language and power in communication

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LANGUAGE IN INDIAStrength for Today and Bright Hope for Tomorrow

Volume 8 : 5 May 2008ISSN 1930-2940

Managing Editor: M. S. Thirumalai, Ph.D.Editors: B. Mallikarjun, Ph.D.

Sam Mohanlal, Ph.D.B. A. Sharada, Ph.D.

A. R. Fatihi, Ph.D.Lakhan Gusain, Ph.D.K. Karunakaran, Ph.D.

Jennifer Marie Bayer, Ph.D.

Language and Power in Communication

Editors:Jennifer M. Bayer, Ph.D.

Pushpa Pai, Ph.D.

Language in India 8 : 5 May 2008 Language & Power in Communication Editors: J. M. Bayer & Pushpa Pai 1


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Pceed f e Naa Sea

CIIL caba e

Deae f Laae ad LcSNDT Ue

Mba

Feba 2004.

EEEE

J . BJ . BJ . BJ . B, .D., .D., .D., .D.

, .D., .D., .D., .D.

2005



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Introduction and the List of Contents

In February 2004, the National Seminar on Language and Power was conductedat the SNDT University Mumbai.

This volume contains the majority of the papers submitted and read in the aboveSeminar.

1. Girish, P.M. Political discourse and Malayalam Language. University of Madras,Chennai

2. Jennifer M. Bayer, Ph.D. Technology: The Spring that Empowers Languages.CIIL, Mysore.

3. Kaveri Pal, Language and Power: Progress from Script to Cd Rom, SNDTUniversity, Mumbai

4. Lalita Dhareshwar. Linguistic Politeness Achieving Solidarity and MaintainingSocial Power. Student, Dept. of Applied Linguistics, SNDT-Mumbai

5. Maneesha Smita Dwivedi, Dr. Language Power In ParentalRelations.Department of Linguistcs, K.M.Institute of Hindi Studies and Linguistics.Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra-282 004

6. Mitalee Shome, Dr., Ms Shubha Acharya, Ms Tamasha Acharya. TV Ads:Merchandizing Dreams through Words. SNDT University, Mumbai

7. Pallav Vishnu. The Language Of The Political Leaders In The Inciting Of ThePeople's Feeling On The Unwanded For Conceptions Like Communal Frenzies Etc.Lecturer, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University. Agra.

8. Pandya, S.R. Positive Use of Power through Language In EducationalInstitution. Reader, Department of Education, SNDT Women's University

9. Pratima Dave, Familial Power Equation And Language In The Novel 'Daugter'sDaughter' By Mrinal Pande, Dept. of Applied Linguistics, SNDT University,Mumbai

10. Pushpa Pai. Power Relations and Discourse Patterns. Department of AppliedLinguistics, S.N.D.T.W.'s University. Mumbai - 400 020

11. L.Ramamoorthy. Power Differentials in Tamil. Pondicherry Institute ofLanguage and Culture. Pondicherry.



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12. Ranjit Singh Rangila. Power to Act Civilized. CIIL. Mysore

13. G. Ravishankar. Language and Power In Relation To Gender and Hierarchy.Pondicherry Institute of Language and Culture.Pondicherry

14. Sheetal Tambe and Trupti Nisar. Co-authored by Dr.Pushpa Pai.Changing Power Relations Evident Through Address Terms. Dept. of AppliedLinguistics, S.N.D.T.W.'s University. Mumbai - 400 020

15. Sujatha Rao. English - The Language of Power. Maniben Nanavati college ofArts and Commerce for women. V.K Parke. Mumbai



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P.M.GIRISH

1.1. I1.1. I1.1. I1.1. I

Laae a aea ed c ee eac ce. Te

eeea bea a aae , f ae, ed

e dece, becae e eac f a ce.

Pe a d f da, fe be ad eae;

ee, da a a bee decbed a a f f ee.

Dada e f ee ae dea cbe ad aece a

ae eece e, eab be de e a a e

a de.

Sd f ea beee aae ad e a bac f

c a eeed e ea ee. I a cca

aae d/cca c. Te aae f c e aea f

e d f cca aae. Te aae f c eee d

e e ce a ce.

T ae a d aae ed b dffee ca

ae e a e, eece e ad aa e Keaa.

Te ee f a ca ae c a Ce, C

Pae, M Leae ad BJP, ae aaed ae adae

e ca de. Te c aabe c a d, ea

ad e ae beed.



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Safety pin, a metal pin with point bent back towards the head and covered by a guardwhen closed, is a symbol of an abominable political aggregation over the people. Like a

Safety pin language nails down political power and publiccommonsense.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1.1. C L 1. C L 1. C L 1. C L

Cca Laae Sd (CLS) cceae aae ad e.

Accd Fca (1989), Cca Laae Sd ace abad e

cce f e ca d f aae a e ce f aae d.

I CLS aa, ca eac, a a, fce dde

deea e e f ca ea, a e a dde

effec e a ae e e. Te ee ae fce

eeca aec f Fca ad Sc A Red ad S H N.

Pe, eea, e b f e e

bea f e e, Sc d ae dffee

. Pe, eea, e bab a e ac a ca

ea be a ca dee

eace, eade f e ba c bab e. Tee

ae def ab e ad , dffee f Webe

cce. Pe a e a ca ea

c e e ca e ee aa eace ad

eade f e ba c e. (Sece, 1962). I

ea a ca afca de ae e e a.

1.2. 1.2. 1.2. 1.2.

Te Webe Dca (1913) defe c a:

1. Te cece f ee; a a f ec c a d

e ea ad ee f a a ae, e eea f



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afe, eace ad e, e defee f eece ad

aa fe c ce, e aea f e ad

ece, ad e ec f ce e , e

eea ad ee f e a.

2. Te Maaee f a ca a; e cdc ad ce f

ae efeece ca eae e ada f bc

affa; e adacee f caddae ffce; a bad ee, af

de aaee ece e cce f ca caddae

ae; ca ce.

Te ee ae fce e ecd def.

Bede, e ae ae a f e bad a f

e a, ae a a ae e f ae feae.

Be (200211)

S eade

A cea ada c ee e a

A a aa c ca be ee

A aa Mebe Paae

A aa c e a Paae e a

ebe ac e c

A aa cfeece a e ebe a cace ae e

a.

Te abe eed ae e eea Keaa c .

Pca ae ae dee fac eab a e f

ee. Eac a de ae e de. Ide ad

aae ae ed cc ca de.



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1.2.3. 1.2.3. 1.2.3. 1.2.3. L L L L

Oe f e bac a c aae ad c fc

a eba cca e. Bea, (1970:4) a a

ee ae a ea ee a caee f ea beee

aae ad c.

1. Te a c ee eee ad ae

c e cca e ef.

2. Te c aae fac eee ad affec e

cee f ee ad c.3. Te c aae ad c ae a eac,

feed bac e ae.

Te Ma eac beee c ad aae deed

e ad ce. Dffee ca ae dee

e aae dae e e ae. Sce e

ea beee aae ad e ae dac ad

faceed, bece cea a e aa e;

e ca, e ba f ae, ceaed, eceaed,

beed, ad dde aae. Laae, ee,

a ed f a e ece fece. I a

cea a eece ad eeae e. Hee ae e:

L L L L . T ca be ee e e ee

f a aae e fa e e f e. A e

c ee f ca eac, a eae' e

eee efeced e ce e f aae,

ad e e f aae efec ebe.



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10/185

1.4. K 1.4. K 1.4. K 1.4. K

Keaa e f e Maaaa aae. Keaa ae

ca e ee ae a a e dffee ae

Ida. Geea, eac ce a e f afca. I a

be ca cae. Te ca afca f a ce e

ea e e ce f e ce. Ca acaed a

e ecc a f a dda ce. O e e ad,

cae dc ae ae eed. Te e feae c a ede,

ae, edca, cca, ec., a cbe ca afca.

Pc e bd f ee Maaaee. Te Maaaa

dae ad be f e edca ece ad a e bc

ee e ca affa f e ae. M eae ae

a e ad de ad e ae c ecee a cde

e be eed e ece f e a f e cce.

Pca ae Keaa ca a be b dded , c a

ad ef . Tee d aed a ec e, f

Fec c befe e Fec Re. I e Eae Geea,

e ed e c a e , e

e a e ef. Te ae afe e d ef, ad efe

a ca adca ; e d efe ceae ad

aa (Bead, 2000:6).

I Keaa, e aace ed b e C Ma Pa, e ef ,

eea, aEEEE J . J . J . J . I ea,

Lef Decac F. Te aace cde a ae c a CPM,



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CPI, J.D. (), Keaa Ce (J) N.C.P, R.S.P ad I.N.L. Te aace ed

b e Ce, , a AaJ J J J , I

ea, Ued decac F ad cde Ce (I), M eae,

Keaa Ce (M), J.S.S., R.S.P. ad C.M.P. B aace cde e

ca ae ; M eae aaced Ce aace, a

f a eca a. Te BJP a a ada eeed e ca

cea f Keaa. I de ae d Keaa.

Te ee ae a cceae Ma a ad Ce

Pa. I a ce e eee f e aae f e ae

e, M eae ad BJP f efeece.

Mea, Me ad e e d ae ed de c. I

ceae a eca ca ee. Te ae f caba, e b

ee f aca ca ae, fea ce a

ca ee. Te ca ae ee ca ee e ca

de ad e.

1.4.1. 1.4.1. 1.4.1. 1.4.1.

Mea fee ed e aae f c a a ad f

e. Te cce f ea fe ed ee dea a ae

eebe ea aae. Te ada e f fae

aae a ea ae fe ed decbe e e

b efe e faa. B e ca da de ae

a ca ad ea. A Mea e a d a

ae ed c eabe a ca beee e dea ad

ae. T c ce f ea c ae ad a,



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b, f c e ca ce f e (Bead, 2000: 21).

Meda e e c e ee ea. F ae

e eae:

S: Caaa (ce) Pca a

Sefa D e aa a e.

Wa: Pa (Wa e) ad dac ebe

eade. Ma a (Ca f e a)

Paaa(Wa e) Paa (Bae fed)

Eaa,S (Ee) Nea (f aa)

Mea ca a be ee eaed a da f c fe.

Eae ae e be:

Kaaa Bac e Oe bea

fed a, e

ce

Mac Caa

Paa Pce ca de

Ma T a eee

Oaa T eadcae ca a

Macaaa/ Maa

Maa

Ha ca aa

ca c



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Me e eac e ae, f e e a

ceced , be e e . F eae, Keaa

e Cef Me Offca edece a . Ma

Pa ffca cee a . I ca e ee

ffca ; ee a e Ce Pa ffca cee a

. M eae cee . Dac

dec ae ae ee cee. I a ad a b f e

e ad ca de.

1.4.3. 1.4.3. 1.4.3. 1.4.3. : : : :

1. Gee. (e.. Jaadaa Decac ee)

2. e f e e

3. Se f ade ca e.

1.5. G 1.5. G 1.5. G 1.5. G

Le eae c a a dc. I dffe f c aae.

Tee ae abe dffeece e e f aae ed b dffee

ca ae Keaa. Hee ae e d:

Ma aba M

Aa Pa e

Gaaa a Mebe f e aace

Saa ada OaBaaaa R a

Paaa O

Naaba Aeb

Bec Bec



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Raa

Aaaaaa

Pca cea

Saeeaa Cfeece

Baaaa Pca ace

Adaaaaaa Eeec ed

Naa Dac

Jaada Pce

Saaaaa

aaaa

Pa

Paaaa Dea

Saaa Se

Pa da Se

P aeeaa Pbc cfeece

Aaaa Bae

Adea Cde

Ca a Ifece ca

Ka aa Pca cea

Kaaa Ueca ca a

ca

Sb Sb

Cacca Dc

Raa aa Pca ae

Pada a Pa ebeac a

Nea aa M

B aa Ma

Vaeeaa Ca



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Peeaa Pca ea

Pa S

Sa a Aace ebe

Aa f ee d, aa e de, eac a a

deeed e ee. Dce ee f ca ae ae

beed Keaa.

1.5.1. .1.5.1. .1.5.1. .1.5.1. .

I Keaa ee ae a ea fe ae f e Ma de,

c a, CPM (I). CPM, CMP ad CPIM.L, ( ). Te ae

cdeed a Ma a a e ae a e ca e

ad de. Hee, e ca aace ae dffee f eac

e.

e c aa a e Ma a e.

Te a a, a ae a ea eebe ed b

ca ae E E E E . I a ed b e ca

ae.

I ee a e d ,c ea ca, fee

ed. Tee ae eea d a eae aa. Se eae

ae e be:

Saa

abaa

Sca e

Saa

Paaa

Sca ee

Saa

a

Sca e

Saa

aa

Sca cae



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Saa

beda

Sca ea

Saa

abaaa

Sca eea

Oe ae a e ee d. Te eea e a

Ma e ee ee a eee ee ad f

Ma c a e, cc ad eace. Tee ae ca

eee f ca.

() () () ()

T ae e d f e Ma a. Paaaaa

defed eea a. (Ca) ad f e ba f e

de. Cae e bac fac f ca afca Keaa. B e

Ma a fce aa. Ca a f f ca afca

baed a e e f e aea e. Ka

Ma ad a e ca ca deed a e fac e ea f

dc e , face, ad ad ee caa ed

dce ea (1966). Te f ae e d eaed

e caba. Hee ae e:

A (c ee)

( ca),

( ca).

Te a ee efe a a aa ea ca.

ae e ae ed b e. I

efe e caed Ma cce, daecca aea. Ma

e a ca ad ca ee ae de cfc f ca

fce caed b a aea eed.



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Rece e ced e e ae, e e e e

a a e Cee. ad

ee ae ae ced ee e aa c

ad aacce. Te ae a d caba cde e

e a eeca . I fac e fece a e

e e b ee ae. Hee ae e:

Maaa caa

Kaa() Adea Ia

Aadaa ce

Mac caa

Kaa Bac e e bea

fed a, e

ce

Saaaa Iea

Aaaaaaa Gbaa

Aaaaad Aac

Vaa ad Ca

Maaba Faac

Raa aaa ca eac

Pa Aca

1.5.2. C 1.5.2. C 1.5.2. C 1.5.2. C

Befe deedece, e Ce a a a ea a a

cced a ceae af. (Gee 2001:28) A a a ebe

e ca ae f a ae d ce a. He fc

a a ce f c. He ceae ae a d

ea cad c. I e d, e be a a



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ad bc ea f ad afe d eeeae f c

ad ee cec, (2002:223)

Tee ae cea d ad ae e ca de.

Aa ece

Aaaa Ie

Deaaa Naa Iea

Dea ea Naa

Maeaaa Seca

Naaaa N Cea

Vcaa Saaa Se f be

Saaaa Se (Wde ed)

H cad e Pca ee eea Ma a a c

bea. Ja Hd e a eea Ma a ad

BJP e Vadeaaa. Te a e ee e a

Baa Maa Kee Ja ad M eae, Aaa . Ma

be e ee b adde Saaae (Cade), eea

M eae e adde e a e. Maa

Maaaaae (dea bc) Sae (Fed) e bc

adde e f Ce Keaa.

TeBJBJBJBJ de a ae a ec. I ca f d e

Mca aca

Kaea, Va ece f ee bd

Kaaa Offce bea

Padaacaa Eed

Kaaa Pa ffce beae, ec



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Te ae ee ad eeed Sa d eeca

acac f. I a be a a f ea. Te de ae ,,,, a

bac a f e ca de. I a a a

cee f aa a ad bd fe.... I ca be bdded

e c a ad . Saa Mae a

, e aa aed a .... Te

de eade a B.B.B.B.

Te , , , ,a a ca a, a fed afe e Maaba

ebe Keaa. Te a f M ae e Maaba e.

Jaabe e e f adde. Te a a eae e.

Te e Ud ad Aabc d d e ca de.

1.5.3. E C1.5.3. E C1.5.3. E C1.5.3. E C

Pca a aae aee ae ed e ca

caa. Laae ed ca caa cea a cea

e deed eade ee e cea a. F eae,

e e eec caa A.B. Vaaee a

(M be e fea

f e BJP). B M eae M.P. E.Aaed ed

e e ad . (T ca

c f BJP e eec). N ce cceae

ee Paa Ra e eece e ca caa.

Te e e ee f e ee efeece

M. Ida Gad. F ace, e a ab Paa: Se e

Ida ad decbe e a Pe, be, e, ad ee eaded****



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e ea aea b e e. Sa ca dece ca

a be ee e ae.

1.6.1.6.1.6.1.6. CCCC

I e cea a e f e e cce f Fca a

de e, ae eea e ee ce. Fca

cce ae aae e ae daa. Fca cea cce

a be ae ade bec eee a e

ce. He ed a ce c a dd acce

a ae a ea e a ae dda a be bec f

ec. A ca ae ecde ad dcae e

e.

Laae ed a a dcae. F ace, e Ma

a ed d c a . , ad.

Sbecfca cceed e ce f effa, ef

dead ad e a c cf aceed, Fca

cceed a ea ae a ef ad e a dda,

ceae ee. Idda defe eee a a ea

a, ace.

Pc e ce f a ce. Pe e . Na ee

cd ead eee a ebe f ee ca bd

ce. Pee ae eeced beae e ca da. Pca

aae a e e ae ee a dffee Sbec. Pca

ebe ae eeced, ca e a de, ea e. I

cefc cafca eee b a be f e



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cece a ee cceed e dead ae f

dda. I add, ee e cece defed a a a

e aba cd be eaed. I Fca e ea

eed be baed ca e. Te a ebe ecee

ad ae eeced eac e ee ca .

Te ee ae a e f ca ee ad e

ea. I fce ad ef ca ae Keaa.

Pca aae dffee f c aae. A ca ae

e dffee aee a e e e e. Laae

ed a e f e dece eeae e eac.

* * * *

1. Be, Sa, 2002 I I I I , Ne De: Sae

Pbca.

2. Bead, Ada, 2000. , UK: Rede.

3. Fca, M, 1977, Dce ad P; B B B B , Ne

Y; Pae4. Gee,K.M. 2000 Ne De ,Sae Pbca

5. Sc, 1999, J J J J , S

6. Te ee, 2004. V.22. N 10.



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Jefe M. Bae

Idc

Cca caeed a ea a e a

ec. Laae, a eac dada a bea ad

e ce f cca ebe, ea. Cca

ac e a eed f e a, e e, e a

cbe e.

Cca, ec, c a ee ad e

Iee, b feae f f a d bde, eed

a baa. Te ce e ced debae ee aae

f e d ae ee eaeed b e dace f e ad

ceece f ce a a f cce.

Te e e ae, cca ee ad

e Iee dece? I e ee, a e aae eceed a

e ea dae ba cca?

T eea fce e e f cca

ec. Tee ad e Iee ae ee a aee f

eece ad eaa f e a Ida aae. O e e

ad E e eea f Ida cee e d adac

ec. Ue f E aae e a Ida aae

eac a a ecfc e a ba ce.



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Laae e e ccae, e e

ed e. Tec e Pe a deae adace

ede. I cded ad ecded aae. If Ida

aae ae cee E e Ida aae eed ae

e e E ae abe fd e a.

Laae ce

Laae, b eba ad eba, a a a bee e ea

eac ad ccae face face. Pee ee aae f e ca

eaca ad aee. Te ceaed

ea ad, c e ecaae ad ead e e f

eeced aae e ad edcae.

T ca acceace, da aae eaced e f

deee. Te ae ed ada, edca ad a

cca. T ce b cce f ea ad

dca. Leae e fed dcae e e ab fce f a aae de e fcace f e

ad aae. T a eeed e ace f ad

cecc b.

Te ad ecc b e a a aae e

fca f ae c e cde . Te dee ea e

e de ead a cfabe fe, de aced e a ad

fc f e aae e e ad ee ee

ee ffce deeed cae e dead f c

ecc e. T a eea f ee aae



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ca acceace eabed ca e ad ed

e edca e, c caed e e da,

c a ada ad a cca.

A e eed, ea ccae adaced e

eea, e eee ad e ad. Te eea ad ad

cca e eeed e aae a ee acceed ad

ed ee e. T a eea f ee

aae ec.

Cca ecca adace e 20 ce

a e ce f e ad ace; afed a ad ea

ccae ac dace. I fac, ec a a de ec f

ea. T ae fce e ee ad e Iee, c

cde e ee, a ce ee b, cc e ad

ace, fa eace ad ce f e d, e

ace, ee ad ce. Te ea e cba fecc ad ecca e aae a a ce

a.

Kede ab ee f e d, f fe, aa, bd ad

ec a deed. Lfe e ae caed. I fac, e ac f

ec a bea cae ce ad ca.

Kede, e e ad aae ae e def feae f

cca.

Tecca adacee f Ida aae a face ff

ce E. Oe f e ea E d a e



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e aae becae a ad ce be eced b e

ca acceace f d ad ae f e aae. Te

Ofd Dca add fe ad d eee ee

ea, bed f e aae.

If ecc deee eabe e a ad edcaed

ccae e c ad e edcaed, a be

ee e aae f e de ecca da c

a ee ad Iee.

L L L L TeccaAAAA

R. Cdabaa Tec a Pe. He e A

Tffe a f:

He e a e e Wa e c ead a

Tec! S e aaae Tffe a:

. . . .

He ee dd caf c aae ec e;

E? W ce be E; ae e cceed a

aae d a cee eac e ae f ecca e,

e a Ida aae?



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Tee eda acaed e ce f effce ad effece

a cca. T ccae a f e cee f

ac ed a f e ad. Te dce ed, bea be

e dece. Ce f ee, debae, ee, e

dce, ad ac eeed e c f ee.

Pbc e ad F Pdce ad fd aeae a ce

e a f f ee eea ad TV ea

aca.

Ue f Ida aae f ea ee ae bea

Hd e Ddaa Ne De a e f aae

Saed a ee e Hd eae cd dead.

Tee a eabed e Ida aae a a fca

e a e aae e cca ae

eaed.

I be f eae f Ida aae e adac cca ee e aae a e a e

aae. T facae dead ad ceed

de ad e de e e , eeb ceeba ad ee

eec f dffeece.

Te Iee a fe adaced aee f f ad c

cca. T e faca, ee, ee e, ad

. I a fdaea eaed ad affeced ee

aec f fe e d. Kede Reeac ad deee a

e cece, dea f fa ae e f ae



27/185

ac e be, eeae, ec be e cc f

e e. I a caed e e.

H a caed ad affeced e? I fa a aae e

cceed, a ed e e e e e f aae? Ha

ed fe ee f eeced aae? O be e

ac ad f ee a aae? Ha ceaed a ee f

ea? Ha facaed e e f , aa, e ad ee

ea? I ae ee, e ee defe a YES! B e

cca ee e a eae e e.

C GC GC GC G

A ae be eed. Ta

ccaaee ad a a e,

cd eec, daa ad ac

deee e e fe. Te fda

ae be ad.

Te aae f e ba ae E. Ifa eea,

dea f ede, dea f ce eed

ba.

Oe e a fe decade, e f e debaed c f

cce a bee ad ce be Gbaa I ee a e ae

f ececede edeede eb, be ecc,

edca, c e. A d beef f ca bdae

cca ae.

Gbaa eceed a a ea e dace f

E aae ad ee ce, e fe fac f fe, f



28/185

aae, f c a e f ca dffeece. Te UNESCO

cce a bee e ad f aae, e b ea be

a ee cae ea aae a e e ea e e.

Te b aee eefe e ba dace f e

E aae.

P e e f e IT e Ida, e ecc a

f Ida e ba cee a . I ecc a a bad

a ad ede d ea e. O fae

a aaabe a dee ce. If e cae e

ce e d, c Ca ad Ida, Ida caaed

dee e fac a Ca a caed Ida ad e a,

e eac ee, e cee adae ad PD e caa. Ad

a e ea? Te ae e E aae.

Pe eee f ecc deee. Tda, e

ecca adaced ce ae e E ea ce.Ida c a f beef f e c be

de b ee ce becae f ede f e E aae.

I baa, e ca d c bee be ce

e aae e ad eefe e ae adaae e ece

d c a ac, e, c ea, ca cee,

Ec.

T bece ecca ee aae

eac f e da e. Mde ecc deee baca

ced ec. O aae ae e be eced



29/185

ecca e. Oe a ad ead aae

ee ee b cd ecca e.

We eed ece fe ce a e e

f f ecca d. T ade ae aae f

b e f ef a. We eed eebe a e

E aae a c ce. I ee b f e

aae, c a e Ofd Dca add 2000 5000 e

d ee ea f e aae f e d acce a .

I e cea f baa, becae f e ecc e b

e, ee ce ce e Face ad Gea ae aed

ea E. I a c aae c ee

ce.

E E E E

Te fea f ba ad ad ee ae, ced

e beaa f adde eda daca fec

ade Ida aae. Gba Tee ae ae e e

Gee bea Dace eeed ae a e e ad

ae f . Te , ed f c fae, ed a bae ad

eaed Dace de a d a a eded f e ce b a

e a dea a b fea ad

e a e a eae. Tee ea ee ae

a ceaed a a ece.



30/185

Tee a a e e e, ee, ad e

ae ee ee ced E. Te b

fac a a e ec cd fae aed f e e

ad e dace f e E aae. A e eed,

aee cabe ee eeed a a fce a facaed e e f

e Ida aae.

I be a ce ea E, b

a e ab e ea aae ad e

ab e de f ce a e e cae e Ida

aae.

Lca ea, Ida a e a. I e f e fe

ce e d a C ec a aae.

We ae aae f e e cce c e Gee

e aeace f aae eea Cea Ie

f Laae. Deee f aae e b e a,, ad ba ce ce be eeaced . Teac

ea aea a a .

Hee, de a ec eeae ac ce,

aae eed be eced ead de da f aae

e. Ma aae a ce be da ad ee, e

e f aae acee ecc e.

Seae f ea aae fe ff e f e

aae e ca e. If e de e ae aae,

a e c, e e aed , ae bee



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e ae? I e e e f f e c ca

ea edaa. We ae aae a f ac a

c ee Ida; e da ea de, ee e

deae e ca ad a e ae e cde d ad

bed ae bdae ad cb e adde f cce . Sc a

f e ca ee aae.

Ecc e ee aae, ad e ae f baa,

ec ee aae. T ee ec, ad be a

e e b 2020 a e e f Pede, e aae f

e ce be E, e e ead ecca

caba da ad ee....

Refeece

1. Bae, Jefe M. 2003. Laae Edca: Gbaa ad

Ca Tee: Te Ida Peece. Pae eeed a e

Ieaa Cfeece Laae, Edca ad De.

Ue f Waa. Ne Zeaad

2. R. Cdabaa. 2004. Te Need f Cee Se. 84

Cca Adde, Ue f Me. Pca Scefc Ade

e Gee f Ida ad DAE H Baba Pfe, Baba Ac

Reeac Cee

3. Uc Ebe Ace Reeac ad Ia 2/1997

See AG 2001, D80312 Mce



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K K K K

IIII

Te ae a ae d a aae ea e

de d, ee, a' e, f eaed, a adaced b ea

ad bd. Te dea fc e cce f aae; dffe

dffee ce ad e eda f cca, aae

a a dffee Iee, Ea, Fa ad SMS.

Tee ae da f SMS ad Ea. L ad e ac

ae e a ad ec ce. Teeae, da, e

SMS ad Ea a f, c ea

ceebe e ad ad defe a ae a a

eace f E eac e aae a ca.

T, ae ab e bea ade fd e

f da, ccae eac e, aae a

afed ad aded ef cde aec f aae, a e

c ad a a f e da da cca. Te fc

e e f cca da' d.

L L L L

Wa Wa, (1964) b A Ha Id, a e a

eeed e a cd be aed de ce. Accd



33/185

, ee a bee a eed ecca , b a e

ae e ee ee be cec beee e a ceae

ea ad e ccef b ab f e ed e e ee,

a , a edcaed ce. A d edca e a a cec

f fa, a aaee f eeca bcabac, b, a cea

f ef, e e cee, e e c, ad a cea

ed f ad fee, e e ce, e e

ee, ad fa a a ae ad ee be a a

e f c ad cee, a bed f ae, ade ad

a, ad a cea a e, a eca a f aa, a

aca fa f eb e a ae edca.

Wa a eae a; e ce a ee a bee, a

eee cac ad efeebee e de d. Tee

ee f ece ad a ee e e f ac

a c a bae caace ad cdc. Ha

fe deed eac ad cae a a ad a fa.1

A D.H. Laece a ad "I ee a e ca e

a a cce f a a a beef ee, ad

a beef." 2

Ne bea ee a e e ae, e accae

e e a f fee ce ad caac f e

ea, a e f aae. I ad , eefe, a

a e ad e ae ed e a deeea

aae, a c e eea ea f ad f a

a, a edec ad dece. B e a, aae ae bee



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efeed b e ad b e ee. Tda, ee, e ca ee

ae. Wa e ce a ee ae e ae f

aae, e ee ae e ae f e fa f ca,

e ee e abe dce a ee ad ae f daec

e ee f ae ad ae c e ed ee e

e f d.

Laae a ed da eb a ee deaa. We

ee ed a ee ee. We ee e

aae f c ad ada, ca cece ad edca:

a cd be eed a eac, ae, b, ea, ad eed

f ca ad ca. F eae, ee a eac f a

cca a: "I cea a, e a a ed

e bab' eade e a a ea a e

e dee ad cdae ea f e a e

dee ad cdae e ea f ."3

Te ee a bd de e ece f c

cc a ecca aae f cefc e. Te dffc,

ee, a Cd (1994) a aed a a ecca e

fa, a , ca f eaa. I a ee aae b

e ee, c eebe aae; be fca b dffe

f b be eee efeaa. "Te be f

aae ee ea; f aae ca ea ef

ee ca ea ."4

Ae dffc a a e f ecca e,

eeed a ee da aae, ad a e eea



35/185

eade e e deaa f aae ad e ceae e

f c e f ae.

I eefe e c a aae a cce f a a af

aa, af ace, e caed, ad eefe e e. A

ece e deeea ef e ab f ee, c

decee a e ee f fe e ad dce

a aae e ae a cfed ea.5

Ma ae feced ad caed aae. I eefe,

eea deeea aae eee ca. We

ca cae e ce f , ae fe e a e a, b

e ca cea e eece ad ea a ae a da.

Pe f cca a eed a dee a e

e e ea. Ad ab ccae eac e

aae a cdeed b a be a adacee fe ece.

Ma d f e fac a a e ceae d ccae,

a e ceae, a deeed e ee ead,

e ad ea. Pe a ed ee. N e

adacee f cece ad ec, e ef f IT a ade

cca e ad e ecca ad ce. I e

e e e f e ca ad ae e ad ae. Te e f e

eecc ed e e ce, be e, ead, ec., a

bece e c.



36/185

I , ee, ee e a, e e f ce ad E

a, aae a dee a dac cae. I a bee dfed

e e. F eae, e SMS (S Mea Sece), c

fae a e e, c f cde ad e aae

ee ce f aabe, be, ec d ae a d

ce e. F eae:

I 2 I .

P a8 4 e Peae a f e.

C SMS' 4 ! C SMS eae f .

LOL La d.

Kc Kee c.

I c, c , I ee, ee .

G8, 4 e ea, fe

:),;),:,:(, Ae b f e, ,

ad ad face.

Ae feae f e de aae ed e f cde aae b

e eeae. Te fac a e e e f cde aae

e dec ce f ecee e f ce ad SMS e ce

e.

1. Meae CU ee

2 da da

2 c ce

a 4 e a f e

2b 2b be be

2

2. Ecaa c a, , ed, e, fed, ,8, ad dffe.

3. Ac IOU Id f e Ue

NAAC N A Accabe

Cedea



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FH Fa ead

TD Ta Deeed

GC Ge Cae

BRB Be bac

Laae a aa eed eab e, e e f

SMS ad cde aae e e ae eab a e

e ad efeced e a e e e eecc eda. T

e f fd Sc, Cee, Uee ad Offce. I a

eefe bece e ecea, be faa e e f ce

ad ea ad eda. Sce e ae ade eda, e de

eea ae ae e e acce ad ee cea daa,

c, e, a aa e , ee ad b

ad.

Te ed e e ece f e ce

ede feed daa e fae. T a e

eeece e a ae e de eea ee, ad, a e,

efcc becae e ae e e f e, a

befe. T a e e eee e a f e de

eea, ee e ae fced ea e ec. A e

ee e eee ad , c e ae ae

ade de e aa .

T aae a ada fed f e e, f a

CD ROM. Teefe aae e ad effece e f aae

e e effece ad ef cca.

C:C:C:C:



38/185

T ae a ae ace ad eeece e eac

cca eeae. Hee aae cdeed ef

e e ca e ae a aee, a bea a ea.

Te de de f cca e ea, fa, ad ce ae

ae f aed b e ee eea.

Te cde da ca ceed a ee ca be a ace ee

e fae TV ae ca be ee. If e ae ae

e aa c a ace, be e a e efe acca

ede ee e e e ad. Sa e ca acce e fac

a e ca e e ce acce ea a ae a e

d.

T aae e ad effece e a e e a f

e. Tda e e ca ae e e f eecc eda a

e cee f e ad e e ae a e ee ad deede

e ae a e e eda ea ad effece.

T f f aae e e f de ad eda a bee ada

a a ae a b e fd a e f e eecc eda

a dde ead a e e be, ad, a e ae ee

bee dde ad, a bee fac ada a e ad

eaed e a aed f ca abe ae ad e

fae. Hece e e e cca f Ha ece a

bee f a e fae, c f a c CD

ROM.



39/185

::::

1. Wa Wa. 1964. A Ha Id; Ca & Wd:

Ld;.P.11.

2. Ibd P.11.

3. Cd R: 1994. Pca Med; Ld; P.203.

4. Wa Wa: A Ha Id; Ca & Wd: Ld; 1964.

P.13.

5. Ibd.P.14.

6. Dad Ca & Dee Da: Iea E Se;

La; H K; 1969; P.4.



40/185

Laa Daea

IIII

Seec ca eac ed ee e e' e f e'

ea e ce, eab/efce ca ea.

Tee de e a a ca eea. Pee ad

dee ad e ced c ee ae a dc

f ee de. H a aca aae ee

aaeecfc ad f a cc cce. Te ee

ae ee e cca ea de ac cca

ad f eec f ee e f ee eea:

a) Defeece

b) Ree ad

c) Leae a.

U eae f e Ida ad Eea aae, defe

e ce/aee f ee ee ad e

ea/a f d .

Scc a cece a ee e ea beee

c ee ad de ca ce. Paac a

bac f cc, c eae ca a ad ec aee aae e.

Sce a ce e f ea. Eac eee ad

ecfca defed ad dea eed ea



41/185

ee e eee. Laae a efec f ee ea, a

be cea e bee dc.

Seec a dffee e ca eac. Pee e eec

ccae, b a e e e f e ea

e ee. A eae f e ee f ,

ded de "Seac f Pe" (B & Ga, 1972). Seec

a ed eab efce ca eaefeed b

Ma a PHATIC COMMUNION. I efe "a cea"

e d f cca, c ee eae a e ece

eac e' eece. (Hd (1980). T aca fc ded

de "Seac f Sda" (B & Ga, 1972).

Accd Wada (1986), e e ea, e ae cce

ead a ea ad ea. T cde c ecfc

eece ce, caba e, d, aae dc ad

aac feae ec. T e f , adde e ad , e e fee f da, e, dace, eec,

ac ec. We a a aaee f ca c. Tee

cce a e ae a eac ee ae b e eea f

ee aae.

Te a cce c ee "Face", c a

e' bc efae, a ea ad ca ee f ef a /e

a ad eec eee ee ece, Pee a

aaee f a e' face (Facea acFSA). Ad Rdee

a e a eee a ea ae e' face (Face

eae ac FTA). B ad Le, (1978, 1987) d



42/185

beee d f face. Pe face e eed be ceced,

be be a ebe f e . Neae face e /eed

be deede ad ae feed f .

Seea ded ca ae eee ded e eea f

Pee. A ed eae, e ee d b Reeace B

& Ga (1960) "P f Pe & Sda" .e. d f = ''

ad = '' cdeed a cac. Te eeace dc e ed f

a ae ( eee da ad eee e)

ac a cc cc aabe e ae, e, ca ec.

ad a dacc aabe, . e.

Hee, dffeea ae f b e a, f

eec. Daa f eea aae a eca f

ee ee ae c e ce a e e

cdea f "" ad "". Se f ee ae;

a) Gee, , a, eaea ec.

b) Ue f ecfc caba

c) Ue f dffee efa/ e fa/ fa

d) Ue f ca feae: acce, a ec.

e) e f ecfc d, ae ec.

Pee ad Rdee ae fac f ca fe, c ae efeced

aae. H a aca aae ee aae

ecfc ad f a a cc cce. Te ee ae



43/185

ee e cca ea de ac cca ad

f eec.

Te fc 3 fc f ee:

A) Defeece Peea

B) Ree

C) Leaea

Ee defeece eec ca be aceed b dec

ad dec ea.

I eea aae, b Eea ad Ida, efeece ae ae

ecded dec e aae ce. Tee ae e f f;

1. H1. H1. H1. H

Hfc P ae ed Ida aae e Hd , Maa ,

Ga, ec. eec e addeee. T de e e eae

f e ca a, a ede a eae ae.

E.. Hd: e (Hfc He) [III. Pa, ed efe a e

abece. Hece "e" = e (fc), ad "e" = e.]

Gaa: ae. (Hfc Y) [II. Pa, ed efe a e

eece. Hece "ae" = e (fc), ad "ae" =

e.]

1 The Languages, Hindi and Marathi are known and spoken by the researcher and the corresponding

examples come from her observations of the speakers of these languages in society1The Languages,

Hindi and Marathi are known and spoken by the researcher and the corresponding examples come from

her observations of the speakers of these languages in society2Examples from Gujrati were given by Trupti Nisar, a native speaker in a private conversation with the

researcher.2The researcher is a native speaker of Konkani and the examples come from her own

3French is a language the researcher is acquainted with and the instances were drawn from books as well as

other audio-visual resources available.



44/185

P a ee deee f ee, deed e deee

f da beee e eae. Maa a ee 2 e

(Y);

E.. [II . S., eec f ed faa cea,

ac]

[II. ., eecf f fee ed e defeece.]

a[II. S., fc f ed ecea ce e..

dcae e ca ad e dee eec.]

Eea aae e Iaa, Sa, Fec ec. a e Hfc

Pa.

E.. Fec a "" (Hfc Y) [II., . Pa ed efe

a e eece. Hece ""=e (fc), ad ""=e.]"V" ed fa eac ad/ ae.

M aae ae e f e 2 e a eec

ee. Oe ea f ca. I e La f a, ee

a "" e a. Te 2 e a f "" bea e

4 C, a adde e Ee. Ad e, e Ra Ee

2 ea e, (Cae e Ea ad Re e We)

a e ada a e. Teefe a fa ad ffca

cedece ade e f "" a e ee c addeed 2

ee. A ee a a ae ee. He e a

f ee. Te a f bee eeed a e eecf

e f adde f e ae. [B & Ga (1960). Ee

E ed e faa "" a adde bdae

ae ea ad e da ad fc f e

da ea.

Se aae a ae fc ad defeece

eeed e ea. Oe f e daec f Ka de



45/185

a ae a fc . Hece e ebaed e

(dadd, eace, ce ec.) ae ed ead f e efee "Y"

a eec.

E.. Ka :

Maa a da

[ ce] [ea] [a] [e ae] (De ce a ea?)

Te eae addee e eae e 3 e ad e 2

e. T ceae ca dace, ee de eec e

eae.

2. 2. 2. 2.

Refee fc dced abe ae ed e efe a

dda. O e e ad, cae ae e f adde ed e

dec ea a e. Maa e cae, "", "" a

eec ae.

E.. a =! aa a a.[] [cae] [I] [] [] [ee] (N! I dd' ee .)

I ae daec f Ka, e Ga, e f cea cae

ceae ca dace beee e eae. We ae addeed b

e f cae;

E.. "e" [dcae fee ad ed f aed e]

"" [dcae ee ede, ad ed f aed ]

Hee, ee e a "" a ed efe a

feae (aed ee) e aea e. I a faa e

ed b e efe e e f e e ca cae. O

e e ad, "e" ed efe a aed a e a'



46/185

e. I a e fa e ad a ed f a a a

eae ae (ee aed ).

E ed a cea d f cae, e; ae f e fa (ae)

a aa e f ae/Ca ae f e e, a a a f

eec.

E.. He, M. B. (a aa J)

O e ca, adde ee b Ca ae cdeed

eecf Ra ad e e Sac aae. Te ae

ed adde e, ede ad e fa eac.

E.. "Nca Ia V" d be addeed a "Nca Ia".

3. H 3. H 3. H 3. H

Eae:

E: S, Mada

Fec: Me, Madae

Ida Laae: , a Hd: dd, de

Te e "" Sa ee a ed adde Gd ad

Gddee. Ma Eea ad Ida Laae ae adde e

c ce f e Sa d ""; e.. S/Se (E); K

(Gee ); S (Sa ad Iaa); (Ta); e (Gea ). Hd

e e "de" (Gdde), "da" Oa, a e fc adde

e. U c e f a be fc a eeae

e Gdd.



47/185

4. H 4. H 4. H 4. H

Ida aae fee ae ffe afe a e' ae

dcae eec, e ca ca ec.

E..: "d " Hd ( b . & f.)

E..: "a" Maaaa ad Kaaaa ( . )

E..: I cea a f Kaaaa, DedI ( .), a ( f.)

afe e e' ae.

E.. I Baa , "da" ( . )

Ma f ee ffe ee ed e ace e eec e

a (a) ad feda e e e add (aeb, DedI) ec.

Te Maa d "a" ce e Sa, "a" ad e Fec ""

c ea, "e K". Reeaed e a ade e eea adde

e f eec.

5. 5. 5. 5.

Od Sa ed a cae 'b", eae e E "He"

da e ae f e addeee. Te e f e e

""deeded e a f eec accded e ee. T

"b:" a ed e e dcaed dee eec. Weea a

e "" dcaed e e eec ad a a a e

cdeed a .

6. D 6. D 6. D 6. D

4Examples from Kannada, Tamil, Bengali, Oriya & Malayalam were obtained from private conversations

with the native speakers of those languages.

5Examples from Spanish, German and Greek were taken from books and dictionaries available.

5. Examples from Sanskrit are from the Mahabharata.



48/185

I e ace e, f ee decb e addeee ee

ed e a, e f ca/ca/e

bea ec.

E.. Sa: b:I ba. (e beae f a e ea)

: a. (Sc f e fa f Kaa.)

Defeece ca a be aceed be ea, a E.

7. 7. 7. 7. "" "" "" ""

....

Te ee ed b f e bec, ac e

acaed /e.

E.. U "de" ead f "ea" (ac)

e fad d .

E.. Te ba e eed a f caef

eec f e [ead f b (bec)] f ce

M. S' [ead f S (e)] bee.

[B, P. & Le, S.C., : : : :

L L L L ae. Cabde Ue Pe (1987)]

A)A)A)A) DDDD

Defeece eea ae ecded e aae ce

b ae a eeed aae e.

F eae: E b b eef, e' caace, e

ec. e ca eec e eae.

E.. (e e a ea) "I' c I' afad, b ' f

ac." Te ae e e e' ad ce,

eeae e eae' ca a ad e eec.

B)B)B)B)



49/185

Ree ae f f f e cad. Hece e ae be caed

a acf a a ad e f a RTA e addeee.

1) E a aae a e a ea f ece aeface, a f c ba eae ee.

Idec Ree OffeRecd Seec Ac.

Ree ae e f f a cae (.e. aee ab e fac) b

ea a dead a cad.

Eae: I' f a cb.

Te e ee a e eae a dead

e aee a a c ee ad e e eae. Te ed

ea ee ce aabe c a e eae e a cb,

eae' e e e eae ec. Te ae ffeecd

ee becae e e e eae e ff fa

ee a f e.

Dec Ree

1. Ieae Mde e e f "eae"

Eae: Peae a e e a. Kd d e

eedf.

2. Ieae Mde "eae"

Cd eae a e e a?

T de e e a e eae de becae e

ee ed a a e ab caab ae a dec

dead.



50/185

3. Aec fae

Tee da eae ee b edc

e ee.

S be a e, b...........

I a a f................

2) Ida aae d' ae d, c ced

ee e "eae". Hece, ee a be dcaed

e ea c a:

I I I I

E:E:E:E:

Ga: ae e e aI ?

[a] [] [e] [e] [ca] (Ca e e a

e?)

Ue f " " " " " " " " ace f "" (f a

ee)

E:E:E:E:

Ka : t(Ik vat(.[a little] [way] - (instead of "please excuse me})

Marathi : thod( pa(I mI el ka?[a little] [water] [will get] [Qstn marker] - (Can I get some water?)

Use of respect marking morphemes

Hindi uses the suffix "-ga" after the verb carrying inflection and other gender,

number characteristics. This particular feature is used to mark polite requests,

suggestions, instructions to strangers etc.

mera kam ap ki:d iega. (Please do this for me.)[my] [work] [you] [do]

:j(han se si:dhe d akar v(ha dajne mudijega. (Go straight from

here and turn right.)

[here] [from] [straight] [go] [there] [right] [turn]



51/185

3) French has a specific tense, which allows the speaker to be polite:

Le Conditional Present-

I . . . .

E:E:E:E:

Je da eee e cabe da I' e. (I d e

eee a e e)

[I] [d ] [eee] [a] [] [] [e e].

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a ee ee f .e. "e".

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e ea.)

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ee f.

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a b a cce d d e. I eeb

edce e cace f a face eae ac (FTA) b eba

eae ee ad e ee de a decde

ee ed e ee.

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T a aea, c efec b c a e a cca

fece.



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E a e ee f eaea c a "Gd be", "See

aa". I a a c eae. F e.. a "Gd da"

cea a ae (fa e) dcae e ed f a cea

ad e e f e eae eae. T ae ae f

be cca e e ee' fee.

Ida aae ae e dee ee f eaea.

I I I I ae ee ced "I "I "I "I "

E.

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deed eac cdea b e cca beef. I

e , e ee "e a e" ed a ee f a

"e a ded". Ad ee " dZae" (I ) ed

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ee a "I " e f d (.e. ee e), e e

ee f eaea. "I ce", baed e

ee. I bd da e c eae; "I' ce aa

e e ae, dbe f ".



53/185

Te ca ce ae ba f e e be addeed

eec ad f e e be addeed eec.

E:E:E:E:A Maaaa cd ca adde e a e a

e' eae (aea ce ec.) e faa , "" [II

., S., e.] b fae e fae' ae ea. T

becae e cd' ea e e cdeed be

e faa c a /e e be e "", eea,

e fae /e a be e fa ad e "" [II ., P., e.].

Reec ac f aae ae deed a aabe

c a , , , , , , , , /, /, /, /, , ad

e .

N f eec ad ee a aae ae dee ed e

cca ea e. Wa e a aca a a

be e ae, f e.., e e f Ca ae Ee Ra.

Mee, aec f ee, c a be a e ce,

a be a ae. F eae, E cde

dece ad bee a a f ee. T efeced b e

fac a a e f adde eae ee (feed f

, eec f a ec.). Ad a dec f f adde

cdeed ab de. F eae cea E ae,

e ca dec a a ae e ee f dec

e f f dc ea c a 'Gd M' 'Ece

Me'. O e e ad e e ae a c f a, feed



54/185

f ec. e Ida cea a be cdeed e,

de ad a be eeed a a ac f a, afe, aace

ec. T becae e ae a ce, c ae da, ad

eee ad a f f ee ce e

ee.

I de ccde e a a a ee a ea dea f ae

c ee cce ee. Wa ce ee

ad eeed ce ad aae ecfc.

::::

1. B, P & Le, S.C., (1987) : : : :

L .L .L .L .Cabde Ue Pe

2. Fa, J.A., (1968) L. L. L. L.M &

C.

3. Hd, R.A. (1980) ....Cabde Ue Pe.

4. Pde, J.B. & He, J., (1972) : .: .: .: .

Pe

5. Wada, R. (1986) ....Bace Pbe Ic.

A:A:A:A:

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Lc (SNDT Ue), eca a D.S.S.Pda f

eca e ee daa e f f a ae, ad a f

aabe ce ad e.



55/185

Maeea Sa Ded

IIII

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fce ee f e a ee ea a . Te fac

ea a ee de e ccace, e e cceed

ea /e e a e cce f .

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ded b eecee cace b /e cce

e a c e fed. A e fe /e

e e/e /e e a ef ee. He/e e,

ee ad e ad ed /e e ad ee e aea

eece . A be deed /e e e . O e e

ad, ca eade eec, e accd, b b e

e ca e fa. T, e ed e ad eece e

ece e eece e e fa f

e fe. Iade eece e e f e e e f

e, c a ae e a ccef.

Scefca aa, da e fd a aae a e a

ca ad aeac ae. I aec f e e f aae

a a be e cce f ae.



56/185

I ae ad ca b e fac a ee e ee

be a e e f e d. F ace, a eb a

e e f e ced b ce a ea a b be

ee. Te fa cc f ab, ed eece

e. We ca PASSIVE e.

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a eece (c ef a fa ccaed)

b a ce e (ad e e d cae

e) a e fa eed e be dcf. Ye,

a cea ae, e fa cc f e ccae ae ad

e cee effec f ce. Te a cae afe e fa

bece cc f ee feae ad a a e f ce

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daeaed f aa d aa e e ad a

eca f aa ce dae. Raa aa f e



57/185

ee f ca e ae f a de eabe e de

d a ea a ea e, aa ad aa

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e ad be ac. W , d ce

f e c ae c a be be ad a cae

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a e ee. Of ce, ca ed a a ece ca, de

e ecded f cae.

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a eeced, a fee aed ac de , ee a be e f

aae, c dea ee, a ea, aca a eae,

ad a eae. Of ce, aae ca be ed b e e a

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a e cae f a e, aae ae /e .

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aae ac, e eae a e f e de cc

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ad B ae e e aca a aae ac,

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a b bece eac e' ae f e eece f e:



58/185

Le ec ee e cae aea ea. If

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e f e aae ad e cce f eee ad e a f

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fac baed e cae f e ec.

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2. Te eae.

Te dec f cde ae e a e f e ede.

Aa f e f ce; e eba eee a dffe.

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fca daeca dffeece f e ae dffee ee e

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cceed, ae a dffeece ee e aac ee a a f

ace dac; ee e eea c a.

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ea a a aaa b ad ae aead eeabed.

A B



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60/185

eac aae e, eece e e. Rd a daea b

aae f e faca e fa c f ae

e ee ad e e e.

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ad efe aae. If a fae a c

ad a e ae: "aa aa a aaee aa? a d

dece f aae e be eeced e a. I

a, e fae e be a eedcaed a ad e

ed be edcaa e a fee e ac f

aca dece f aae e eeced . I a be

be d a a ee ca be a aeae aae e

a cea a, ee ca be a a be ae cae f, b

a e aca c f deed e a f eea

fac.

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fae ae. If '', e eee ce f e e

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a e fee aaced a f ee affec eee

daa. I a ca fa, eae be

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effec.

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e e e ae ae ca e ae f e de ae,

a e. Te ae a cae e ae effec



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a e da fa. If a fa e beee a ae

be beed, ae a dffee aaee ce f e

fae c e e beef acce.

Te ce f e fa cceed a fac e ace

ca be eeaed. If ebe ae a cea e f ae

ae a e, ae ce dece

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ea ad ae e ae f 80 90 ea.

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e e, e cea ee f e fa cceed. If

a cea fa, e dece ae be e e dec beee A

ad B, e feb be aaabe e ee e be f

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ede ad f e ae ae, e f e e ae

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dec, da deed e ad ae, ec. If ee ae

cde, ee f e ca be aeed a e e. T, a e a

fee a e dae ca be feced e b e ae' be ad

e be e e bee a e dae. T e e

: e, ae dae dec, ad e e, ae e,

e . T ca be a f:



62/185

Me dae

S

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AIEL, AIEL, AIEL, AIEL,

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dea f effecee c deed ce a e a ce. Te

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ea eea ad a e f dea, d ece ba defed .

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deaed.Te ae a ef ae ea ad a ea eac

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65/185

e dead a ee d aa ee ee a

eeca e f f adeee. Ofe, e ae a

eed ad a a e f a a ee e ed.

Aac ee ad e ea ce e a

f f e ad aec. C, de, de, aae ad

ce ac ae adeee TV eabe, ef ad

effece. Laae ed ee aae fc eea

cc ecae ee a a a ad ad

ce.

Te a aec f a a cea ae ad a cbe

ea fa bee ca ead ad ee. T

bab e ea adee e e cce f cde c

ad c effe beee a aae, ae

c ed. T Ida e Hd ad E. Te effec

aae; e ad edae eace ae ae ad ae aea f e c a.

I de ae a ad ccef e ce e a

ceae e effec. A a aae, Ade cde

a c aec f aae ad e a ed

c a dc cce deeed. Te ce e e,

ea, , eae d, efca, e, aea, ec.

ae ad cac, eabe ad dffee f eac e. Hee, e

ac f a ad ca be deed, a e c e ''

aec.



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T ae e ae f e ee, 25 ecd, a ad be

ece, ca, e ad effce dee e eae. I add,

ceae a ac a be ac ad ea. Te adee a

a cae e a e a eac e ae a ae eae,

eeae ad eae. He e a aac e ae ad bd

a dee e e a dc.

A: A: A: A:

T b e cce, eac ad dc a a cce, c

abed d ad a. T be, ee f a dea c

eeed d c ae e f f ae e, eade,

e, a ad . Kee d e ae adece, d ae

aed ad acaed beaf ae e deed effec. Te

ce bece a eca e ae (dc) b e

ea a dea a dea, a cce d. T a ad f

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ac ad a bece e da.

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ee a e deaca f ee ad e f ceece

a ee ae a ea feae.



67/185

Lfee ad ae dc deced ad a ce ee a

dead a e dc . I f ba fae ae ,

de, ae, ed, ad dac ad a e a. Te ae

a ee f a ad b ae, a e f , ecc

deedece, ad a dee f a ae fee fe ecca ad.

Tee ae ad be, ca, eee, fe, efea,

a ace, ad fabc ae a fe.

A dc ae adaded, de e e, ee ee

ae e ad e ceae ad cee. I a beed a e

dc eed de fee e E f ad Hd,

e feae f e dc ae E. Ae cae

cac ae e c e dc E H.

T cd e f b aea a a debeae ae .

Te a de a f e ef ce ac dbe

ea e ae a ad f WHIRLPOOL,WASHING MACHINES. Te ad e e e f e a ace

c ca ee e eae be e eac ae a a f

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68/185

RAYMONDS . . . .

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JOCKEY . . . .

Te ce a aed d e dc aea b

e fac, c e a f da d ae.

Te e B B B B f ea ee fabc cd

a ca aa. Te d BBBB a a dbe ea e ad

fe e ad e e ad a e ae f a daede

e a, ed ad f aa dae cae

dae ee Jae Bd. Te ad fe eded b e a

ac a Bd ee fe.

Tee ecee, adee ad faa e JOCKEY ad

eeca e e f e d 'aed', c e e ee a dea

f feed ad a da ade ad a e aea. I ed

f HERO HONDA' . Ca ad eee, c ae a a

b a, e ea e d.

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SCORPIO , , , , , , , ,

ad ee

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be e f a e d , a aea f e

eea.

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aee ad FIAT PALIO ce be dae a

a feae G G G G , , , , .



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KELVINATOR FRIDGES b a dbe aea e d CCCC

K; ' K; ' K; ' K; ' , , , ,ee c ad f ade a e a

c e. Tee ad e cfdece, e ad b a dee

e ee dc. Me ad ae eac e ad

e eac e e adece a a deede, ddac

a

BACCARDI ad B B B B

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e f f e dab ; PHILIPS e

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be a e d ece de, bece a a ad ad a

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e d b ed AMUL c e

b e (e, be) ad a e (be)

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e, a c a , c ea ' a ' b a afe,

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a e A A A A D D D D .

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ee eeca ae cde e ea e

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a Cae' f cfdece eace eeda CLOSE UP CONFIEDENCE c a, a f ee

ea ce.

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ad ceae aaee. Ke d e afe, e, cea, e

a a dec ee e d bece ce f a dc

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CADBURYS e ece ad, c eded b e eeda ac

Aab Baca, a a ce e c a

CADBURYS E E E E . W e

e , ace aece ae e dffee

cee ad ae e.

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ad Sae eeb aea e c f a

e. BIRLA SUN LIFE , , , ,ad

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ec a ece aa, b e da' faaced

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ee f dc aa cce ee ad e a H b

a ea e. S de e LAYS ad Cee f Ida. Ad ae

eaed ae ad ade Ida.

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fee ada. T bab becae e ae eae a

aea, ad , bede a fca aea, a eac ea.

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eaa e ae . Ma ad e eae d e

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E ad Hd. Cde c c debeae ee ed a a

ea dece e eeade aae f e effec a e effe



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e aae c a a acced ae e c

aee acee e deed e.

Te afa f e eeade a e, dead, e

e a ade e ac ee. Ic f e ee,

de cfeec, ad ea ea bede e faca ad ca

ee be a e, a c f e eeb a d, a dfed

NEWS . Te e f a fa e , , , , , , , , , , , ,

ee a e b cee. Faa ae

a e cae. Seec eba cca a a cde f

c f fa ca, adad daec ad ea

a dac.

A aa f e SAHARA SAMAY eeaed a c eaed

ecca cce, , eae, ad be, ae ae, ec

ee e ab dced a ee E. Pc,

aee e, e e, c ad f ee aecee ecae ced beee aae. T ee

becae e cae ae cdea a ea e ee e

e f e aa aae e debeae ceae ee

a ad ae e cae.

I cde c a debeae ae b e eeade de

cc becae e e aca aae? S ca a

eeaa be ade b e e cde c de ae

ea e e H ad ec e E? Te fac

ad a a debeae a ae, aae

efeece a ee eec. Te ee cee



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eaced (HE KB H)HE KB H)HE KB H)HE KB H). T b eeee ee

da a aca ca .

Ue f cac e ad be a ae ae ee .

Te de ede f a e e aead. T, I I I I

, , , F F,, , , F F,, , , F F,, , , F F,ec ae e

ee ad e eed Sa e. Seca ec ae eca ca

ad e e ae db e. Hece, Vaaee ae

a ee Ha eade EACE, IECE B IECEEACE, IECE B IECEEACE, IECE B IECEEACE, IECE B IECE; Ra ad

Paa c EE GE EEE GE EEE GE EEE GE E, Veaa Nad BACK IBACK IBACK IBACK I

AA AAA AAA AAA Ae a aace fed beee AIDMK ad a.

CCCC

I e f e e, Ad ad Ne ae b eed ce e

be f ade cca. B e e ceeb a.

Oe eed e ad e e ae e. B eae fe

aee, e ad feae c e, e ae

fac ae . B ae afce e f e aae

ad e ee ed e db ea a e a

eeed e CHAKRAVAYUH ad ee ad ae ed TV

fee.

1. Baeee, Sbaa (1996) A CA CA CA C. Naa B T,

Ida



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2. Be, A. (1984) L A D. L L A D. L L A D. L L A D. L

133.

3. Bed, M, Mba, F, ad Bac, K (1997) B B B B

: ,: ,: ,: , Dace Edca Cee, Ue f

Se Qeead; Tba, QND

4. C, Na (1984) I Kede f Laae; ae,

ad NeY Paee

5. Caaa, SA, ad Sea, KC (1997) F AF AF AF A

Haaa Pb He.

6. De, Sa (1999) B B B B

CCCCReabe Pbca.

7. Fe, Re (1991) L ; D I L ; D I L ; D I L ; D I

Rede, Ld

8. Pada, Idbaa H (1997) E L AE L AE L AE L A. Aaa

Pbca.

9. Saaa, K. K ad Kada Saa (2002) C B C B C B C B

I CI CI CI C. Gaa Pb Ca, Ne De.



78/185

IIII

Laae a ed f cca ce dea e e

e/ e ce. Tee ae a e e f aae. F

ace, Tee a cae; e ded ee

e aae ed b a c ad cee dcae ca ad

ecc afca. Hee, e ec f aae a ed b

ca e eec afee, aada, eece ec ae

e ee.

Te ea ea f ec eed e e c a

da a a

T ae a dea dce eea ad ca dce

aca.

Laae cea e cce f ccae bea, becae

a d e caa f dda. Dce ae eae

ae dea ab e cc f e e ad e ce f

bade cce f a aa. If e eae e

ce ad fc f cca ca e

ce a cea b ad ae ed ec e fee

a e e ce.



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Te a cce f ae ae a eaa f e deee f

ca dce, .e., e defca f dce cee ad e

eacca ea, ad a eea f e ad

caacec f dce, cd a bef dec f aca

dee a ca eae cca. Te eece f

e f e ca eade deeed d e ca caa f

d e Paaea eec ae bee ed a ae f e

ee d.

A ca eec a e ef f f eae cca,

c ca cae e bea f dda ad e

a f cea ca eae. Te effec eeae ae

a e a e f eae cca. Waee effec

a ceae a e dda' ade, ca be dbed a

ca eec aa a ae b e decde ea e

f e eeed b e ca eade. I eb a deeedece f fc f ae ad d ee ad

effecee. A de d f ca dce eea e ae

f e ca ac, c bd e dce aa.

A I A I A I A I

T aac e ae f e adece a ca eec e dec

ee e. Te e e f e eec eea ae

e e adece ee e. T deee e dec f

e e dce. T eabae e a ce a fe eae de

aae e ac f a. F eae, a eec caa



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eec e M aed Mee Ua Pade, Sa Gad

aed e eec e ea:

"Mee Kbe e da a e da aaa b ae

aa a ba aa. Ye ada a e a abba e aae

bada a a e ae a a da a".

I e da Ldaa Pab e aed e eec e

ea:

"Mee aa e Pab e c ae a c ae ae a. Pab

Ne aa a b a ab ee be a aa a".

I b ee eece, e a ea deed c ee

e e e acfce f e fa ebe fa e e

e. He ca a "e ee a b a" a a eca

ea aea ef. O e ca, Pe Me Aa

Ba Vaaee eea ae eece a e ec e

ee e bed aea a:

"Aa a e ba aa e caae a ade a, c d aaa a ca a aaf a Baa e aa cae a, Aa

a a aa a aaaa c ae a a a a a

d a aa aa ae a."

I a ea Vaaee ae e BJP' ca

a f Ra Raa. H ae eae e dffeece beee

a (ab) ad aa (ab) ee e e f ca

ab Ida c. He ce eabae fe b

a:

"Saa aa a a aa aa a aba e a ada

a ae. aa a b ada ae a a aa

aa cae a aa a e a aa a ae".



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I ca eec, Vaaee e ad e aa eae e e

f ca ab cae e aa f f e

ee ded e ca deee.

Te ca eade f e Td F aed e eec e

e f aadaaa (ca). I f e eece e

ae e aac e ae f e bc eea ad

e aca. F eae, Raaaada f Saaad a

ae eec e ea:

"Jad baaee aba e aa e e dea aa a baa aaa, I aa aae de a aae de aa

ae e aa a a. Saadaa aae de babad ae

a a a a aa aa ca a".

A aa f e abe eae dcae a e ac f a a

a a e a ca dce. I ae aac

ae ad eae d f e ee be dced ae e

eec. I ee a dc; ae a a e a. Of ee, e efeece e c, e e e ea

e c, c e e ca eec. F eae, e

f a f e eec f Sa Gad: "Mee be e

da a e da a aaa b ae aa a ba aa"

a e e f e c, e ce ade e a a f e

a ea: "a e e ae a a da a e ab b

e fa aa aae aa a a a a a a da e e

aa ada a a".

Te ae ca be ad ab Aa Ba Vaaee' eec, "A a

ea ba aa e caae a ade a" e c eec, e



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"La a ab ada ae a a aa ae e

ada ae a e a a aa a ae" a e e f e

ce.

A ce f aaee dcae a e c a aac

e ae. Te ce, e e ad e a

eee f e a ac, e ee, a a e fda f

e eec a be deeed. T ce e a ac

a be eaed a e e f e eac deee f

e dce.

A A A A D D D D

Te ac f a ca eec a be eed a ac

f ea. I a f e ca dce e ce f e

a ac fe eaded ad e fa eaed . T

ce ca be caed eaba, c e ac a e

a ac b eaba e aed a e e f a. Idcae a e ac a ce c e ca

dce deeed. Te ecd ac aed

feae e, eaa, eea, eaba, eefca,

ceece, caa, ad afca. Tee feae ae aaed

ee b aac ad aadac ea. I

aac de, eaa a be fed b eea,

eaba ad eefca eabae e .

I aadac f, ee feae ae eca de ee e a

eace e e. I c dce eaa a eace eaba

eefca. I e a e f dce a e f



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ee feae ca be ed eabae e fe. A dced

eae, ee feae cc a a e ac f

eae cca.

EEEE::::I ca eec, eaba a ce ee e c

eaded e fa. F eae, Aa Ba Vaaee

eec ead e a b d adda fa

ab e eeace f ab e Ida ca e. He a

"Laa e ab ada ae a a aa ae e

da ae a a a a aa a ae". T aee

a eaba f e e aed eae b a f a.

EEEE:::: I ca dce, eefca a ce

c fac ae aeed b eae. F eae, Ce Pede

Sa Gad adde a cded a Bae , ce e

dee bde Paa, caed e BJPed ee a e

Cee ad e Seaa M, c a ed Raaa f e ae ea, f a fe ade f e c a. Se a: Tee

ee ae c de ab e Pa cea ba, b e

ae ea Pa, ee e f d ae. Wa e f

deee ? Se e; Sa Gad' efeece Pa

fca, e ee a Bae caed e eb

Jaae, e e f Ida' e f cea e e Ta

Dee. Se ce a be f eae f e bea

ade e ac f a. Se eefe "Ee ae, , ad

c ae e f e eac f e c a".



84/185

C:C:C:C: Te ee, c acae e ed e f e

a eeed eae e ac f a, a be eed a

ceece. F eae, e ede f RJD, La Paad Yada,

a e e f ca ce e f ece ca

eece, a:

"J a a e bacc e e caaa daa e

ae a e a ba ba caae aa bacce a a

ae. D, a a e bac bae e a aa e

e a d a bacca e a da aa a".

I f ca eec, La Paad ae e f

ceece eabae .

C:C:C:C: I caa, e cca ee e cae f

e eed e a ac. T feae aed b caa

ae e 'becae', 'f', ec.

T eabae fe, e a ae a eae f a ca

eec deeed b La Paad Yada, a ca a a Gad

Mada, Paa. He ca:

"ae aa aa badaa a, ab ab de e

aa a ad e ae a a e aa a bad

baa, ab ab de daa aa a a aad de a

aa aaa".



85/185

I eec, La Paad fe e eed f ca aa

aa. Te e f Hd caa ae b de caa.

A : A : A : A :

Te ac f a e d ae f eae cca. I

eee e ce ad e ade b e cca a

e e ad ee a ce ea e ad

a ac. I ca eece, e cca dec addee

e decde fa e ad . I eea ee

ad a dec aea e addeee.

T eabae fe e a ce a eae f a eec

caa eec ade b e Ce Pede Sa Gad

Bae. Se e ea "B I a e a e

Ce dffee. O deee ad ea

efae, b e Aeb eec; eRaaa e e a f e ad deee". Ee a c

ace e ee eae ae cea a e ac f a a a

defe eac ce c e cca aea

e addeee. Ee c a 'baaa e a ada e ada a

a bade', 'de ab baae e e Ce ab

baae e e Ce e de' ad 'cce ca c a a

aaa ba baa e a baae' ae a dec aea e

e'. Tee ee fe ae bea a e ae a

dec ea e ac f a ad .



86/185

Ta dead a b e cca deed ee

b e ede ad e ecee ae a eeece e dea,

bec, efee a ae aded e eae. Te e

dead e aba ae f e d a e e cc

ee. Te a f ea a deed e e c

eae cca ae ecaed. Te aaee f a

aca cca e deed e e f e edee, e

eeca f e ecee ad e bea c ad e

ccae e c eae cca cc.

Te ca eece f eec caa ae eea fed b

ca a, c deae ceed ee. Ee a

ad ace e e a f ca ae dcae a ee e

e ae eea e fc f ca ae ee e

fce e e addeee:

"ab ab ae a, ba a e a a".

"Ce aa baaee, a aaee".

"Ra aa ca baa e a ca".

"Jaada a e Paa, ab a ab a".

Tee a ed be addeed a ad e eee

e . Hee, ee ca a ae a defe

aaa ae, ee e f e a, c ae

aa cae, ca be abeed a e ce (N) ad e

aee (S). F eae, a aa f e aaa ae f e

a, 'aba aa ae baa ba Ce da aa' eea

a 'Ce de aa' e ce f e a e



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'aba aa a baa ba' e aee ee. I a e

aee ee ecede e ce ee. Te ede fac

becae e aee ee eade e ecee beee

e ce aee. Te aaa ae f e a a e

f ce:

Saee (edece) + Nce Beef.

Te a ce b BJP, 'Ra Raa ca, Baa e a ca'

a a e ae aaa ae. Hee, e aee

ee a "e" a eae eee. I ca be

daaaca a f:

Saee (Pe) + Nce = Beef.

Te fac eeed abe e da e cc a ca

dce eea e a ce ebedd e ee. A e

e eae f f eea f ee ad ce ee e

ee f e addeee e ce f cca. I a

eabe e cca ec e fa e a a

ee efaed e.

Te e a e a eaa f e ce b ac f

eaba ad eefca. Te a ae e e f a e

eea ae addeed e ae. Te ea beee e f

ae ad e d ae e ca dce be, e ee

a e deee f e ae f e ac f a de

eea ead ac f c ae ae aec f e

be afeed e ee f dc. I a e ac f



88/185

a e a be, c e be a f a ae

be. Te eaabe feae f ca dce a

aab e ac f a, c deeed ea cae ad e

ee f e a ac eea a ed. Te e f aded

caba ad e ecece f cca ca a b

edce ce ee e cca' e. Oe

ecaa e ca e ade f e addeee.

1. "e aa, a caaa, BJB baa a" La Paad Yada

RJD Pede.

2. "a aa a aee, ad a baaee" a ca

a VHP, RSS, Saea ec.

3. "e a e a aa ada e ad baea" b

P.M.Aa Ba Vaaee.

4. ' Ra' VHP.

5. 'a f aadaa faaa ae e de caaa a, ae de

ae e caaa e ab a ea e. Ye aa aa'. N

cfdece ed b Ce Pede Sa Gad

aa NDA .

6. 'a aa a de e a da a fe' BJP

7. 'a, aa a aa' BSP8. A e ea 70' 70' e a f a ca

ae f S.Ida Gad 'Ida Gad aea ba,

baa, a aa'.

9. F e eec caa b BJP da aa a, aa a.

Tee ae e f e eae f e ca dce, c ae

deae f a e. Laae ee be aeded

accd e eed f e ca f a ee ac e

fa e a. Tee ae a. We ca a ee e eece f

VHP eade A Sa ad Ua Ba c ee aed d e

6 Decebe 1992' ac f de f e ded ce a

Ada. I ee eece ee ee aed f a

eee f e ae f e aa be e .



89/185

Te Tee ceca, ade, ad aae f aada ae

a e f f eae cca. Tee ceca ae

eed a a f f eda eae f ea Ida, eeee

e be aed a fca e dc f ca,

ca ad dda effec e ae. Peae cca

e ee ceca ad ade ae eceed, eaaed ad

ded a ae f a. Se a ee ceca a

cca daa a a dda ad ce. I

ca, e ca ce a ee ee ceca a a a

f. Te ee ee a f ceca a e a

ecd e. Hee e adee ae ee

ceca e ee f ed e a f e

dc e. Te dea ce f ee ceca

aaee a, eade f ee e e ae dffee

e, a dead a e ae ad e affece ee.

A A A A

Te a ee bed ca dce e e f eae

cca ade b e ca eade.

A e, e ce f cca, e eae f f

eea f ee ad ce ee e ee f e

addeee. I a eabe e cca ec e fa e

a a ee efaed e. Te e a

e a eaa f e ce b ac f eaba ad



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eefca. Te a ae e e f a e eea ae

addeed e ae. Te ea beee e f ae ad e

d ae a be, ca dce, e ee a e

deee f e ae, f e ac f a d eea

ead e ac f c ae ae aec f e be

afeed e ee f dc. I a e ac f a

e a be, c e be a f a ae be.

Te eaabe feae f ca dce a aab

e ac f a, c deeed ea cae, ad e e

ee f e a ac eea a ed.

Pca eec d e eec caa a e dce f a

eae ae. I a a ed e ad e ce eaed

ce affa ad bc . A ae ade a bec

f eea ee a a e eceae eee cac ad

cdeed aa f e ae ad a a ea ac e

deee f e ca dce.

Ae a feae f ca dce e fac a ed

aea be bece ad ea. Te bece ad d f

e ca eae e efeced ca dce. I ee e

f bac fc.

1. I efe ca, ecc, ad adae fac.2. I ce dffee ca, ecca ad adae

e.

Ee a c ace e ee fac eea a ee ca e

ae c ae e e ee a e ae aead bee



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eed eae, a ad edca. I bacd e

ce f e ca eade a ca e ac, e deed ad

a e e.

Hece, e ed e a ae e bea a e ca eece

ae b a d f eae cca a caed f

cca ac dda' d b a e e

ce. F e eeace f e a aa ee

ad a e be aaced a e d b c

a e/e /e de f f e d ad

d ac a e ebe ae ad ee ef/eef a be

a eae f e e.

CCCC

T ccde, aae baca a ed f cca a

language and power in communication

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