language ari,on and language transmission?...grammacal competence of adult heritage speakers • the...
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LanguageA)ri,onandLanguageTransmission?
SilvinaMontrul
3rdInterna1onalConferenceonLanguageA8ri1onUniversityofEssex,July5-7,2016
IdealizedRouteofNa,veLanguageDevelopment
• Basic vocabulary • Inflectional
morphology • Simple and
complex syntax/semantics
• Implicit learning
• Reading/metalinguistic awareness • Abstract vocabulary • Complex syntax, semantics
pragmatics • Registers
BilingualismandMigra,on• Thechildrenofimmigrants—heritagespeakers—exposedtotwolanguagesfrombirthorinearlychildhooddonotalwaysa)ainfulllinguis,ccompetenceintheirfamilylanguagewhentheyreachadulthood.
• Adultswithmorethantenyearsofimmersioninasecondlanguageenvironment(immigrants)canexperiencefirstlanguagea)ri,on,namelyforgeQnglexicalandgramma1calaspectsoftheirna1velanguage.
Outline
1. Intergenera1onalLanguageLoss2.TheProblem:CanL1a8ri1oninadultsaffectheritagelanguagedevelopment?3.Thestateofmyanswer
5
AgeeffectsinL1A)ri,on(Bylund2009,Montrul2008)
ageproficiency
high
low
younger older
foreign adoptees
simultaneous bilinguals
sequential bilinguals
adult L2 learners (1st generation immigrants)
6
L1a)ri,oninAdults
• Ageofimmigra1oninadulthood(1stgenera1onimmigrants)
• Morethan10yearsofresidenceinL2environment.
• DegreeofuseofL1varies(fromnousetosomeuse)
• DegreeofL2proficiencyvaries(fromnear-na1vestonon-na1ves)
Idealizeda)ri,onofthena,velanguageinadults
before immigration after immigration
8
Morphosyntax
Keijzer(2007):StudyofDutchimmigrantsinOntarioCanada
• 3groups:adultL1a8riters,L1acquirers(13-yearolds),Dutchcontrol
• 15gramma1calfeatures(includingverbalandnominalmorphology,V2,passives,subordina1on)
• Differentelicita1onmeasures
9
Keijer(2007)
Errorsinthisstudy—asinmostothera8ri1onstudiesofadulta8ri1on—wereminimal,butwhena8ested,errorsaffectedmorphologymorethansyntax.
“Atnopointweredrama.cchangesperceivedinthea4ri.onofDutchinDutchCanadianémigrés”(Keijzer2007,p.266).
Schmidt&Hopp(2014):ForeignAccent
Schmid(2014)
• GermanNPmorphology• Case• Gender• Plural• VPmorphology• Wordorder(V2)
Results:NPmorphology
Results:VPandWordOrder
SchmidandJarvis(2014)
• Lexicalaccess(psycholinguis1cexperiments)• Lexicaldiversity(speechsamples)• Dysfluencyphenomena(speechsamples)Istheproblemofa8ri1onatthelexicalretrieval(ac1va1onthreshold)levelorattheproduc1onlevel(cogni1veinhibi1on/control)?
Par,cipants
159Na1vespeakersofGerman53emigratedtoCanada53emigratedtotheNetherlands53wereresidentsofGermanyandhadlivedinGermanyalltheirlives
Children
• Havenotreachedlinguis1cmaturityandmastery.
• Incompleteacquisi.onora4ri.on?
• A)ri,onassumesthatsomethingwasacquiredandthenweakenedorlost.
• Incompleteacquisi,onassumesthatsomethingwasnotfullyacquiredormasteredinthefirstplace.
IncreaseinErrorRates
18ErrorRateswithGenderAgreementinSpanish(Anderson1999)
Silva-Corvalán(2014)
• StudyoftwosimultaneousSpanish-Englishbilingualsiblingsfromage1-6.(hergrandchildren)
• OnlyoneparentspokeSpanish(father)andalwaysaddressedthechildreninSpanish.
• TAMsystem• Copulas• Subjectexpression
AmountofInputintheTwoLanguages
Findings• Thesiblings’developingknowledgeofverbsandverb
tensesuptoabouttheageof4;0iscomparabletothatofmonolingualchildrenintheirrespec1velanguages.
• ThesiblingsshowfulldevelopmentofEnglishcomplextensesbyage6.
• Complextenses(perfecttenses,condi1onal,subjunc1ve)donotdevelopnSpanish,theweakerlanguageanerage3.
• Thesiblingsshowincompleteacquisi,onoftheverbalsystemofSpanishbyage6:theoldersiblingismoreproficientthantheyoungersibling.
Summary
• A8ri1oninadultsatthemorphosyntac1clevelisrareandminor.
• Itcouldbeprocessingeffects.• A8ri1oninchildrenaffectsthedevelopinglinguis1ccompetence(notjustprocessing)
Intergenera,onalBilingualism
Proficiency in the two languages
Spanish English 1 gen. parents strong (dominant) weaker
2 gen. children Same-weaker Same- stronger
3 gen. grandchildren Very weak to none Very strong
23
24
LanguageShi_withSpanishintheUSA
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
parents1stgenera1on
children2ndgenera1on
grandchildren3rdgenera1on
SpanishDominant
Bilingual
EnglishDominant
25
AdultHeritageSpeakers
• Casesofunbalancedearlybilingualism(evenwhenthetwoparentsspeakthemajoritylanguageathome).
• CasesofsuccessfulL2acquisi1onbutofincompleteL1acquisi1on.
• Theydisplaynon-uniformlevelsofproficiencyandmanyofthepa8ernsfoundinL2acquisi1on
HL L1
HL
ML ML
ML
Variation in HL proficiency in heritage speakers in the United States
HL
HL ML
ML = English HL = Spanish/Japanese/Russian/Hindi . . .
LanguageLearning
Duringthepre-schoolyears,childrenacquiretheirna1velanguage(s),andthebasicstructuralfounda1onisassumedtobeinplace.Toachievena1velanguageproficiencyormasteryisalongprocessofdevelopmentfrombirthtoadulthood(Berman2004).
Unbalanceddevelopmentinsimultaneousbilinguals
School-ageperiod
Languageshi_insequen,albilinguals
Gramma,calcompetenceofadultheritagespeakers
• Theheritagelanguagetendstobetheweakerlanguage.
• Structuralchangeswithrespecttothegrammarsofage-matchedmonolingualsincountryoforiginandwithrespecttoparentalgenera1onofadultimmigrants.
• Differencesinphonology,syntax,morphology,seman1cs,interfaces,etc.
Somepoten,alreasonsforstructuralchangesinadultHeritageSpeakers
• Insufficientinputanduse• Changesinfrequency• Dominantlanguagetransfer• Incompleteacquisi1on• A8ri1on• Exposuretodifferentinput,i.e.“a)rited”variety?
• Alloftheabove?
Thestudy
Differen1alObjectMarking(DOM)inSpanish,HindiandRomanianheritagespeakersintheUnitedStates.
32
Acknowledgements
• Na1onalScienceFounda1ongrantARRA#09175939(withRakeshBha8andRoxanaGirju)
• ResearchAssistantsArchnaBha0a VandanaPuriKirstenHope VanesaHernándezLauraRomani FranciscaMedranoNatalieToomey LuminitaMarcus
NoeliaSánchez-Walker AndreeaFaurRalucaKim BogdanBuricea
33
SpanishDOM=preposi,onaanimateobject inanimateobject
specific 1.Juanvioalamujer. 3.Juanviolapelícula.
2.*Juanviolamujer. 4.*Juanvioalapelícula.
“Juansawthewoman.” “Juansawthemovie.”
non-specific 5.Juanvioaunamujer. 7.Juanviounacarrera.
(op1onal) 6.Juanviounamujer. 8.*Juanvioaunacarrera.
“Juansawawoman” “Juansawarace”
34
HindiDOM:postposi,onkoanimateobject inanimateobject
specific 1.Mira-neRamesh-kodekhaa 2.Mira-nevahghardekhaa
Mira-ErgRamesh-DOMsaw Mira-Ergthathousesaw
3.*Mira-neRameshdekhaa 4.Mira-neusghar-kodekhaa
Mira-ErgRamesh saw Mira-Ergthathouse-DOMsaw
“MirasawRamesh” “Mirasawthathouse”
OPTIONAL
non-specific
5.?Miraneaadmi-kodekhaa 6.Mira-neekghardekhaa
Mira-Ergman-DOMsaw Mira-Ergahousesaw7.Miraneaadmidekhaa 8.*Miraneekghar-kodekhaaMira-Ergmansaw Mira-Ergahouse-DOMsaw“Mirasawaman” “Mirasawahouse” 35
Similari,esbetweenSpanishandHindi
DOMisthesamemarkerastheobligatoryda1vecasemarkerofindirectobjectsandda1vesubjects.
Spanish Hindi
Indirectobjects
JuandiounlibroaMaríaJuangaveabooktoMaria“JuangaveabooktoMaria.”
Rakesh-neSitakokitaabdii.Rakesh-ergSita-datbookgave“RakeshgaveabooktoSita.”
Da,vesubjects
AJuanlegustaesaniña.datJuancllikesthatgirl“Juanlikesthatgirl.”
Rakesh-kovahlaRkiipasandhaiRakesh-datthatgirllikes“Rakeshlikesthatgirl.”
36
3studies
• Spanish• Hindi• RomanianTargetpopula1on:2ndgenera1onimmigrantsintheUnitedStates
US-bornSpanish,HindiandRomanianSpanish,HindiandRomanianchildimmigrants
Methodologicalchallenge
Whoistherightcontrolgrouporbaselineforheritagespeakers?
A. Theirparents’genera1on(adultfirstgenera1onimmigrants)intheUS?
B. Theiragepeersinthecountryoforigin?C. Theirparents’peersinthecountryoforigin?
OverallResearchDesign
USgroups• Simultaneousbilingualheritagespeakers• Sequen1albilingualheritagespeakers• Adultimmigrants(40-60yearolds)Mexico,IndiaandRomaniaGroups• Agematchedna1vespeakersincountryoforigin(18-25yearolds)
• Adultsincountryoforigin(40-60yearolds)
ScreeningInstruments
• 6-pagelinguis1cprofileques1onnaireforeachlanguage(ageofonsetofbilingualism,languageofparents,levelofeduca.on,pa4ernsoflanguageuseinchildhood,elementaryschool,middleschool,highschool,present,self-ra.ngsineachlanguageques.onaboutaBtudetowardlanguage)
• Wri8enproficiencymeasurespartsofDELEandMLAtasksforSpanishdevelopedclozetestsforHindiandRomanian
40
Tasksinthethreelanguages
1.Oralnarra,vetask2.Oralpicturedescrip,onTask3.Auralcomprehensiontask4.Wri8encomprehensiontask5.Wri8enproduc1ontask6.Bimodal,un,medacceptabilityjudgmenttask
41
Par,cipantsSpanish Hindi
country US USHeritagespeakers(sim.bil.) 32 30Heritagespeakers(seq.bil.) 24 6Adultimmigrants 21 21country Mexico IndiaYoungerNS(18-25) 20 20OlderNS(40-60) 20 22SES Low-mid High
Hindi
Hindi:Rajesh,22yearsoldBornintheUnitedStatesq Hindispeakingparentsq HighSES(parentsaredoctorsorengineers)q SchooledinEnglishq ParentsspokeHindiathome,RajeshusedsomeHindibutonenrespondedinEnglishq KnowledgeofEnglish:na1veinallskillsq KnowledgeofHindi:intermediateinspokenandauralcomprehension,cannotread/writethelanguageverywell
Hindi:Self-ra,ngs
45
4.715.00 4.85
4.32
4.90
3.35
4.75 4.64
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
adultHindiImmigrants
Hindiheritagespeakers
adultspeakers(India)
youngerspeakers(India)
selfra1ngEnglishselfra1ngHindi
*
USgroups Indiagroups
HindiHeritageSpeakers:self-ra,ngsbyskill
5.00
5.00
5.00
4.92
2.00
2.96
3.69
1.85
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
English Reading
English Speaking
English Listening
English Writing
Hindi Reading
Hindi Speaking
Hindi Listening
Hindi Writing
46
Hindina,vespeakersfromIndia(oldercohort):selfra,ngsbyskill
(Montrul,Bha),Girju2015)
47
4.55
4.40
4.50
4.50
3.95
4.55
4.55
3.75
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
EnglishReading
EnglishSpeaking
EnglishListening
EnglishWri1ng
HindiReading
HindiSpeaking
HindiListening
HindiWri1ng
HindispeakersinIndia:self-ra,ngsbyskill(Montrul,Bhat&Girju,2015)
HindiWri)enProficiencyClozeTest
49
38.05
25.23
38.8 38.1
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
AdultHindiImmigrants
Hindiheritagespeakers
adultspeakers(India)
youngerspeakers(India)
*
USgroups Indiagroups
OralNarra,ve-kowithanimate,specificobjects
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
HindiHS AdultImmigrants YoungHindispeakers
OlderHindispeakers
overgeneraliza1ons
omission
correct
*Mira-neRameshdekhaa
Mira-neRamesh-kodekhaa
IndividualResults:-komarking
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627
HindiHS
AdultImmigrants
OralNarra,ve:erga,vemarking
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
HindiHS AdultImmigrants YIndia OIndia
overgeneraliza1on
omission
correct
OralNarra,ve:erga,vemarking
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314151617181920212223242526
HindiHS
AdultImmigrants
YIndiaNS
OIndiaNS
OralProduc,onTask:-Ko
0.80
0.96 0.96 0.95
0.36
0.22 0.22 0.24
0.72
0.94 1.00 0.99
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.00
HindiHS AdultImmigrants YoungerHindispeakers
OlderHindispeakers
USgroups Indiagroups
AnSpecDO
InanimDO
DatSubject
IndividualResults-kowithanimatedirectobjects
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
HindiHS
AdultImmigrants
YoungerHindiNS
OlderHindiNS
IndividualResults-kowithda,vesubjects
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
HindiHS
AdultImmigrants
YoungerHindiNS
OlderHindiNS
AnimateSpecificDirectObjects
57
*
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
HindiHS adultIm. youngerNS olderNS
withko
*withoutko
USGroups IndiaGroups
Da,veExperiencerSubjects
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
Hindiheritagespeakers
adultim. youngerNS olderNS
withko
*withoutko
USgroups Indiagroups
SummaryHindiStudy
• IncomparisontoHindina1vespeakerswhoimmigratedtotheUSasadultsandage-matchedcontrolsinIndia,US-bornHindiheritagespeakersacceptDOMomissionwithanimate,specificdirectobjectsandwithda1vesubjects.
• Thereisalsosignificantomissionoferga1ve-nemarking.
• Li)leevidenceforL1a)ri,onintheadultimmigrantHindigroup.
59
SPANISH
SometypicalCases• BorninNorthernMexico.• ImmigratedtotheUSatages2
(Beatriz),4(Alicia)and9(Carlos).• Carloswentupto3rdgradein
MexicoandthenwasenrolledinEnglish-onlyschoolintheUS.HadtotakeESLclasses.
• AliciaspokeSpanishwhenshearrivedintheUS,whileBeatrizwaslearningSpanish.Theywerebothenrolledinfull-1meEnglishdaycare.
• Athome,parentsspokeSpanishwiththechildren.
Carlos(29),Alicia(24)andBeatriz(22)
61
Self-ra,ngsinSpanishandEnglish
62
4.634.78
3.42
2.4
1.33
4.184.31
4.95 5 5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
USbornMexicanHS
childMexicanimmigrants
adultMexicanimmigrants
Mexicanyoungadults
Mexicanadults
EnglishSpanish*
**
*
USgroups Mexicogroups
Wri)enProficiencyinSpanish
63
38.18 38.54
42.4
45.5 45.8
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
USbornMexicanHS childMexicanimmigrants
adultMexicanimmigrants
Mexicanyoungadults Mexicanadults
SignificantdifferencesbetweenUSgroupsandMexicogroups.
USgroups Mexicogroups
AccuracyOralNarra,veTask
0"
10"
20"
30"
40"
50"
60"
70"
80"
90"
100"
animate"object"(with"DOM)" inanimate"object"(no"DOM)"
young"na@ve"speakers"sequen@al"bilinguals"simultaneous"bilinguals"adult"immigrants"older"na@ve"speakers"
*
*JuanvioMaría.Juanviolapelícula.
Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants
AccuracyPictureDescrip,onTask
*
Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants
Spanish:AnimateSpecificDirectObjects
JuanvioaMaría.*JuanvioMaría.*
1
2
3
4
HS(sim) HS(seq) AdultIm youngerNS olderNS
witha
noa
*
USGroups MexicoGroups
AdultImmigrants(Montrul&Sánchez-Walker2013)
• OralNarra1veTask• Theadultimmigrantsweresplitintoomi4ers(n=10)andnonomi4ers(n=13).
• Theomi4erswereolderthanthenon-omi4ersat1meoftes1ng(48.3vs.43.2),acquiredEnglishlaterinlife(22vs.20.2),andhadresidedintheUSlonger(27.3yearsvs.23.1years).
• ThetwoimmigrantswiththelowestaccuracyonDOM(both33%)hadbeenintheUnitedStatesfor33and37years,respec1vely.
SummarySpanishStudy
• DOMseemstobemoreaffectedinSpanish-speakersintheUS,includinglatearrivals(adultimmigrants)whohavebeenlivingintheUSforseveralyears.
• Itisnotaffectedinthegroupsofna1vespeakerstestedinMexico,youngerorolder.
• DOMmaybesubjecttoL1a)ri,oninSpanish,notjustincompleteacquisi1on(orchilda8ri1on)aspreviouslythought.
70
Pa)ernsoflanguageuse?
1.%ofparentswhospokeHLexclusivelytochildren2.%ofHSswhoalwaysrespondedintheHL3.%ofHSwhospoketheHLwithsiblings4.%ofHSwhospoketheHLwithHL-speakingfriends
5.%parentswhoencouragedtheHStospeakHLathome
6.%HSwhoreceivedsomeHLinstruc1oninelementaryschool
71
Pa)ernsofLanguageUse
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
parentsspeakHL
HSrespondinHL
HSspeakwithsiblings
HSspeakwithfriends
parentsencouragedHL
HLatschool
Spanish
Hindi
Puzzle
• SpanishhasawiderspeechcommunityandenjoysmorevitalityanduseintheUSincomparisontoHindi.YET,itexhibitshigherdegreeoferosionofDOM.
• Itaffectsboththefirstandthesecondgenera1on.
73
Ques,ons• Ihavearguedextensivelythatthestructuralchangesobservedintheheritagespeakersaremainlyduetoreducedinputanduse(incompleteacquisi1oninchildhood).
• Butcantheybeduetothenatureoftheinput?(Sorace2004,Rothman2007,PascualyCabo2013)
• Someofthespeakersofthefirstgenera1onshowa8ri1on.
• Heritagespeakersspeakthelanguagewiththefirstgenera1on(adultimmigrants).
• Canspeakersofthefirstgenera,on(parents)transmitpa)ernsofa)ri,ontothesecondgenera,on(children)?
Myanswers
• Itisunlikelythattheparentalgenera1ontransmits“a8rited”pa8ernstothesecondgenera1on.
• Whatislikelyistheopposite:thattheheritagespeakersinfluencetheparentalgenera0on.
• Heritagespeakersmaybetheagentsoflanguagechange,atleastinSpanishintheUnitedStates.
DevelopmentalScenario
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
L1a8ri1on-mothers
HLloss
HLmaintenance
HLacquisi1on
A)ri,on
• Noimmigrantcouldbea8riteduponarrivalinthenewcountry.
• Ittakesatleast10yearstostartseeingsignsofa8ri1oninmorphosyntax,inmostcasesmorethan20or30years.
• Therefore,asbilingualchildrenaregrowingupiftheyshownon-targetdevelopment,itcannotcomefromtheirparents’input.
Logic
• Pa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onintheheritagespeakerscouldbetracedbacktoearlierstagesofbilingualdevelopment.
• Childreninteractexclusivelywithparentsearlyinlinguis1cdevelopment(pre-school)
• Duringtheschool-ageperiodthesocialgroupofthechildwidens.Parentsarenolongerthemainsourceofinput(althoughtheycouldbefortheheritagelanguage).
• Mainsourceofinputisthepeergroup.
Logic
• Asfamiliesstartusingthemajoritylanguageathome,theparentsmaystartusingmoreEnglishinthehomewiththechildrenaswell,gradually.
• Bythe1meheritagespeakersareteenagersoryoungadults,theparentsmightbea8rited.
• Manyheritagespeakersstartusingtheheritagelanguagemoreinyoungadulthoodthanearlier.
• Bynow,theirpa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onmayreinforcethegrammaroftheparents.
ShinandOtheguy(2013)
“Weproposethattheposi1onoflinguis1cleadershipoccupiedbywomenistheresultoftheirextensivecontactwithhigh-pronounusingsecond-genera1onLa1nos.”(p.432)
Kerswill(1996)
• Modelslinguis1cchangebytakingintoaccountageofacquirersandtransmi8ersandlinguis1cfeatureslikelytochange.
• Natureofrela1onshipbetweeninterlocutorsInfantchild-parents,olderchild/preadolescent-peergroup,adolescent/youngadult-adult• Adolescentsmaybethemostinfluen,altransmi)ersofchange
Meiseletal.(2013)• Onlysuccessivebilinguals(L2learners)canbeagentsoflanguagechange,whentheyacquirethesecondlanguageincompletely.
• L1learners,monolingualsaswellasbilinguals,areunlikelyagentsoflanguagechange.
• “Heritagelanguagelearnersaretheleastlikelygrouptoexertasignificantinfluenceonlearnersofthemajoritylanguage”(p.163)
Howdowetestforthis?
• Comparechildheritagespeakerstoadultheritagespeakers.
• Testmothersandchildrenofdifferentages.• Woman/mothereffectonbilingualchildren(ShinandOtheguy,2013)
• Heritagespeakersofbidialectalparentsadoptthedialectofthemother(Potowski2008)
84
HowisDOMacquiredbychildren?RodríguezMondoñedo(2008)
Spanish-speakingchildrendataavailableinCHILDES(Maria,Koki,Juan,Emilio),agesrangingfrom1;07to3;00.Spanish-speakingchildrenhaveanadultgrammar.(98.8%accuracyatage3)
85
BilingualChildren(ages1;00-3;00)(Ticio,2015)
• CHILDESdatabase• 6simultaneousbilingualchildren(5Spanish-English,1Catalan-Spanish)
• 74.62%omissionofDOMwithanimate,specificdirectobjectbyage3;00
• Unlikewhathasbeenreportedinmonolingualacquisi1onofSpanish,simultaneousbilingualchildrendonotdevelopacquisi1onandmasteryofDOMby3;00yearsofage.
ThreeFollow-ups
School-AgeBilingualChildrenMontrul&Sánchez-Walker(2013)
groups N Meanage
Parentalra,ngEnglish
Parentalra,ngSpanish
PPVT(English)Standardscore
TVIP(Spanish)Standardscore
Simultaneousbilinguals 17 10;1 5 3.8 98.9 83.1
Sequen1albilinguals 22 12;2 4.7 4.4 97 86.9
Na1vespeakers 20 11;0 122.1
Age: nsParentalra,ngs English>SpanishbothbilingualgroupsPPVT simultaneousbilinguals=sequen1albilingualsTVIP na1vespeakers>simultaneousandsequen1albilinguals
AccuracyonDOMOralNarra,ve
*
Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants
AccuracyonthePictureDescrip,onTask
Accuracyonanimateobjectsbypar,cipants
Summary
• School-ageSpanishheritagespeakersomitDOMinSpanishsignificantlymorethanage-matchedna1vespeakersfromMexico.Thisisasignofincompleteacquisi,onofSpanishDOM.
• Quan1tyofinputasindicatedbyageofonsetofbilingualism(simultaneousvs.sequen1albilinguals)doesnotseemtoma8er.
• Thereishighindividualvariabilityinthetwobilingualgroups.
ChildandAdultHeritageSpeakers
80.1 80.5
97.8
69.3 66.8
97.9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
simultaneousbilinguals sequen1albilinguals na1vespeakers
adults(study2)
children(study1)
NatureofInput
• Immigrantscannotbeassumedtobea8riteduponarrival,soinputtobilingualchildrenmaynotshowsignsofa8ri1on.
• Inputtoadultheritagespeakersmayshowsignsofa8ri1oniftheparentshavebeenexposedtoEnglishformorethan15or20years.
MothersandChildren
Arebilingualchildrenreceivinga)ritedinput?• 14bilingualchildrenages6-10andtheirmothers.
• Halfofthechildrenweresimultaneousbilingualsandtheotherhalfweresequen1albilinguals.
• Sameoraltaskswereadministered.
Results
78
100
55
9398 96
89 92
0102030405060708090
100
Animate Inanimate Animate Inanimate
OralNarra1ve PictureDescrip1on
MeanPe
rcen
tageAccuracyScore
bilingualchildren
mothers
ByTypeofBilinguals
69.23
96.43
84
100
0102030405060708090
100
SIM Mothers-sim SEQ Mothers-seq
MeanPe
rcen
tageAccuracyScore
ResultsOralNarra,ve
OralNarra,veAccuracyonanimateobjects
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
child
mother
MothersandOlderChildren• 19heritagespeakers(18-26,meanage22.28)AoAEnglish(ages2-8,mean4.8)
• Theirmothers(meanage45.86)
4.62
2.93
4.384.93
11.52
2.53
3.54
4.55
heritagespeakers theirmothers
Self-ra,ngs
English
Spanish
3741
0
10
20
30
40
50
heritagespeakers theirmothers
Wri)enProficiencyinSpanish
OralNarra,ve(DOMobjects)
71.1
96.6
0102030405060708090
100
heritagespeakers HSs'mothers
Mother-ChildPairs(DOMobjects)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 20
Heritagespeakers
mothers
ElicitedProduc,onTask
68.6
98.2
83.6
98.4
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
animateobjects inanimateobjects
heritagespeakers
HSs'mothers
Mother-childpairs(DOMobjects)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1 2 3 4 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20
HeritageSpeakers
Mothers
Nextstage
• Collectdatafromalargersampleofmothersandchildrenages4-18(N~100)
• ControlforAoAofEnglish• Birthorder• Mothers’proficiencyanduseofEnglish• Mother’sproficiencyanduseofSpanish
Conclusion
• L1a8ri1onofmorphosyntaxinadultsisrare• Itissubjecttohighindividualvaria1on• Ithappensinsomecases(Spanish)butnotinothers(Hindi)
• Languagea8ri1onintheparentalgenera1oncouldnotexplainthepa8ernsofincompleteacquisi1onintheSpanishandHindiheritagespeakers.
TransmissionorLanguageChange?
• Ifheritagespeakersandtheirmothersconvergeatalowerlevelofaccuracy,
• Howcanwetellwhoisinfluencingwho?• Previousstudiessuggestthatadolescentsmaybeagentsoflanguagechange.
• Orarethemothersthetransmi8ersofthechange?
Longitudinaldataofolderchild-motherpairs
Conclusion• Youngbilingualchildrendonotnecessarilyreceive“a8rited”inputfromtheirmonolinguallyraisedparents.(Childrenofbilingualparentsmaybedifferent).
• BilingualchildrenshowdelayedandincompletedevelopmentofDOMinSpanish.
• Bythe1mebilingualchildrenreachadulthood,someoftheirparents(maybegrandparents)maybea8rited.
Conclusion
• Incompleteacquisi1onanda8ri1onofDOMmaybecomegeneralizedinadults,andDOM-omissiongetstransmi8edandreinforcedbythedifferentgroups.
• Thissitua1ongivesrisetoanewdialectalfeatureofUS-Spanishwithnon-DOMmarkedanimatespecificdirectobjectslikeinEnglish.
Thankyou!