6. 45: Highly potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haAMBASEL 0.0WERE BABU 61.0TEHULEDERE 61.0BATI 0.0TENTA 16,464.7KUTA BER 243.9MEKDELA 2,439.2KALU 3,171.0SAYINT 0.0DESE ZURIA 1,890.4LEGAMBO 1,341.6WERE ILU 27,258.2CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO 18,720.9DEBRE SINA 304.9KELELA 14,940.2WEGEDI 12,622.9ARETUMA FURSINA JILE 10,671.5JAMA 48,784.2Total 158,975.4

Table 6. 46: Highly Potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of South Welo and Oromia Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haAMBASEL 0.0WERE BABU 174.0TEHULEDERE 3,704.0BATI 24,477.6TENTA 0.0KUTA BER 0.0MEKDELA 0.0KALU 16,787.6SAYINT 16.0DESE ZURIA 13.0LEGAMBO 0.0WERE ILU 0.0CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO 32,353.6DEBRE SINA 1.0KELELA 57.0WEGEDI 20.0ARETUMA FURSINA JILE 14,187.3JAMA 0.0Total 91,791.1


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Table 6. 47: Highly Potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haAMBASEL 0.0WERE BABU 2,195.3TEHULEDERE 487.8BATI 0.0TENTA 17,623.3KUTA BER 975.7MEKDELA 3,171.0KALU 8,781.2SAYINT 0.0DESE ZURIA 4,512.5LEGAMBO 3,414.9WERE ILU 36,039.3CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO 19,025.8DEBRE SINA 365.9KELELA 29,270.5WEGEDI 16,403.7ARETUMA FURSINA JILE 15,793.9JAMA 47,259.7Total 205,320.4

Table 6. 48.: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area

WeredaArea in ha

AMBASELWERE BABUTEHULEDEREBATITENTAKUTA BERMEKDELAKALUSAYINTDESE ZURIALEGAMBOWERE ILUCHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDODEBRE SINAKELELAWEGEDIARETUMA FURSINA JILEJAMA


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Table 6. 49: Highly potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of South Wello and Oromia Mapping Area

WeredaArea in ha

AMBASEL 3,475.9WERE BABU 15,976.8TEHULEDERE 21,343.1BATI 12,074.1TENTA 39,210.3KUTA BER 3,475.9MEKDELA 5,183.3KALU 16,952.5SAYINT 0.0DESE ZURIA 16,586.6LEGAMBO 7,317.6WERE ILU 43,235.0CHEFE GODANA DEWEREHIMEDO 53,967.5DEBRE SINA 5,183.3KELELA 30,917.0WEGEDI 35,368.5ARETUMA FURSINA JILE 39,820.1JAMA 59,821.6

Total409,909.

0

Table 6. 50: Highly Potential land area distribution for crop production in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haBAHIR DAR ZURIA 18,194.6DANGILA 79,076.7ACHEFER 30,860.9MERAWI 27,082.0ADET 3,009.1FAGITA LAKOMA 5,178.5QUARIT 5,808.3SEKELA 2,589.2GWANGWA 16,515.1BANJA 15,675.4DEGA DAMOT 6,088.2ANKASHA 24,072.9JABI TEHINAN 38,558.6BURE WENBERIMA 70,049.4DEMBECHA 39,258.4Total 382,017.5


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Table 6. 51: Highly potential land area distribution for Ecotourism in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

WeredaArea in ha

BAHIR DAR ZURIA 65,098.1DANGILA 40,962.9ACHEFER 19,282.2MERAWI 0.0ADET 0.0FAGiTA LAKOMA 0.0QUARIT 0.0SEKELA 0.0GWANGWA 31,361.8BANJA 0.0DEGA DAMOT 1,160.8ANKASHA 3,659.3JABI TEHINAN 0.0BURE WENBERIMA 19,107.2DEMBECHA 5,997.8

Total186,629.

9

Table 6. 52: Highly potential land area distribution for farm forestry in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haBAHIR DAR ZURIA 17,910.5DANGILA 169,021.8ACH EFER 55,706.0MERAWI 37,090.3ADET 6,205.2FAGITA LAKOMA 11,987.4QUARIT 10,013.0SEKELA 4,301.3GWANGWA 104,219.6BANJA 25,032.4DEGA DAMOT 31,872.3ANKASHA 34,622.3JABI TEHINAN 69,526.7BURE WENBERIMA 66,706.2DEMBECHA 45,269.9Total 689,485.0

Table 6. 53: Highly Potential land area distribution for forestry in different weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haBAHIR DAR ZURIA 0.0DANGILA 10,154.0ACHEFER 0.0


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MERAWI 0.0ADET 0.0FAGITA LAKOMA 0.0QUARIT 0.0SEKELA 0.0GWANGWA 0.0BANJA 0.0DEGA DAMOT 0.0ANKASHA 0.0JABI TEHINAN 0.0BURE WENBERIMA 0.0DEMBECHA 0.0Total 10,154.0

Table 6. 54: Table 6.54: Highly Potential land area distribution for livestock production in different Weredas of West Gojam and Agew Awi Mapping Area

Wereda Area in haBAHIR DAR ZURIA 60,924.0DANGILA 70.5ACHEFER 198,990.2MERAWI 89,834.7ADET 63,603.5FAGITA LAKOMA 53,379.0QUARIT 40,334.0SEKELA 8,250.1GWANGWA 0.0BANJA 30,321.0DEGA DAMOT 47,949.5ANKASHA 0.0JABI TEHINAN 0.0BURE WENBERIMA 70.5DEMBECHA 0.0Total 593,727.1


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7. Conclusions and RecommendationsThe Amhara National Regional State is endowed with vast different capabilities and potentials of natural resources occurring at different places and sites that can be utilized for various economic developments. The land capability class one land is suitable for any kind of development. However, land uses that can be economically attractive can be decided by the government with full involvement of the present rural land users. This type of land is a choice of all land users since it has no limitation as far as the environment is considered.

Other classes of lands could also be developed through involvement of the government in ameliorating the existing limitations and arrangement of attractive incentives for investors and the current land users such as tax reduction and exemption for a certain period of time.

Highly potential areas of different land uses are also attractive for all land users. These land types are not currently idle. They are being used by farmers for different purposes. Since these types of lands have no environmental limitations for the land uses they had been evaluated, their productions can be maximized by incurring improved technologies of productions with minimum costs.

The production capacities of these land types can be maximized by developing and establishing options for lease agreements between the government, potential national and international investors and the current land users whereby the current land users obtain the opportunities of labour provision, sharing the land lease and being share holders of the project in the name of the family in the long run.

The vast and highly potential land resources of the National Regional State can only bring fast economic development if the government focuses on development of rural road net works and social services such as telecommunications, electric power supplies, schools and health services which highly attract National and International investors.


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References1. Beek K. J (1978). Land Evaluation for Agricultural Development. Wageningen

the Netherlands: ILRI.

2. DHV (2002). Guidelines for Land Use Planning. ANRS, Bahir Dar: ESP Component 2. MOWR, MOA.

3. FAO & ITC (1990). Land Evaluation and Farming Systems Analysis for Land Use Planning. FAO Guidelines. Working Document. Rome: FAO.

4. FAO (1976). A Framework for Land Evaluation. Soils Bulletin No. 32. Rome and Wageningen: FAO and ILRI.

5. FAO (1993). Development Series No. 1 Guidelines for Land Use Planning. Rome, Italy: FAO.

6. FAO/UNEP (1999). The Future of Our Land Facing the Challenge: Guidelines for Integrated Planning for Sustainable Management of Land Resources.

7. MOA & FAO (1988). Land Classification for Use in Soil Conservation. Addis Ababa.

8. DSA/SCI (2005). Land Cover and Land Use Study in the Amhara National Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report).

9. DSA/SCI (2005). Soil Survey in the Amhara National Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report).

10. DSA/SCI (2005) Climate Resource in the Amhara Regional State. Addis Ababa/ (Map and Technical Report).


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