Language Families

Ling 203

9/29/2010

Indo-European Comparison

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

Proto-Indo-European

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-European_languages

Family Tree Model (Indo-European)

Indo-European in More Detail

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IndoEuropeanTree.svg

Romance Languages (Wave Model)

Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Romance-lg-classification-en.png

Indo-European Language Family Family Subgroup Branch Major Languages Minor Languages

Indo-European

Germanic Western English, German, Yiddish, Dutch, Flemish, Afrikaans Frisian, Luxembourgian

Northern Swedish, Danish, Norwegian, Icelandic Faroese

Eastern (Gothic)

Italic Latino-Faliscan

(Latin)

Romance Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Romanian/ Moldavian

Catalan, Provençal, Rhaeto-Romansch, Sardinian

Celtic Brythonic Welsh, Breton (Cornwallish)

Goidelic Irish, Scots Gaelic (Manx)

Hellenic Greek

Albanian Albanian

Slavic Eastern Russian, Ukrainian, Belorussian

Western Polish, Czech, Slovak Sorbian

Southern Bulgarian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, Macedonian

Baltic Lithuanian, Latvian

Armenian Armenian

Indo-Iranian

Iranian Farsi, Pashto, Kurdish, Baluchi, Tajik, Ossetian Gilaki, Mazanderani

Indic Sanskrit, Hindi-Urdu, Bengali, Punjabi, Marathi, Gujarati, Bihari, Rajasthani, Oriya, Assamese, Kashmiri, Nepali, Sindhi, Sinhalese

Bhili, Romany, Maldivian

This and the following language family charts are taken from Ling 101 slides of Kenneth Hyde

Uralic, Altaic, and Afro-Asiatic Languages Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages

Uralic Finno-Ugric Finnic Finnish, Estonian, Mordvin, Udmurt, Mari, Komi, Saami (=Lappish)

Ugric Hungarian, Xanty

Samoyed Nenets, Selkup, Nganasan, Enets

Altaic Turkic Southern Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkmen

Central Kazakh, Kirgiz, Karakalpak, Nogai

Eastern Uzbek, Uigur, Salar

Western Karachay, Bashkir, Tatar

Bolgar Chuvash

Northern Yakut, Altai, Khakas, Tuva, Shor

Mongolian Khalkha (=Mongolian), Buriat, Kalmyk, Ordos

Tungusic Northern Evenki, Even

Southern Manchu, Oroch, Olcha, Samagir

Family Subgroup Branch Example Languages

Afro-Asiatic

Semitic Arabic Arabic, Maltese

Canaanite Hebrew

Aramaic (Syriac), Aramaic, Assyrian

Ethiopic Amharic, Tigrinya, Tigre, Gurage, Harari, (Geez)

Berber Tamazight, Riff, Kabyle, Shawiya, Tamahaq, Shilha

Cushitic Somali, Oromo, Sidamo, Beja, Afar, Saho

Egyptian (Coptic)

Chadic Hausa, Gwandara, Tumak, Musey

Caucasian, Dravidian, Sino-Tibetan, and Independents

Family Subgroup Branch Language

Caucasian South Georgian, Mingrelian

Northwest Kabardian, Adygh, Abxaz, Abaza

Northeast Nax Chechen, Ingush

Dagestan Avar, Lezgi, Dargwa, Lak, Tabasaran, Tsaxur

Dravidian Northwest Brahui

Dravidian Proper

Northeast Kurukh, Malto

Central Telugu, Gondi, Kui

South Tamil, Kannada, Malayalam, Tulu

Family Subgroup Branch Language

Sino-Tibetan

Sinitic Bai Hokin, Bai, Tali

Chinese Mandarin, Yue (=Cantonese), Wu, Xiang, Gan, Northern Min, Southern Min

Tibeto-Burman

Tibetic Newari, Lepcha, Central Tibetan, Magar, Rangkas, Rungchenbung

Burmic Meithei, Angami, Moso, Burmese, Lisu, Maru

Family Language

Inde-pendent

[Korean-Japanese] Korean, Japanese, and Ainu are often grouped together as a branch of the Altaic language family. This grouping, however, is still controversial.

Korean

Japanese

Ainu

[Mon-Khmer] Vietnamese and Muong are now often accepted as being members of the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austric language family.

Vietnamese, Muong

[Penutian] Zuñi is claimed to be a member of the Penutian branch of the Amerind language family. Zuñi

[Dene-Caucasian] Basque and Burushaski are now thought by some linguists to be a member of the Dene-Caucasian language family, which includes Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian, Sino-Tibetan, and Na-Dene.

Basque

Burshaski

South Pacific and Pacific Rim Languages

Family Subgroup Branch Language

Austric Austro-Asiatic

Munda Santali, Mundari, Ho, Gorum, Juang

Mon-Khmer Khmer, Mon, Palaung, Wa, Bahnar, Sedang, Khasi, Nicobarese

Austro-Tai Tai Thai, Lao, Li, Mak, Yuan, Nung, Tho

Miao-Yao Miao, Yao

Austronesian Western Malayo-Polynesian

Indonesian, Malay, Javanese, Sundanese, Madurese, Tagalog, Visayan, Malagasy, Minangkabau, Achinese, Batak, Buginese, Balinese, Ilocano, Bikol, Pampangan, Pangasinan, Igorot, Maranao, Jarai, Rhade, Cham, Chamorro, Palau

Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian

Marshallese, Gilbertese, Ponapean, Yapese, Trukese, Nauruan, Fijian, Motu, Yabim, Tolai, Maori, Uvean, Samoan, Tongan, Niuean, Rarotongan, Tahitian, Tuamotu, Marquesan, Hawaiian

Family Branch Language

Australian Dyirbal, Iwaidja, Djingili

Chukchi-Kamchatkan Northern Chukchi, Koryak, Alyutor, Ket

Southern Kamchadal

Eskimo-Aleut Eskimo, Aleut

African Languages Family Subgroup Branch Languages

Niger-Congo

Western Sudanic

Mande Mende, Malinke, Bambara, Dyula, Soninke, Susu, Kpelle, Vai, Loma

West Atlantic Fulani, Wolof, Serer, Dyola, Temne, Kissi, Gola, Balante

Gur Mossi, Gurma, Dagomba, Kabre, Senufo, Bariba

Kwa Yoruba, Ibo, Ewe, Twi, Fanti, Ga, Adangme, Fon, Edo, Urhobo, Idoma, Nupe, Agni, Baule, Kru, Grebo, Bassa

Benue-Congo

Bantu Kiswahili, Luba, Kongo, Lingala, Mongo, Ruanda, Rundi, Kikuyu, Kamba, Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Hehe, Chagga, Makonde, Yao, Ganda, Nkole, Chiga, Gisu, Toro, Luhya,Kisii, Meru, Nyoro, Nyanja, Ngala, Tumbuka, Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lwea, Lunda, Shona, Fang, Bulu, Yaundé, Duala, Bubi, Mbundu, Chokwe, Ambo, Herero, Makua, Lomwe, Tsonga, Sotho, Tswana, Pedi, Swazi, Zulu, Xhosa, Venda, Ndebele

Delta Cross Efik, Ibibio

Adamawa-Eastern

Adamawa Mbum

Eastern Zande, Sango, Gbaya, Banda

Family Subgroup Branch Subbranch Languages

Nilo-Saharan

Eastern Sudanic Nubian Meidob, Birgid

Nilotic Western Luo, Agar, Nuer, Shilluk, Lango, Acholi, Alur

Eastern Teso, Karamojong, Masai, Turkana, Bari, Lotuko

Southern Kalenjin, Suk

Central Sudanic Sara, Mangbetu, Lugbara, Madi

Saharan Kanuri, Zagawa

Songhai Songhai

Maban Mabang, Mimi

Fur Fur, Biltine

Khoisan !Kung, Nama, Sandawe, Hadza

Family Subgroup Branch Languages

Na-Dene Continental Athabaskan-Eyak Navajo, Apache, Chipewyan, Carrier, Chilcotin

Tlingit Tlingit

Haida Haida Haida

Amerind Mosan Salish Bella Coola, Lillooet, Shuswap, Okanagan, Clallam, Squamish, Coeur d’Alene

Wakashan Nootka, Kwakwala (=Kwakiutl)

Almosan Algongiuan Cheyenne, Cree, Ojibwa, Micmac, Passamaquoddy, Shawnee

Penutian Plateau Nez Perce, Klamath, Cayuse

Oregon Takelma, Tfalati, Yonkalla, Coos

Mexican Huave, Totonac, Mixe, Zoque, Yucatec, Maya, Tzotzil, Tzeltal, Chol, Chontal, Quiché, Mam, Cakchiquel, Kekchi

Gulf Natchez, Muskogee (=Creek), Seminole (=Mikasuki), Choctaw, Chickasaw

Hokan Yuman Maricopa, Mohave, Havasupai, Diegueño,

Northern Shasta, Karok, Pomo

Salinan (Chumash), (Salinan), (Esselen)

Keresiouan Northern Iroquoian Seneca, Mohawk, Oneida

Southern Iroquoian Cherokee

Siouan Assiniboine, Winnebago, Omaha, Osage, Dakota, Crow

Caddoan Caddo, Pawnee, Wichita

Keresan Keresan

Uto-Aztecan Numic Mono, Shoshone, Paiute, Comanche

Taracahitic Tarahumara, Yaqui, Guarijío

Aztecan Nahuatl, Pochutla, Pipil

Tanoan Kiowa Kiowa, Towa

Tewa-Tiwa Tewa, Taos, Isleta, Piro

Oto-Manguean Otomi, Mazahua, Mixtec, Zapotec, Mazatec, Matlatzinca

Chibchan-Paezan

Chibchan Miskito, Lenca, Tarascan, Guaymi, Cuna, Bribri, Yanomami

Paezan Colorado, Warao, Saija, Paez, Mura

Ge-Pano-Carib Carib Carib, Chicão, Carijona, Japreria

Ge-Pano Chulupi, Matses, Bororo, Chavante,

Andean Andean Quechua, Aymara, , Araucanian, Waorani, Zaparo

Equatorial Aguaruna, Tupi, Arawak, Ashaninca