language production com 370 baldwin. planning what you will say… type of discourse (discourse...
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Language ProductionCom 370Baldwin
Planning What You Will Say…
Type of Discourse (Discourse Plans)Sentence PlansConstituent PlansArticulatory ProgramArticulation
Influences on Production
Overarching influences◦Goals (immediate and deeper [1st, 2nd-order]
◦Context (social, relationship)◦Interactants (status, level of acquaintance, knowledge)
◦Linguistic resources available (e.g., word for a color, a new experience) (funny note: sniglets)
Discourse Plans
Discourse Plans◦Type of discourse
Ex: Ex:
◦Adjacency pairs (and various types) Ex of type of adjacency pair 1st part and expected 2nd part (p. 229) Presequence Insertion sequence
◦Hidden rules (rules of different types of discourse)
“Discourse type” example: Casual conversation
Assumptions (p. 228)Rules for Conversations
◦1:◦2:◦3:
Closing conversations?Opening conversations?Level of formality (context, roles)
Discourse Plans
“Discourse type” example: Telling a Story
Description “problems”◦Level◦Content◦Order◦Relations
Can you think of times people don’t follow these rules?
Discourse Plans
Sentence Plans: Propositional
Propositional Content◦Rules for organizing: ChunkingConceptual Salience (joints and intervals)
VerbalizabilityPertinence
◦Simplicity criterionEx: Different types of description “rules” (p. 240)
Sentence Plans: Illocutionary
Illocutionary ContentCooperative PrincipleGrice’s Maxims
◦Relation◦Quality◦Quantity◦Manner
ImplicatureExamples:
Sentence Plans: Illocutionary
Illocutionary Content◦Types of linguistic “force”
Locutionary (content) Illocutionary (intent) Perloctutionary (force or effect)
◦Types of speech acts (p. 242) Representative Directive Commissive Expressive Declarative
◦Felicity Conditions
Sentence Plans: Thematic
Thematic Structure◦Frame and Insert◦Given and New Information◦Subject and Predicate (e.g., active/passive)◦Example:
P1: Dr. Baldwin has a son P2: His son’s name is Chris P3: Chris is a National Merit Finalist
P1: Baldwin has a daughter P2: His daughter’s name is Katie P3: Baldwin gave Katie cello P4: Cello (known) is full-size
Constituent Plans
Thematic Structure Can relate to *any* of the constituents…
Our texts just treats noun phrases:Basic Level NounsArticles (definite, indefinite)ModifiersPronounsDirect address
The Power and Solidarity semanticsP&S in other countries (“differentiated speech
codes”)U.S.: P&S in direct addressDoes it apply in any other aspect?How do you decide?
Constituent Plans
Thematic Structure Example:
You are visiting a friend who has a painting…
Art museum Stranger Stranger is Mr. Dali
An extended example
Katie: Hey, Daddy—are you busy?Dad: What do you need?Katie: I wanted to show you something.Dad: Oh! Katie! That’s just beautiful!Katie: Yeah—my [Dad: [um…what is it?Katie: It’s paper maché--from my art class. My
teacher really liked it.Dad: Tell me more about it.Katie: It’s a Chinese dragon.Dad: That is SO PRETTY, I think we need to put
it on the piano.
Turn-taking rulesTurn-relevant juncturesAdjacency pairs
◦Pre-sequences◦Insertion sequences◦1st and 2nd (preferred) parts
Sentences◦Propositions◦Framing (and insert); subject/predicate◦Illocutionary force (direct/indirect)
ConstituentsArticulation
The Articulation Process
What do articulation errors tell us about the thought processes involved in creating articulation?
Articulation
Errors & ExamplesName of Error Example
Silent pause Turn on the // heater switch
Filled pause Turn on, uh, the heater switch
Repeats Turn on the heater / the heater switch
False starts (untraced) Turn on the stove /heater switch
False starts (retraced) Turn on the stove / the heater switch
Corrections Turn on the stove—I mean, the heater switch
Interjections Turn on , oh, the heater switch
Stutters Turn on the h-h-h-heater switch
Slips of the tongue Turn on the sweeter hitch.
Planning and Execution
Constituent seems to be the primary unit◦Are they planned semantically or syntactically?◦Some rules:
Speakers try to plan each constituent fluently They try to plan each constituent as a unit When they do have to stop, the offer explanation
before correcting themselves and going on It is the selection of words that makes them stop
when they do
Articulation / Delivery
Ideal Delivery◦Most common disruption: filled or silent pause◦Most people pause 40-50 percent of the time◦Fast speakers usually simply use less pauses
(this is where speed comes from)◦Table 7:2—what does it tell us? (compare two
sides)Why is ideal speech important?
Pauses
Juncture pauses (grammatical junctures)Constituent boundariesBefore first content word of
constituent (argues for primacy of content words).
Interjections
Stephanie would like, oh, carrots.Stephanie would like—ah, carrots.Stephanie would like, well, carrots.Stephanie would like, say, carrots
Correction Phrases
He hit Mary— that is, Bill did—with a frying pan.
I’m trying to lease— or rather, sublease—my apartment.
I really love— I mean, despise—getting up in the morning.
I’ll be done immediately— well, in a few minutes.
Why do people have difficulty planning?
Discussion Exercise
Consider and give examples of either interjections or corrections (indicate how different interjection or correction serves a different purpose in the articulation program)
Discuss how whichever you are assigned either supports or does not support the 5-step articulation program that Clark & Clark suppose
What are the implications for how we produce language?
Steps in the Articulation Program
Meaning selection: What meaning should the present constituent have?
Selection of syntactic outline: “Specifies a succession of word slots and indicates which slots are to get primary, secondary, and zero stress.
Content word selection: Select nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs to fill appropriate slots
Affix and function word formation: Spell out “phonological shape” of function words (e.g., articles, conjunctions, prepositions), prefixes, suffixes
Specification of Phonetic segments: Build up fully specified phonetic segments available by syllable.
Articulation woes
Word reversals:◦A weekend for MANIACS a maniac for
WEEKENDSPhonetic segments & features
◦With this ring I thee wed with this wing I thee red.
◦Terry and Julia Derry and ChuliaSyllables
◦Harpsichord carpsihordConsonant clusters
◦Grizzly + ghastly gr/astlyMorpheme Confusion
◦Rosa dated shrinksRosa date shranks
Articulation Woes
Spoonerisms:◦“You have hissed all my mystery lectures”◦“The Lord is a shoving leopard to his flock”
Malapropisms◦“I’m simply ravishing”◦“We should be reminisce in our duty if we did
not investigate.”◦My own: “It’s worn for wear” (instead of “worse
for wear”)Tip-of-the-tongue experiences
◦Sextant: “secant,” “sextet,” “sexton”Articulation shortcuts
◦I wanna gecha oniz catamaran.
Cinderella—Told Sideways
Spoonerisms: http://www.matthewgoldman.com/spoon/rindercella_2.html
Ladle Rat Rotten Hut: http://www.exploratorium.edu/exhibits/ladle/index.html
The Anguish Languish webpage: http://www.justanyone.com/allanguish.html