Language The Broken Bridge Between the Sciences and

Humanities and How to Repair It

Simon D LevyWashington amp Lee UniversityLexington Virginia USA

Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics The response was cold it was also negative Yet I was asking something which is the scientific equivalent of Have you read a work of Shakespeares

The Two Cultures

Every college student should be able to answer the following question What is the relation between science and the humanities and how is it important for human welfare hellip Only fluency across the boundaries will provide a clear view of the world as it really ishellip

Consilience

Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man

παντα δε δοκιμαζετε το καλον κατεχετε

Omnia autem probate quod bonum est tenete

Examine all things hold fast to what is good

--Thessalonians 521

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Once or twice I have been provoked and have asked the company how many of them could describe the Second Law of Thermodynamics The response was cold it was also negative Yet I was asking something which is the scientific equivalent of Have you read a work of Shakespeares

The Two Cultures

Every college student should be able to answer the following question What is the relation between science and the humanities and how is it important for human welfare hellip Only fluency across the boundaries will provide a clear view of the world as it really ishellip

Consilience

Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man

παντα δε δοκιμαζετε το καλον κατεχετε

Omnia autem probate quod bonum est tenete

Examine all things hold fast to what is good

--Thessalonians 521

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Every college student should be able to answer the following question What is the relation between science and the humanities and how is it important for human welfare hellip Only fluency across the boundaries will provide a clear view of the world as it really ishellip

Consilience

Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man

παντα δε δοκιμαζετε το καλον κατεχετε

Omnia autem probate quod bonum est tenete

Examine all things hold fast to what is good

--Thessalonians 521

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man

παντα δε δοκιμαζετε το καλον κατεχετε

Omnia autem probate quod bonum est tenete

Examine all things hold fast to what is good

--Thessalonians 521

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

παντα δε δοκιμαζετε το καλον κατεχετε

Omnia autem probate quod bonum est tenete

Examine all things hold fast to what is good

--Thessalonians 521

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

ουλομενην ἥ μῡρί Αχαιoῖς αλγε εθηκε

πολλὰς δ ιφθῑμους ψῡχὰς ΑϜιδι προϊαψεν

ἡρωων αυτοὺς δε Ϝελωρια τευχε κυνεσσιν

οιωνοῖσι τε πᾶσι Διὸς δ ετελειετο βουλή

εξ οὑ δη τα πρωτα διαστητην ερισαητε

Ατρεϊδης τε Ϝαναξ ανδρῶν και δῑος Αχιλλεύς

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

anger-ACC sing goddess-VOC Peliasrsquoson-GEN Achilles-GEN

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Chapman (ca 1600)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Achillesrsquo banefull wrath resound O Goddesse hellip

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Lattimore (1951)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing goddess the anger of Peleusrsquo son Achilleus

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Fitzgerald (1974)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Anger be now your song immortal oneAkhilleusrsquo anger hellip

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Fagles (1990)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Rage ndash Goddess sing the rage of Peleusrsquo son Achilles

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

Reck (1994)

Μηνιν αϜειδε θεά Πηληϊαδεω Αχιλῆος

Sing Goddess Achillesrsquo maniac rage

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

I explained to [my students] what a profound change has taken place virtually within my lifetime and entirely within the life of my grandmother certainly For centuries and centuries everyone whod been through university in the West knew and shared Horace in Latin They shared it with all their contemporaries and with all those generations that had come before And all thats gone now One is isolated from educated people of ones own time and without Latin (and to a slightly lesser extent Greek) isolated from ones educated predecessors Im sure there are and will be new compensating countergains But the loss is very sad to mehellip I found it terribly hard to convey the beauty and importance of Horace in translation

-- Richard Garner (pc)

But I HATE Memorization

But I HATE Memorization

What Does This Have to Do with Science

What Does This Have to Do with Science

ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to

Teach More of Itrdquo

Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share

a Common Foundation

Can We Study Poetry Scientifically

Excrement Thats what I think of Mr J Evans Pritchard Were not laying pipe were talking about poetry

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

What Does This Have to Do with Science

ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to

Teach More of Itrdquo

Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share

a Common Foundation

Can We Study Poetry Scientifically

Excrement Thats what I think of Mr J Evans Pritchard Were not laying pipe were talking about poetry

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to

Teach More of Itrdquo

Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share

a Common Foundation

Can We Study Poetry Scientifically

Excrement Thats what I think of Mr J Evans Pritchard Were not laying pipe were talking about poetry

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share

a Common Foundation

Can We Study Poetry Scientifically

Excrement Thats what I think of Mr J Evans Pritchard Were not laying pipe were talking about poetry

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Can We Study Poetry Scientifically

Excrement Thats what I think of Mr J Evans Pritchard Were not laying pipe were talking about poetry

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Recursion in Poetry

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

I met a traveller from an antique landWho said Two vast and trunkless legs of stoneStand in the desert Near them on the sandHalf sunk a shatterd visage lies whose frownAnd wrinkled lip and sneer of cold commandTell that its sculptor well those passions readWhich yet survive stampd on these lifeless thingsThe hand that mockd them and the heart that fedAnd on the pedestal these words appearMy name is Ozymandias king of kingsLook on my works ye mighty and despairNothing beside remains round the decayOf that colossal wreck boundless and bareThe lone and level sands stretch far away

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

[I]n a biologically evolved object like the human brain hellip a clean separation between levels of architecture and between software and hardware is impossible This is because first of all these architectures we have been describing are all leaky virtual machines That is the underlying machine shows through when the surface structures are stressed or under certain situations There are layers of representational structures and representations from other layers peek through at any given layer

-- Chandrasekaran and Josephson (1993)

ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Language Ungrounded Metacircularity

Our evaluator for Lisp will be implemented as a Lisp program It may seem circular to think about evaluating Lisp programs using an evaluator that is itself implemented in Lisp However evaluations is a process so it is appropriate to describe the evaluation process using Lisp which after all is our tool for describing processes An evaluator written in the same language that it evaluates is said to be metacircular

- Abelson amp Sussman (1996)

Metacircularity

Metacircularity

Natural Languages vs Programming Languages

bull Ambiguity (British left waffles on Falkland

Islands)

bull Fault-tolerance (Something is missing this

sentence)

bull Irregularity

one two three four five six

first second third fourth fifth

sixth

Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot

Something to End a Sentence With

1 She looked up the

number

2 She looked the number

up

3 She climbed up the hill

4 She climbed the hill up

(Fraser 1976)

Parting Shots

I didnrsquot want to turn out boys who in later life had a deep love of literature or who would talk in middle age of the lure of language and their love of words ldquoWordsrdquo said in that reverential way that is somehow Welsh

- Alan Bennett The History Boys (2006)

Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

1 Should everyone learn Latin amp Greek

2 Can modern linguistics give students greater confidence amp mastery in their writing amp speaking

3 Are Latin amp Greek Euro-Centric or are they so ldquootherrdquo as to be novel for everyone

• Language The Broken Bridge Between the Sciences and Humanities and How to Repair It
• The Two Cultures
• Consilience
• Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 6
• Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation
• Slide 8
• Chapman (ca 1600)
• Lattimore (1951)
• Fitzgerald (1974)
• Slide 12
• Fagles (1990)
• Reck (1994)
• Slide 15
• But I HATE Memorization
• What Does This Have to Do with Science
• Slide 18
• ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to Teach More of Itrdquo
• Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share a Common Foundation
• Can We Study Poetry Scientifically
• Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)
• Recursion in Poetry
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels
• Language Ungrounded Metacircularity
• Metacircularity
• Natural Languages vs Programming Languages
• Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot Something to End a Sentence With
• Parting Shots
• Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot

Something to End a Sentence With

1 She looked up the

number

2 She looked the number

up

3 She climbed up the hill

4 She climbed the hill up

(Fraser 1976)

Parting Shots

I didnrsquot want to turn out boys who in later life had a deep love of literature or who would talk in middle age of the lure of language and their love of words ldquoWordsrdquo said in that reverential way that is somehow Welsh

- Alan Bennett The History Boys (2006)

Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

1 Should everyone learn Latin amp Greek

2 Can modern linguistics give students greater confidence amp mastery in their writing amp speaking

3 Are Latin amp Greek Euro-Centric or are they so ldquootherrdquo as to be novel for everyone

• Language The Broken Bridge Between the Sciences and Humanities and How to Repair It
• The Two Cultures
• Consilience
• Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 6
• Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation
• Slide 8
• Chapman (ca 1600)
• Lattimore (1951)
• Fitzgerald (1974)
• Slide 12
• Fagles (1990)
• Reck (1994)
• Slide 15
• But I HATE Memorization
• What Does This Have to Do with Science
• Slide 18
• ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to Teach More of Itrdquo
• Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share a Common Foundation
• Can We Study Poetry Scientifically
• Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)
• Recursion in Poetry
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels
• Language Ungrounded Metacircularity
• Metacircularity
• Natural Languages vs Programming Languages
• Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot Something to End a Sentence With
• Parting Shots
• Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

Parting Shots

I didnrsquot want to turn out boys who in later life had a deep love of literature or who would talk in middle age of the lure of language and their love of words ldquoWordsrdquo said in that reverential way that is somehow Welsh

- Alan Bennett The History Boys (2006)

Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

1 Should everyone learn Latin amp Greek

2 Can modern linguistics give students greater confidence amp mastery in their writing amp speaking

3 Are Latin amp Greek Euro-Centric or are they so ldquootherrdquo as to be novel for everyone

• Language The Broken Bridge Between the Sciences and Humanities and How to Repair It
• The Two Cultures
• Consilience
• Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 6
• Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation
• Slide 8
• Chapman (ca 1600)
• Lattimore (1951)
• Fitzgerald (1974)
• Slide 12
• Fagles (1990)
• Reck (1994)
• Slide 15
• But I HATE Memorization
• What Does This Have to Do with Science
• Slide 18
• ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to Teach More of Itrdquo
• Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share a Common Foundation
• Can We Study Poetry Scientifically
• Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)
• Recursion in Poetry
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels
• Language Ungrounded Metacircularity
• Metacircularity
• Natural Languages vs Programming Languages
• Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot Something to End a Sentence With
• Parting Shots
• Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion

1 Should everyone learn Latin amp Greek

2 Can modern linguistics give students greater confidence amp mastery in their writing amp speaking

3 Are Latin amp Greek Euro-Centric or are they so ldquootherrdquo as to be novel for everyone

• Language The Broken Bridge Between the Sciences and Humanities and How to Repair It
• The Two Cultures
• Consilience
• Comment 1 Respect the Classics Man
• PowerPoint Presentation
• Slide 6
• Poetry Is What Gets Lost in Translation
• Slide 8
• Chapman (ca 1600)
• Lattimore (1951)
• Fitzgerald (1974)
• Slide 12
• Fagles (1990)
• Reck (1994)
• Slide 15
• But I HATE Memorization
• What Does This Have to Do with Science
• Slide 18
• ldquoCurrent Knowledge Will Soon Be Obsolete So We Have to Teach More of Itrdquo
• Comment 2 Computer Science and Linguistics Share a Common Foundation
• Can We Study Poetry Scientifically
• Recursion (Hauser Chomsky and Fitch 2002)
• Recursion in Poetry
• Slide 24
• Slide 25
• Slide 26
• Slide 27
• ldquoLeakyrdquo Levels
• Language Ungrounded Metacircularity
• Metacircularity
• Natural Languages vs Programming Languages
• Prescriptivism vs Insight A Preposition Isnrsquot Something to End a Sentence With
• Parting Shots
• Potential Topics for Debate amp Discussion