Language Arts and Reading: Study Topics

Topics Covered in

Reading Methods

In Preparation for the

Praxis Test

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Understanding Literature Narratives

Characterization (through a character’s words, thoughts, actions, appearance, etc.)

Setting established through description of scenes, colors, smells, etc.)

Tone (manner of expression in speech or writing) tongue in cheek, edgy, soft

Theme Point of view (first person, third-person objective, third –person

omniscient) Perspective (attitude of the narrator of the story)

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Text Structures and Organization in Reading and Writing

Organizational patterns in text

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Patterns of expository writing

Compare and contrast Chronological sequence Spatial sequence Cause and effect Problem and solution

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Structural elements in text

Thesis statementConclusion statementTransition words and phrasesSupporting the thesis with the use of Examples Quotations Paraphrases of excerpts’ statements Summaries of information found in research sources Analogies

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The only real innovation during the Renaissance period in terms of transport was seen in the Americans. By the fifteenth century, the Incas had constructed a network of fine roads for couriers. Rivers were crossed by monkey bridges of cable of plaited agave fibre, or floating bridges, or pontoons of reeds. In addition, the Incas used caravans of llamas, bred as beasts of burden even though they could only carry a hundredweight, and could only travel fifteen miles a day. These were the only important domestic animals of the Americas before 1492, and they were quite inadequate.

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Approaching one’s topic

with the purpose of Criticizing Analyzing Evaluating pros and cons

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Orthography and MorphologySpelling & Study of Word Formation

Affixes: prefix, suffix Roots Inflectional endings -indicate tense, number, possession or comparisonMost words-walks, walked, walkingWords ending in e-come, comingWords ending in y-carry carried carryingWords ending in a single vowel & a consonant-hop, hopping, hopped Clusters (combining clusters to make compound words)

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Semantics

Homonyms Antonyms Synonyms Multiple-meaning words Words used figuratively or idiomatically (e.g.,

he “wolfed” down his food) Meaning-shifts due to alternative word order

or punctuation

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

Theories and concepts concerning

reading development

Major elements of the emergent literacy theory and major conclusions of recent research

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Major elements of the emergent literacy theory and major conclusions of recent research

Acting like a reader is part of becoming a reader Reading & writing are closely related process-

not taught in isolation Social process Preschoolers know a great deal about printed

language Becoming literate is a continuous,

developmental process Need to read authentic & natural texts Need to write for personal reasons

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

Factors influencing the development of emergent reading

Concepts about print Sight vocabulary Phonemic awareness Alphabetic principle Social interaction (support by adults and

peers)

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

Frequent experiences with print Prior knowledge (schema) Motivation Fluency

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Literacy Acquisition and Reading Instruction

Experiences that support emergent readers Direct instruction Social interaction Shared reading Repeated readings Reader response Word walls Text innovation (rewrites) Shared writing

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What are some of the major relationships between and among reading, writing, speaking, listening, and viewing, and why are these relationships important for teacher of emergent readers to understand?

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Strategies for Word study/solving

Cues and how students use them Semantic (refers to the meaning of language-the

words and parts of words that convey meaning as well as the way sentences, paragraphs, & whole texts are interpreted by listeners and readers.)

Syntactic systems (refers to the patterns of rules by which words are put together in meaningful phrases & sentences)

“Mary ran of to see her friends.”

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Strategies for Word study/solving

Phonological system (the way listeners construct meaning from streams of sounds)

Visual information (what you see when you read)

-Relationship to print

-Recognizing whole words

-Word patterns

-Syllables

-Letters in sequence

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Samuel and his cousin John Adams felt the indenture

same way about American’s independence. operations racing

Yet they had different opinions about riding agreed

horses like other men did. Samuel argued cannon

that walking or riding in a carriage suited

him better.

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Children's Literature Strategies for Comprehension

Use of prior knowledge

Retelling

Guided reading

Fluency

Reader response

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Children's Literature

Strategies for comprehension Solving words Adjusting reading according to purpose

and context Metacognition Maintaining fluency Making connections (personal, world, text)

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A class is reading a book that has chapter numbers but no chapter titles. The teacher asks the students to think of an appropriate title for each chapter. What is the main purpose in choosing this activity? Why is it a useful activity?

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Children's Literature

Study skills and tools SQ3R KWL Note taking Marking and coding Graphic organizers Finding information in charts, tables, graphs

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What are some effective ways to use graphic organizers if students understand most of the details in a unit, but not the central idea of the unit?

What are some effective ways of guiding students to understand articles that feature text and variety of graphics?

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Communication SkillsStages of writing development

Phase Picture writing Scribble writing Random letter Invented spelling Conventional writing

Concurrent development with reading

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Communication Skills

Stages of the writing process

Recursive nature of the process Explore/Prewrite Draft Edit Publish

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Communication Skills

Spelling development Constructive nature of the development stages-Scribble-Prephonemic-Early phonics-Letter name-Transitional-Derivational-Conventional

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