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Language change. Language change. Why do languages change?. Language change. Why do languages change? Individual change. Language change. Why do languages change? Individual change innovations by a single person which then spread. Language change. Why do languages change? - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Language changeLanguage change
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Individual changeIndividual change
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Individual changeIndividual change
innovations by a single person which then innovations by a single person which then spread.spread.
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Individual changeIndividual change
innovations by a single person which then innovations by a single person which then spread.spread.
– Community changeCommunity change
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Individual changeIndividual change
innovations by a single person which then innovations by a single person which then spread.spread.
– Community changeCommunity change As changes spread out among more and As changes spread out among more and
more people, they can move wavelike out more people, they can move wavelike out through a given language communitythrough a given language community
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Innovations can spread across Innovations can spread across
languages of varying communities.languages of varying communities.
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Innovations can spread across Innovations can spread across
languages of varying communities.languages of varying communities.– French uvulear /r/French uvulear /r/
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Innovations can spread across Innovations can spread across
languages of varying communities.languages of varying communities.– French uvulear /r/French uvulear /r/– Most likely began as individual Most likely began as individual
change among certain members of change among certain members of nobility.nobility.
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Innovations can spread across Innovations can spread across
languages of varying communities.languages of varying communities.– French uvulear /r/French uvulear /r/– Most likely began as individual Most likely began as individual
change among certain members of change among certain members of nobility.nobility.
– Came to be considered standard.Came to be considered standard.
Language changeLanguage change
Why do languages change?Why do languages change?– Innovations can spread across languages Innovations can spread across languages
of varying communities.of varying communities.– French uvulear /r/French uvulear /r/– Most likely began as individual change Most likely began as individual change
among certain members of nobility.among certain members of nobility.– Came to be considered standard.Came to be considered standard.– Has now spread to neighboring Has now spread to neighboring
languages.languages.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The first Germanic languages The first Germanic languages
speakers arrived in 4th century as speakers arrived in 4th century as Roman mercenaries.Roman mercenaries.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The first Germanic languages The first Germanic languages
speakers arrived in 4th century as speakers arrived in 4th century as Roman mercenaries.Roman mercenaries.
– After Rome left Britain (late 4th After Rome left Britain (late 4th century), Germanic people, mostly century), Germanic people, mostly Anglo-Frisians, began invading Anglo-Frisians, began invading Britain.Britain.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The first Germanic languages speakers The first Germanic languages speakers
arrived in 4th century as Roman arrived in 4th century as Roman mercenaries.mercenaries.
– After Rome left Britain (late 4th century), After Rome left Britain (late 4th century), Germanic people, mostly Anglo-Frisians, Germanic people, mostly Anglo-Frisians, began invading Britain.began invading Britain.
– For more than 600 years, the Anglo-For more than 600 years, the Anglo-Saxons pushed back against the Celtic Saxons pushed back against the Celtic inhabitants of Britain.inhabitants of Britain.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The Anglo-Saxons never conquered The Anglo-Saxons never conquered
all of England. The Welsh speaking all of England. The Welsh speaking kingdom of Rheged was conquered by kingdom of Rheged was conquered by the Normans in 1165. Rheged was in the Normans in 1165. Rheged was in NW England.NW England.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The Anglo-Saxons never conquered all of The Anglo-Saxons never conquered all of
England. The Welsh speaking kingdom of England. The Welsh speaking kingdom of Rheged was conquered by the Normans Rheged was conquered by the Normans in 1165. Rheged was in NW England.in 1165. Rheged was in NW England.
– The Norman French (Norse-French) The Norman French (Norse-French) officially conquered Anglo-Saxon England officially conquered Anglo-Saxon England in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings.in 1066 at the Battle of Hastings.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– The move from Anglo-Saxon to Middle The move from Anglo-Saxon to Middle
and Modern English is typified by a and Modern English is typified by a simplification of the grammar - simplification of the grammar - moving from a more German like moving from a more German like structure to one more like French. structure to one more like French. Inflectional morphemes were reduced Inflectional morphemes were reduced and gender essentially disappeared.and gender essentially disappeared.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Nom. Nom. cyningcyning
Acc.Acc. cyningcyningGen.Gen. cyningescyningesDat/Inst.Dat/Inst. cyningecyninge
– Verb:Verb:demedeme demaþdemaþdemstdemst “ “demþdemþ “ “
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Nom. Nom. cyningcyning
Acc.Acc. cyningcyningGen.Gen. cyningescyningesDat/Inst.Dat/Inst. cyningecyninge
– Verb:Verb:demedeme demaþdemaþdemstdemst “ “demþdemþ “ “
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Lexical changeLexical change
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Lexical changeLexical change
Addition - many French words were Addition - many French words were added after 1066.added after 1066.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Lexical changeLexical change
Addition - many French words were Addition - many French words were added after 1066.added after 1066.
Loss - many previous words from the Loss - many previous words from the Anglo-Saxon period were lost over time, Anglo-Saxon period were lost over time, replaced by French words.replaced by French words.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Lexical changeLexical change
Addition - many French words were Addition - many French words were added after 1066.added after 1066.
Loss - many previous words from the Loss - many previous words from the Anglo-Saxon period were lost over time, Anglo-Saxon period were lost over time, replaced by French words.replaced by French words.
Change - meaning change, hund once Change - meaning change, hund once meant any kind of dog, but hound is a meant any kind of dog, but hound is a particular kind.particular kind.
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Phonetic changePhonetic change
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Phonetic changePhonetic change– The great vowel shiftThe great vowel shift
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Phonetic changePhonetic change– The great vowel shiftThe great vowel shift
/ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay//ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay/– fivefive
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Phonetic changePhonetic change– The great vowel shiftThe great vowel shift
/ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay//ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay/– fivefive
/// - /o/ - /u/ - /aw/- /o/ - /u/ - /aw/– towntown
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Phonetic changePhonetic change– The great vowel shiftThe great vowel shift
/ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay//ae/ - /e/- /i/ - /ay/– fivefive
/// - /o/ - /u/ - /aw/- /o/ - /u/ - /aw/– towntown
– We can also see rule loss and rule We can also see rule loss and rule changechange
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Differences in Phonemic inventoryDifferences in Phonemic inventory
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Differences in Phonemic inventoryDifferences in Phonemic inventory– Morphological changeMorphological change
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Differences in Phonemic inventoryDifferences in Phonemic inventory– Morphological changeMorphological change
ex. Adoption of -able suffix from Frenchex. Adoption of -able suffix from French restriction of ‘ing’ endingrestriction of ‘ing’ ending
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Differences in Phonemic inventoryDifferences in Phonemic inventory– Morphological changeMorphological change
ex. Adoption of -able suffix from Frenchex. Adoption of -able suffix from French restriction of ‘ing’ endingrestriction of ‘ing’ ending
– Syntactic changeSyntactic change
Language changeLanguage change
The Linguistic History of EnglishThe Linguistic History of English– Differences in Phonemic inventoryDifferences in Phonemic inventory– Morphological changeMorphological change
ex. Adoption of -able suffix from Frenchex. Adoption of -able suffix from French restriction of ‘ing’ endingrestriction of ‘ing’ ending
– Syntactic changeSyntactic change noun/adj agreementnoun/adj agreement main versus aux. Verbs.main versus aux. Verbs.