lanhkz lkexzh fdv ls lecfu/kr lkeku; funsz'k · o pamphlet or folder on faqs (specially...
TRANSCRIPT
lanHkZ lkexzh fdV ls lEcfU/kr lkekU; funsZ'k
lanHkZ lkexzh fdV D;ksa \
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ls tqM+h lanHkZ lkexzh miyC/k gS] ijUrq ,slk eglwl gqvk fd dk;ZØe dh orZeku pqukSfr;ksa
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izf'k{k.k gLr{ksi dh leh{kk djrs gq, vko';d lanHkZ lkexzh rS;kj djus gsrq fo"k;ksa dks
fpfUgr fd;k x;k ,oa 21 vxLr] 07 dks vyhx<+ esa ,l0vkj0Vh0lh0 o Mh0;w0lh0 ds
la;qDr iz;kl ls fpfUgr fo"k;ksa ij lanHkZ lkexzh rS;kj djds mls vfUre :i nsdj bl
lanHkZ lkexzh fdV esa 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA
bl lanHkZ lkexzh fdV esa ikVZuj izf'k{k.k ls lacaf/kr ekWM~;wy dks Hkh 'kkfey fd;k x;k gS
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dSls djsa lanHkZ lkexzh fdV dk mi;ksx\
,l0vkj0Vh0lh0 bl lanHkZ lkexzh fdV dk mi;ksx vius lc&jhtu esa gksus okys
fofHkUu izf'k{k.k dk;ZØeksa esa dj ldrs gSaA
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bl lanHkZ lkexzh fdV esa D;k gS\
1- ,l0,e0usV0 esa vkbZ0ih0lh0 Vªsfuax@{kerk o`f) gLr{ksi leh{kk cSBd fjiksVZA
2- d- lkeqnkf;d izsjdksa ¼lh0,e0lh0½ gsrq vYilsfor j.kuhfr dk izf'k{k.k ekWM~;way
[k- lewg esa vkilh ckrphr
lkl&cgw lEesyu@cSBd dk vk;kstu
ekrk cSBd
Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl
Ekrk cSBd o Ldwy ess iksfy;ks Dykl gsrq dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg
enjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl
lewg esa vkilh ckrphr ,oa izsjd xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku mi;ksx djus gsrq
dqN ukjksa ds uewusA
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3- ch0,e0lh0 gsrq vYilsfor j.kuhfr dk izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy
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TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0
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5- ikVZulZ izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy
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xzke iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa gsrq izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy
,u0,l0,l0@,u0lh0lh0 Nk=ksa gsrq Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy
VhplZ Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy
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dh le> cukrs gq, xfrfof/k;ksa dks csgrj <ax ls fØ;kfUor djus esa enn djsaxsA
/kU;okn
fnukad % 15 flrEcj 2007 ¼HkkbZ 'kSyh½
Vªsfuax vkWfQlj
Iksfy;ks ;wfuV
;wuhlsQ] y[kuÅ
WORKSHOP REPORT
Review of Interpersonal Counseling (IPC) and training/ capacity building
interventions in SMNet, 14 July, 2007, Amrapali Resort, Lucknow
Background-
The Communication TAG (Technical Advisory Group) meeting, held in New Delhi on
27-28 March, 2007 appreciated the work of SMNet in Uttar Pradesh. The TAG
commented that the programme is impressive, unique, effective, innovative and
comprehensive. The expert group, as reflected in several recommendations, saw a huge
wealth of qualitative data in the community level work and so their advise was to involve
ground level functionaries on every programme related decision making,. More
specifically, the TAG recommended engagement of representatives from all levels in the
polio communication review and planning process.
Making this recommendation a reality, UNICEF organized Review of Interpersonal
Counseling interventions and training/ capacity building workshop in Lucknow on 23
July, 2007. This was organized with involving all level (Polio unit officers to CMC)
functionaries from SMNet with the prime objective to review and finetune the current
IPC interventions, IPC training modules and materials.
Scope and processes
The workshop aimed to produce following results-
1. Clarity on the key IPC interventions that are most suited in overcoming current
vaccine avoidance behaviour
2. Recommendations in IPC training, materials (interpersonal and mass oriented) in
order to conduct IPC interventions effectively and efficiently.
The workshop participants belonged to all levels- CMC (6), BMC (6), SMC (6), DUC
(3), SRTC (all 9), SRC (all 9), Polio unit officers (4). Designed as a participatory process,
this included group works and debriefing sessions and the participation of CMC, BMC
was ensured in each exercise. The SRCs and SRTCs in particular were requested to
observe, listen and facilitate the processes. The process completed in 3 stages involved-
1. Identify the families, institutions and groups that you currently engage with and
through which specific IPC intervention
2. Recommend the needed training modules and resources in view of the most
desired skills and competencies
3. Recommend the needed materials in view of the identified IPC interventions
The group works, facilitated effectively by the managers, gave ample chance to ground
workers and every recommendation was put to the test of relevance, value addition and
feasibility. Following is the brief set of recommendations.
RECOMMENDATIONS
1). Recommendation 1- Key IPC interventions:
From the perspective of CMCs, we have two broad set of important target groups at
community level. The group of influencers and institutions is at the secondary level and
is approached with the objective to influence families (primary stakeholders) for
accepting the vaccines and health practices.
The key IPC interventions/ activities carried out by CMCs at community level keeping
target families in mind had been listed, which may be broadly categorized as ‘the most
desired interventions’. These include-
a). Interventions related to data management and operational skills
Survey updation, Identification of families
XR Tracking
Mapping of the influencer in a particular family
Tracking movement of XL & XV families
Bulawa toli formation and management
Identification of children (guest to the family)
Writing booth date on door
IEC display at booth, poster pasting and use of other give-away materials
a). Interventions related to (one on one) counseling skills
Household level interaction with the families having <5 years baby
Interaction with the family eligible for RI Sessions
Interaction with old ladies of the community
Meeting with Xs families with the doctor
Use of counseling and information materials i.e., FAQ book, Appeals
c). Interventions seeking involvement of different stakeholders
Help of Local influencers (Imam etc)
Focused interaction with family-based, same-caste influencers
Help from families with positive experiences
Seek help of private local doctors and quacks
d). Interventions involving group facilitation
Mapping of the target families and community level sharing
Meetings with Dais/AWW
Mothers meeting
Saas-Bahu Samelan
Interface meeting
Joint IPC
Ijtema
Milaad
The group of CMCs have had concerns about the long list of expected activities- more
specifically with regard to mobilizing male and political/ occupational/ religious
influencers. It is thus advised that their deliverables should be primarily mobilizing
households, female influencers whereas the BMC should shoulder the burden of
mobilizing above mentioned partners. The role of CMC in holding interface meeting,
Joint IPC, influencer orientation should be bare minimum such as supplying data from
field book and intimation of target group.
2. Recommendation 2- Training/ capacity building
Based on the analysis of above the group concluded that CMCs in particular should have
the set of skills and competencies which may help them to facilitate the processes as
identified above. In addition to capacity building initiatives for SMNet staff, there is need
to make some efforts for the partners at community level. We will need to ensure
following modules and materials in the existing training (only those are included which
needs strengthening or needs to be developed fresh).
Table 1
S.
N.
Functionary/
stakeholder
Recommended action
1 CMC The trainings to be fine-tuned on following deliverables-
1. ability to identify, categorize families according to their
religion, caste, culture and beliefs
2. ability to identify influencers based on local specific need
3. Counseling skills and materials tuned in line with point no. 1
4. Group facilitation skills specially catering to joint IPC activity,
mother meeting and saas bahu meeting
5. IPC training to be informed by concurrent data gathering on
family behaviour, FAQz etc. Replication of Varanasi model
6. Innovative ways of conducting polio class and bullawa toli
2 BMC The trainings to be fine-tuned on following deliverables-
1. ability to identify and assign influencers according to their
competencies
2. ability to orient different influencers and stake holders in short
time-frame
3. BMC’s (Specially Non Muslim) rigorous orientation on USS
related activities in the Non DUC districts
3.i. Allies like
TBA, AWW,
ASHA
1. Training curriculum to include routine immunization (RI) in
addition to Polio eradication.
3.ii. Local
Influencer i.e.
in general
1. A general guideline should be prepared for the agenda of the
Interface meetings, joint IPC etc. on the basis of which agenda
should be worked out by BMC at local level in consultation
with DUC/ SMC
2. Influencer orientation to cover all identified ones and to focus
on following deliverables-
o Technical issues like basic knowledge of Polio, circulation
of virus, type of viruses, formula of the OPV , difference
between regular OPV doses and SIA round doses , need of
repeated dose etc.
o Religious & faith sensitivities like non acceptance
behavior for OPV due to some rumors apparently making
rounds in particular religion, communities.
o New FAQs asked by the families
o Use of positive materials, appeals
3.iii. Madarsa,
karkhanas,
other local
groups
1. More localized short-duration orientation on Polio:
Activity like ‘Polio class’ may be organized for these
institutions choosing place and time according to their
convenience
3). Recommendation 3- Materials for different target audience
Table 2
S.N. Material type Materials that need
changes
New material required
1 Polio counseling o Pictorial flip book
Batoon Batoon Mein
– revise to make it
bigger and add new
content on current
technical q & a with
appropriate examples
and illustrations
o A booklet/ flash cards set
with messages and
photographs of crippled child
which emotionally will
appeal to the family
o Resource material for the
BMCs and CMCs on how to
mobilize influencers
2 RI, other health
counseling
o Pictorial Flip book on
Routine Immunization (RI)
which can be used by TBA,
Aganwadi, ASHA and
CMCs
o Movie on Newborn and
Pregnant Women care
3 Material designed
for specific target
group
o Simplified (language)
version of book
published by the
Jamia Milia for the
use of the CMCs and
influencers
o Appeals in form of
Pamphlets / Handbills
with the upcoming
round dates should
be circulated among
influencers prior to
every round
o Appreciation letter to
influencers (those
who never received)
o Pamphlet or folder on FAQs
(specially technical
questions) should be
prepared for the use of
influencers as a resource
material
o Local IEC / pamphlets from
Pediatricians
4 IEC material
(general public)
o Some local IEC
material should be
prepared at SR or
district level covering
some other critical
o Pamphlets having answers of
frequently asked questions
on importance of booth day
o With twin objective to
educate public and build
issues other than USS
(the discussions were
around mobilizing
karkhanedaars, other
local target groups)
o Pamphlet on critical
messages for new
born care (replication
of badhai ho badhai
card)
credibility of influencers, we
use influencer’s house for
wall writing on RI & other
health issues with the name
of Influencer
Annexture 1- Flow chart to depict the IPC/ social mobilization strategy of SMNet
SMNet
Various Interventions Undertaken at CMC level within the polio Eradication
Programme
I
M
P
A
C
T
L
E
V
E
L
S
Pregnant & New Born
Families
Families with <1 year child
Families not coming to
Booth
Po Families
XS Families
XL & XV Families
XR Families
Influencer & Stakeholders
Families
Families High class families
Poor / illiterate families
General Families
Families with good behavior but
who refuse to speak about polio
Labour class/Specific
Occupational class
Saturated (Ubey hue) families
Special caste families
Gender Issues in family
Families not receiving hospital
services
Superstitious Families
Families with open resistance
Families with past bad
experiences organizations
Target Families Identified
(Operational Categories)
Target Family Identified
(Behavioral/ Social Categories)
Family Doctor/Child Practitioner
Pradhan/Sabhasad
Caste Leader
Hafij Ji
Madarsa Teacher, Urdu Teacher
Maulana Sahab
Religious Leaders
Thekedar/Kotedar/Karkhanedar
Employers
Neighborhood People
Dai/Naun Apa/ Baji
Family members & relatives
Gram Panchayat Vikas Adhikari,
Lekhpal Grid Influencer
Target Influencers and Institutions
Gram Panchayat/ Ward
Sabha
Masjid Madarsa
School
(Child labor schools) Mazar/
Rauja Committee
ANM Sub Centre
SHG/ Branch Asha/AWW
Rickshaw Union
Annexture 2- Detailed list and description of identified influencers, institutions
I. Influencers identified by the Task Groups:
Both of the groups identified influencers according to their specific area wise need with
the help of BMCs and CMCs . We can categories these influencers according to their
roles in community / families.
Doctors – Family doctors / child practitioner / local doctor (quacks) , are very
helpful in case of any resistance related to sick children or any kind of technical
issues related to health.
Local political representatives – Gram Pradhan / Parshad (Sabhasad) / former
Gram Pradhan , are helpful in case of families basic needs related issues like Ration
Card, water , sanitation etc as well as a pressure on the Xr families.
Religious Leaders or representatives – Maulana/ Hafij ji / Madarsa teacher /
Sajjadanasin / Aapa or Bazi are very helpful for in underserved related issues.
Community based government employees – ANM/ ASHA/ Aganwadi / Gram
Panchayat Vikas Adhikari/ are helpful during rounds.
Others –
i. TBA / Naine ( Malish wali) - because of their reach into the families they are
very helpful in collecting information and convincing female members of
the families for RI and Polio vaccination.
ii. Employers/ Karkhanedar / Thekedarr – are very helpful in the clusters where
labors resides with their families provided by the employer ( Specially in
Aligarh, Moradabad, Varanasi SRs)
iii. Kotedar / Family members / Grid Influencers etc.
II. Institutions identified by the groups :
Religious Institutions and places – Masjid / Majar
Educational Institutions – Schools/ Madarsa
Health institutions – Khairati Hospitals/ Private hospitals etc..
Community Based Organizations – SHGs / Youth Groups
Profession related organizations – IMA / IPA / Rickshaw Union
1
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3
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4
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5
vYilsfor leqnk; esa ckrphr] O;ogkj ,oa igukok dk vkisf{kr <ax ¼D;k djsa] D;k u djsa½
ckr djrs le;------------- ekSykuk lkgc ls ckr phr djus esa tuko vkSj gqtwj 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaA efLtn esa ?kqlus ls igys ;g vo'; irk dj ysa fd ;g fdl eLyd dh gS ;kfu f'k;k ;k lqUuh ¼cjsyoh@nsocUnh½ bR;kfn dh gSa ;g ckr vkl ikl dh nqdku ,oa izHkko'kkyh ls irk py ldrh gS vkSj rc mlls lEcfU/kr vihy ,oa ekSykukvksa dk gokyk beke lkgc dks nsaA efgykvks dks lEcks/ku djrs le; ckth] vkik tku] [kkyk] vEeh cxSjk dk 'kCn iz;ksx djsaA vxj efgyk viuh ifr vkKk dh ckr djrh gS rks mldks [kqn dks QSlyk ysus dk izksRlkgu nsa ysfdu ;g dHkh u dgsa fd mudks u crkuk ;k mudks irk ugha pysxkAvxj vki iq:"k gSa rks efgyk vkils njokts ;k ijns ds ihNs ls ckr dj ldrh gSA iq:"kksa dks fcuk vkKk ds ?kj esa vUnj ugha tkuk pkfg,A vki dk igukok lH; gksuk pkfg,A ;g u gks fd 'kVZ ds cVu [kqys gq, gSa vkSj vki ghjks cus tk jgs gksaA vxj vki efgyk gSa rks vki lyokj deht ck¡g okyh igus vkSj ekSykuk lkgc ds lkeus efLtn vkSj enjls esa [kkl rkSj ls lj dks <dsaA cPpksa ds T;knk gksus ij Vksdk Vkdh u djsa cfYd dgsa ek'kkvYykgA ;gh 'kCn vki I;kjs cPps dks ns[kdj Hkh dg ldrs gSaA vki ,Dl ?kj ls nok fiykdj vpkud gh er ykSVks ;g dgrs gq, fd pyks pyks dke gks x;k cfYd ;g dgsa fd 'kqfØ;k] ttkd vYykg vkSj ba'kkvYykg ge fQj vk;saxsA lquus okyk pkgs fdlh Hkh tkfr dk gks] fdlh Hkh txg gks] fdruk gh xjhc gks] pkgs fdruk gh NksVk dke djrk gks] ysfdu gesa mls iwjh bTtr nsuh gSA tSls dwM+k chuus okys dks Hkh oSlh gh bTtr nsuh gS tSls fdlh cM+s O;kikjh dksA cPpk vxj enjls esa i<+rk gS rks mls cqjk Hkyk u dgsaA
efLtn] etkj] enjlk-------------- efgykvksa dks efLtn esa tkus ls cpuk pkfg, ysfdu og etkj vkSj enjls esa tk ldrh gS ysfdu flj <ddjA efgyk;sa vkl ikl izHkko'kkyh ds }kjk efLtn ls ,yku djk ldrh gSa vkSj vxj beke lkgc euk djrs gSa rks eqroYyh ¼efLtn dk eSustj½ dh lgk;rk ys ldrh gSaA
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/keZ@tkfr@lewg---------- vkidks vius dk;Z {ks= esa clus okys lHkh /keZ@tkfr ,oa lewg ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg, [kkl rkSj ls ftudk lEcU/k iksfy;ks ok;jl ds dsl ls gks tSlk fd eqjknkckn esa rqdZ] valkjh] tkVo] lSuh bR;kfnA dksbZ Hkh cPpk nok ihus ls u NwVs ysfdu fo'ks"k /;ku ml tkfr ,oa lewg ij gks ftlesa iksfy;ks dk dsl gksA gkbZ fjLd tkfr ,oa lewg dks ;g u yxus yxs fd vki mudks bYtke ns jgs gSa cfYd mudks vkidh ckrkas ls ,slk ,glkl gks lds fd muds cPps lcls T;knk [krjs esa gSa blhfy, mudh ftEesnkjh bl vfHk;ku esa lcls T;knk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k txg dk mYys[k vieku tud rjhds ls u djsa tSls fHk[keaxk] Hkafx;ksa dk bykdk bR;kfn u dgsaA gkbZ fjLd tkfr ,oa lewg dks ;g u yxus yxs fd vki mudks bYtke ns jgs gSa cfYd mudks vkidh ckrkas ls ,slk ,glkl gks lds fd muds cPps lcls T;knk [krjs esa gSa blhfy, mudh ftEesnkjh bl vfHk;ku esa lcls T;knk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k txg dk mYys[k vieku tud rjhds ls u djsa tSls fHk[keaxk] Hkafx;ksa dk bykdk bR;kfn u dgsaA gj tkfr ,oa lewg dk bTtr dk uke gS tSls okYehfd lekt] vyoh@fe;k¡ lkgc bR;kfnA ges'kk dksf'k'k ;g djsa fd vki leku tkfr ;k lewg ds izHkko'kkyh dh lgk;rk ysa D;ksafd dHkh dHkh dqN ifjokj bl ckr dk cqjk eku tkrs gSa fd le>kus okyk nwljh tkfr dk gSA T;knkrj ekeyksa esa MkDVj gj tkfr o gj lewg ds fy;s vPNk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA
ehfVax] btrsek] ehykn---------- btrsek ,d /kkfeZd lHkk gksrh gS tks fd nsocUnh elyd dh efgykvksa esa yksdfiz; gS tcfd ehykn cjsyoh elyd ds iq:"k ,oa efgykvksa esa izpfyr gSA btrsek vkSj ehykn esa ges'kk igys lsgr dks ysdj tks bLykeh rkyhekr gSa mudks crk,a vkSj fQj Vhdkdj.k vkSj iksfy;ks dh ckr djsaA iq:"kksa dks efgykvksa dh ehykn] btrsek] okt cxSjk esa ugha tkuk pkfg, ysfdu mlesa LFkkuh; mLrkuh th dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,A mlZ@esyk tks fd etkjksa vkSj njxkgksa ij yxrk gS mudks lks'ky ekschykbts'ku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekus vkSj lTtknk u'khu ¼eSustj½ dh enn ysa D;ksafd ;gkWa ij xHkZorh efgyk,a ,oa u;s tUesa cPps nqvk djkus ds fy;s vkrs gSaA izHkko'kkyh ds lkFk ehfVax dHkh Hkh csdkj ugha tkrh] og vxj Vhe ds lkFk ugha pysa rks HkhA ns[kk ;g x;k gS fd tgk¡&tgk¡ ehfVax gqbZ ogk¡&ogk¡ euk djus okyksa dh rknkn de gqbZA izHkko'kkyh dh enn ls ehfVax esa euk djus okys ifjokj vkSj lnL;ksa dks t:j cqyok;sa vkSj lcds lkFk feydj mldh ckr lqus vkSj le>k;saA ;g dkQh dkjxj gksrk gSA
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okil tkrs le;---------------- dgha ls Hkh okil tkrs le; ,sls tqnk gks tSls vki fdlh vius ls vyx gks jgsa gksa rkfd oks O;fDr ;k ml txg ds yksx vkidks vPNs eu ls ;kn djs blls vki ds ckn tkus okyh Vhe dks ogkW ds yksxksa dh iwjh lgk;rk feysA
lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk dh n`f"V ls dqN egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe o ioZ
mlZ ¼fdlh cqtqxZ dh ;kn eukus dks mlZ dgk tkrk gS½et+kj ij gksus okyk ,d izeq[k mRlo gS tks fd iSjoh ¼Advocacy½ vkSj vYilsfor leqnk; ds cPpksa dks izfrjf{kr djus gsrq mi;ksxh mRlo gS A mlZ et+kj esa ekStwn mu yksxksa ds cqtqxZ ¼ftudh et+kj gS½ dh ;kn esa euk;k tkus okyk fnol gS ftl fnu og gekjs chp ls ijnk dj x;s FksA bl [kkl fnol ij nqvk, ekaxh tkrh gS A ,slh cM+h et+kjksa ij mlZ 3 fnu ;k mlls vf/kd fnuksa rd py ldrk gS vU;Fkk ;g ,d fnolh; Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;gka ij buds ewjhn nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSaA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;ka vius {ks= dh eq[; etkjksa dks fpfUgr djukA etkj ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mlZ dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk A ,u0ih0,l0ih0 ,oa LokLF; foHkkx ds lg;ksx ls c`gLifrokj lk;% ,oa mlZ ds nkSjku izfrj{k.k Vhe yxokukA mlZ ls igys vk;kstdksa ls eqykdkr rFkk iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djukA cSuj@iksLVjksa ds ek/;e ls vk;kstdksa }kjk iksfy;ksa ds i{k esa vihy djokukA mlZ ds nkSjku vk;kstdksa ds }kjk ykmMLihdj ls ,syku djokukA
nLrkj cUnhbLykeh enjlksa ds rkfyc&bYe ¼fo|kFkhZ½ tc viuh rkyhe eqdEey dj ysrs gSa rks fdlh cqtqxZ o lEekfur O;fDr ds }kjk lkQk ¼ixM+h½ cka/kdj mudks Luvr nh tkrh gSA ¼tSls ^^dqjku ikd** dks iwjk tckuh ;kn dj ysus ij mu cPpksa dks gkfQt ¼dqjku 'kjhQ dks fny ls ;kn djuk½ ds :i esa lkQk cka/kk tkrk gSA½ nLrkjcanh tyls ds vkf[kjh fnu dh tkrh gSA blls mu gkfQtksa dh gkSlyk vQtk;h gksrh gSA
nh{kkar lekjksg dk vk;kstu “kkcku vFkkZr jetku ekg ls ,d eghus igys 'kq: fd;k tkrk gSA
lks'ky ekscsykbZts'ku xfrfof/k;ka{ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa }kjk iksLVj ds ek/;e ls bu lekjksg dh tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSAnLrkjcanh dk;ZØe 5&6 ?kaVs rd pyrk gSA vkerkSj ij budk vk;kstu jkr ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA
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{ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa dks fpfUgr djuk rFkk nLrkjcanh ds le; ,oa frfFk;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA izeq[k ekSykukvksa dks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe rFkk vYilsfor {ks=ksa ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ksa ds [krjs ds ckjs esa crk;saA mUgs vkxkeh pØ] izHkko'kkyh }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx] rFkk efLtn ,syku dh vko';drk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA enjls esa cSuj rFkk vU; izpkj&izlkj dh lkexzh ckaVsA dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vPNs izHkko'kkyh O;fDr dh igpku djsa rFkk budk uke ekbZØksIyku esa Myok;sA
bTrsek@feykn;g 'kCn tekr ls fudyk gSA tekr 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & ,d tqV gksdj bLykfed bZeku ¼dqjku½ rFkk gnht dk o.kZu djuk mldks le>uk rFkk vey esa ykus dk bjknk djukA iksfy;ksa lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku esa bldk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gS tgkW efgyk bTrsekvksa esa LokLF; lEcU/kh ckrsa j[kh tkrh gSA
bTrsek nsocUnh oxZ es izpfyr gS ,oa feykn cjsyh oxZ esa vf/kd izpfyr gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbZts'ku xfrfof/k;ka mu LFkkuksa dks fpfUgr djsa tgk¡ bTrsek@feykn gksrk gksA bTrsek] feykn esa c;ku djus okyh ckth@vkik ls feysa vkSj mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs esa crk;saA mUgs LokLF; iksfy;ksa vkSj lQkbZ ds ckjs esa crk;asA vkxkeh pØ ds ckjs esa mUgas tkudkjh nsaA vihysa] ,0,e0;w0 o otkgr] ts-,e-vkbZ- cqdysV ,oa vU; lkekxzh ml LFkku ij j[ksaA
'kcs cjkr ¼;g og eqckjd jkr gksrh gS ftlesa gj eqlYeku vius xqukgksa dh rkSck djrk gS½ bLykeh eghus 'kkcku dh iUnzgoh jkr vkSj jetku ekg ds iUnzg fnu igys ;g euk;h tkrh gSA bLyke ds eqrkfcd bl jkr dsk tks lPps fny vkSj bZeku ls bcknr djrk gS vYykg&rkvkyk mlds xqukg ¼iki½ ekQ dj nsrs gSaA vius o vius iwoZtksa ds fy, bl jkr nqvk dh tkrh gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= ds izeq[k ekSykukvksa ls lEidZ djsa mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ,oa muds }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx dk /kU;okn nsaA 'kcs&ckjkr ds nkSjku gksus okys tyls ds LFkku ,oa le; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaAmuls tyls ds nkSjku Hkk"k.k esa iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds i{k esa cksyus dh iSjoh djsaA tyls esa cSuj yxk;s rFkk vkus okys yksxksa dks vihy bR;kfn ckaVsA
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jetkunhu bLyke ds ikWp cqfu;knh mlwyksa esa ls jkstk ¼ozr½ Hkh ,d gSA tks lHkh eqLyekuksa ij lky esa jetku ds eghus esa j[kuk QtZ gSA
rjkohiksfy;ksa vQrkj ikVhZ;k vyfonk tqek
rjkoh jkr dh uekt ds ckn gkfQt }kjk dqjku i<+k tkrk gSA bl izkFkZuk esa eqfLye iq:"k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;ka jetku ds nkSjku rjkoh dk LFkku ,oa le; fpfUgr djsaA dqjku [kRe gksus dk le; ,oa frfFk dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaA eqroYyh ,oa gkfQtksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs es crk;s rFkk muls [kRe 'kjhQ ¼dqjku 'kjhQ dh lekIrh½ ds nkSjku izksxzke ds i{k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaAcM+h efLtnksa ds ckgj cSuj yxok;sA
iksfy;ks b¶rkj ikVhZ;k¡ vius {ks= eas gksus okyh izeq[k b¶rkj ikVhZ ds ckjs eas tkudkjh izkIr djsaAbu ikVhZ;ksa ds vk;kstdksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk muls bl nkSjku cSuj yxkus ,oa vihy ckaVus dh btktr ekaxsA DM/CMO dks iksfy;ks b¶rkj ikVhZ vk;ksftr djus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djsaA
vyfonk tqesa easa lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku dh xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= esa dkjh] beke ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs esa crk;s rFkk muls iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa uekth;ksa ls vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaA efLtnksa ds ckgj cSuj yxok;sA yksxksa dks vihy ,oa vU; iskfy;ksa lEcfU/kr lkexzh nsaA
bZnqy fQrjbZn dk eryc [kq”kh gksrk gS rFkk fQrj dk eryc xjhcksa ,oa lekt ds oafpr O;fDr;ksa dks iSlk ;k lkeku ds :i esa nku djuk gSA bZn dk ioZ jetku ds QkSju ckn vkrk gSA
jetku ds eghus ds iwjs jksts j[kus dh [kq'kh esa vYykg dk 'kqØ vnk djus dh xtZ ls euk;h tkrh gSA gj eqlyeku lqcg&losjs mBdj ugkrk gS rFkk u;s diM+s igurs gSaA [kq'kcw yxkrs gSa vkSj fQj ,d eqdjZj oDr ij lkjs eqlyeku nks jdkr uekt okftc vnk djus ds fy;s bZnxkg tkrs gSaA fQj okil vkdj ,d nwljs ds ?kj bZn dh eqckjdckn nsus tkrs gSaA
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lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= dh cM+h efLtn ,oa bZnxkg fpfUgr djsaAdkjh@ekSykukvksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs [kqRcs ds nkSjku iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaA iksfy;ksa lans'k ds lkFk bZn&eqckjd dk iksLVj ,oa cSuj rS;kj djsaA uekft;ksa dks vihy ckaVsA
bZn&my&vtgk ¼cdjk bZn½;s ,d ifo= R;kSgkj gS tks gtjr bczkfge }kjk nh xbZ dqckZuh dh ;kn esa euk;k tkrk ,oa R;kx dh Hkouk dk lans'k nsrk gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= ds izeq[k dqckZuh fd;s tkus okys tkuojksa dk ctkj fpfUgr djsaA ogk¡ cSuj yxk;s rFkk yksxksaa dks vihy ckaVsA bZn dh uekt dk cgqr egRo gksrk gS] beke@ekSykukvksa ls eqykdkr dj muls [kqrcs ¼eq[; izopu½ ds nkSjku iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaA cM+h efLtn ,oa bZnxkg ij cSuj yxk;s rFkk uekft;ksa esa vihy ckaVsA
gtgt bLyke ds ikap LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gSA gj vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke eqlyeku ij ftanxh esa ,d ckj gt djuk QtZ gSA gt lky esa ,d ckj ftyfgTtk dh uoha rkjh[k vjc ds eDdk 'kgj esa [kkuk dkck esa vnk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ftyfgTtk dh nloha rkjh[k dks ^^gtjr bczkghe** us vius vdsys ykM+ys csVs dks [kqnk dh ethZ ls dqjcku djuk pkgk FkkA [kqnk us mudh dqjckuh dqcwy Qjek;h] muds vius I;kjs csVs bZlekbZy dh txg tUur ls ,d nqEck ykdj dqjcku dj fn;kA [kqnk dks mudh dqjckuh bruh ilan vk;h fd gj ekynkj eqlyekuksa dks ;g dqjckuh dks QtZ dj fn;k vkSj bl dqjckuh dks gt dk ,d fgLlk djkj fn;kA
lÅnh vjc ljdkj ds gky esa gh fn;s x;s vkns”k ds ckn iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ volj gks x;k gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku dh xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= esa gt desVh ds lnL;ksa ls eqykdkr djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke vkSj lÅnh vkns'k ds ckjs esa crk;sa A gkth;ksa ds izfrj{k.k LFky fpfUgr djsa rFkk ogk¡ cSuj bR;kfn yxok;sA gt ij tkus okys ;kf=;ksa dks iksfy;ksa [kqjkd dk egRo crk;sa rFkk mUgs ;s [kqjkd vius {ks= ds lHkh 5 lky rd ds cPpksa dks fu;fer fiyokus esa lg;ksx ds fy;s izsfjr djsaAgkth;ksa dks vihy ,oa vU; lkexzh ckaVsaA gkth;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa rFkk mUgs vkxkeh pØ ds nkSjku izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ds rkSj ij dke djus ds fy;s izksfjr djsaA
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bZn feykn&,&uchiSxEcj bLyke gtjr ekSgEen ds tUe fnu dks bZn feykn&,&uch dgrs gSa bl fnu txg&txg ekSgEen lkgc dh lhjr ¼thou'kSyh½ ds ckjs esa tylksa esa yksxksa dks crk;k tkrk gSA vkSj muds crk;s jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku xfrfof/k;ka {ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa vkSj mu LFkkuksa dks fpfUgr djuk tgka lhjr ds tyls gksa rFkk ogk¡ ds eksgrfee ls bZn&feykn&my&uch ds tyls ds ckjs es tkudkjh izkIr djukA mUgsa vkxkeh pØ] izHkko”kkyh O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx] efLtn ,syku ,oa enjlk cqykok Vksyh dh vko”;drk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsA tyls ds nkSjku cSuj yxok;s rFkk yksxks esa vihy vkfn ck¡VsA dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vPNs izHkko”kkyh dh igpku rFkk mudk uke ekbØksIyku es Myokdj muls pØ ds nkSjku lg;ksx izkIr djsA
bUVjQsl ¼:c:½ ehfVaxbUVjQsl ehfVax dk mn~ns'; iksfy;ksa dk;ZØe esa dke dj jgs lqijokbtlZ ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;kasa ls eqykdkr rFkk vkxkeh pØ ds fy;s ;kstuk rS;kj djuk rFkk Hkwfedkvksa dk vkoaVu djukA
xfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxh lh0,e0lh0] izfrj{k.k Vhe ds lnL;] i;Zos{kd] mi{ks= lg;ksxh] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] ,l0,e0lh0@Mh0;w0lh0] ,l0,l0,e0vks0@,l0,e0vks0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,ao vU; fgrHkkxh ¼izfrjks/kh ifjokj ds lnL; visf{kr½
bUVjQsl ehfVax dk ,ts.Mk Lokxrifjp;iksfy;ks viMsV vkSj lEcfU/kr {ks= ds iwoZ pØ ds vkadM+s@miyfC/k;kasa ij ppkZA X ifjokjksa ij ppkZ ,oa iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq j.kuhfr rS;kj djukA lh0,e0lh0] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] izHkko'kkyh ,oa i;Zos{kdksa dk dk;Z ,oa ftEesnkjh dk fu/kkZj.k djukA efLtn ,syku] cqyOok Vksyh dh ppkZA iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZA izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kfLr i= nsukA 'kqfØ;k vnk djuk
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lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku usVodZ vYi lsfor j.kuhfr ij vk/kkfjr iz’ukoyh
1- efLtn ds ftEesnkj O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 2- efLtn esa vtku nsus okys O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 3- efLtn esa uekt i<+kus okys O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 4- gkfQt fdls dgrs gS \ 5- tqek ds fnu efLtn eas beke lkgc tks rdjhj djrs gS] mls D;k dgrs gS \ 6- iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh n`f’V ls ge efLtnksa ls fdl rjg ds lg;ksx dh
vis{kk djrs gSa \ 7- fdlh etgch cqtqxZ dh dcz dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 8- fdlh cqtqxZ dk mlZ dc euk;k tkrk gS \ 9- etkj ds ftEesnkj O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 10- mlZ dh tkudkjh gesa dgka ls feyrh gS \ 11- iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh n`f’V ls efLtn vkSj etkj esa D;k vUrj gS \ 12- enjlk ds ftEesnkj O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSa \ 13- nk:ybLrk fdls dgrs gS \ 14- iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh n`f’V ls ge enjlks ls fdl rjg ds lg;ksx dh vis{kk
djrs gS \ 15- bTr+ek eas eqfLye efgyk;as D;k djrh gS \ 16- lQkbZ ds ckjs esa bLyke esa D;k crk;k x;k gS \ 17- rkyhe ¼bYe½ ds ckjs esa bLyke esa D;k crk;k x;k gS \ 18- lÅnh Mk;jsfDVo D;k gS \ 19- bl lky gt ij x;s yksxks dh tkudkjh geas dgka ls feysxh \20- vks0vkbZ0lh0 izLrko D;k gS vkSj iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh n`f’V ls ;g fdl rjg
mi;ksxh gS \
mRrj &1- eqrofYy2- eqvfT+tu3- beke4- ftlus iwjh dqjku dks tckuh ;kn fd;k gksA 5- [kqrck6- efLtnkas ls tqek ds fnu beke [kqrok ds nkSjku yksxks dks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ds
ckjs eas crk;s vkSj beke jkmUM ds nkSjku cwFk fnol ij efLtn ls ,yku djsa ftlls lekt esa tkx:drk c<+rh gSA
7- et+kj8- vke rkSj ls gj lky 9- lTt+knk u”khu @ xnnh u”khu 10- lTtknk u”khu@ LFkkuh; mlZ desVh 11- efLtnks eas flQZ eqfLye] ckfyx] enZ gh tkrs gas blfy, ge flQZ efLtnksa
ls ls iksfy;ks ,Moksdslh dj lds gSaA etkjkas ij enZ@vkSjr] cPps pkgs fdlh etgc ds gksa] tk ldrs gSaA blfy, ge ,Moksdslh ds lkFk dqN ,sls cPpksa
13
dks Hkh izfrjf{kr dj ldrs gS tks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh n`f’V ls cgqr laosnu”khy gksrs gSaA
12- eksgrfee ;k ukfte 13- ,sls enjlk ;k laLFkku tgk¡ ls Qrok tkjh fd;k tkrk gSA 14- enjlksa ls ge cwFk fnol ls igys jSyh vkSj cwFk fnol ij cqykok Vksyh dh
vk”kk djrs gSa vkSj cwFk yxk ldrs gSaA 15- bTrek dk “kkfCnd vFkZ gS tek gksuk] blesa eqfLye efgyk;sa /kkfeZd
tkx:drk ij ppkZ djrh gSaA16- bLyke esa lQkbZ dks vk/kk beku crk;k x;k gSA 17- bLyke esa crk;k x;k gS fd bYe gkfly djuk gj enZ vkSj vkSjr ij QtZ+
gSA18- lÅnh Mk;jsfDVo ds vuqlkj lÅnh gqdqer us ;g ykt+eh dj fn;k fd gt
ij vkus okyk gj “k[l iksfy;ks dh nok ihdj vk;sxk vkSj mls bldk izek.k&i= nsuk gksxkA
19- LFkkuh; gt deSVh ls A 20- vks0vkbZ0lh0 57 bLykfed eqYdksa dk ,d laxBu gSA bl laxBu us iksfy;ksa
dks xEHkhjrk ls ysrs gq, reke nqfu;k ls iksfy;ks [kRe djus dh vihy dh gSA
14
iz'uksRrjh
le; 20 feuV
fu;eizfr;ksfxrk esa dqy iwNs tkus iz'uksa dh la[;k 20 gSA dqy lewgksa dh la[;k 4 gksxhA izR;sd lgh mRrj ds fy, 10 vad fu/kkZfjr gSaA xyr mRrj ds fy, 0 vad fu/kkZfjr gSaA izR;sd lewg dks mRrj nsus gsrq 15 lsdS.M dk le; fu/kkZfjr gSA ;fn lewg mRrj fu/kkZfjr le; esa ugha ns ikrk rks og iz'u nwljs lewg ds ikl pyk tk,xk ,oa mls lewg }kjk mRrj nsus ij 5 vad fn, tk,axsAnwljs lewg dks iwoZ esa iwNs x, iz'u ¼ftldk mRrj ugha feyk½ ij lkspus ds fy, 5 lsdS.M fn, tk;saxsA lewg ds lHkh izfrHkkxh iz'u ij ppkZ djds fdlh ,d lnL; dks mRrj nsus ds fy, ekSdk nsaxsA ysfdu mRrj nsus gsrq ckj ckj ,d gh lnL; dks izsfjr u djsaA ;g ekU; ugha gksxkA izfr;ksfxrk ds nkSjku 'kksj epkus ;k n[ky nsus okys lewg ds 5 vad dkV fy, tk,axsA iz’uksa ds mRrj lgh gSa ;k ugha] bldk QSlyk djus ds fy, ,d tt dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg,A tt gh mRrjksa dk vad nsaxsA tt dk fu.kZ; loZekU; gksxkA ;fn izfr;ksfxrk ds vUr esa fdUgha nks leqgksa ds vad ,d leku gksa rks nksuksa lewg ls ,d ,d iz'u iwN dj izfr;ksfxrk dk fu.kZ; djsaA ;fn dksbZ Hkh lewg iwNs x, iz'u dk mRrj ugha ns ikrk rks tt ;k izfr;ksfxrk djkus okyk lqxedrkZ ml iz'u dk mRrj nsaxs ,oa iz’u dks Li"V djsaxsA izfr;ksfxrk lgh le; ij lekIr gks bldsfy, ,d Vkbe dhij dh fu;qfDr dh tkuh pkfg,A
15
vad rkfydk
iz'ula[;k
lewg 1 lewg 2 lewg 3 lewg 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
lewg esa vkilhckrphr
vUnj ds iUuksa ij lkl cgq lEesyu@cSBd dk vk;kstuo vk;kstu gsrq fn'kkfunsZ'k o ,ts.Mko lkl cgq lEesyu dks jkspd cukus gsrq dqN
xfrfof/k;ka ekrk cSBd o vk;kstu gsrq fn’kkfunsZ’k o ,ts.Mk
Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl o vk;kstu gsrq fn'kkfunsZ'k o ,ts.Mko Dykl dks jkspd cukus gsrq dqN xfrfof/k;ka
ekrk cSBd o Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl gsrq dgkfu;ksa dk laxzgenjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl
o vk;kstu gsrq fn'kkfunsZ'k o ,ts.Mk o Dykl gsrq dqN xfrfof/k;ka o enjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl gsrq dgkfu;k¡
lewg esa vkilh ckrphr ,oa izsjd xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku mi;ksx djus gsrq dqN ukjksa ds uewus¼bu ukjksa dk mi;ksx Ldwyksa esa izkFkZuk ds le; Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS½
leqnk; ds lokyksa ds rdZiw.kZ tokc
lkl&cgq lEesyu@cSBd dk vk;kstu
dSls vk;ksftr djsa ;g cSBd@lEesyu jkmUM ds dqN fnu igys gh djsaA ,sls ifjokjksa dk p;u djsa tgka iksfy;ks [kqjkd ds fy, dqN fojks/k gks] cPpk chekj gks] xHkZorh efgyk,a o uotkr cPpsa gksaA cSBd dk fnu] le; ,oa LFkku dk p;u efgykvksa dh lqfo/kkuqlkj djsaA efgykvksa ds cSBus gsrq njh vkfn dh O;oLFkk djsaA p;fur ?kjksa esa tkdj efgykvksa dks cSBd dh iwoZ tkudkjh nsaA ch-,e-lh- ds lkFk feydj lh-,e-lh- ,d ,tsUMk rS;kj djsaA
cSBd ds nkSjku D;k djsa cSBd LFky dh lkQ&lQkbZ djds efgykvksa ds cSBus gsrq mfpr O;oLFkk ,oa ihus gsrq ikuh dh O;oLFkk dj ysaA lkl o cgqvksa dks cSBk,a fQj mudk Lokxr djsaA efgykvksa dks lkl cgq ij xhr xkus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA fQj ,d ,d djds fo"k; ij ppkZ 'kq: djsaA efgykvksa dks cksyus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa ftlls ;g irk pys fd mudh D;k dfBukbZ;ka gS rFkk fo"k; ls lacaf/kr mudks fdruh tkudkjh gSA lkFk gh lkFk fo"k; ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh nsaA ¼mnkgj.k ds fy, fuEu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ dh tk ldrh gS & xHkkZoLFkk esa ns[kHkky] uotkr f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky] Mk;fj;k] iksfy;ks] iks"kd vkgkj] fu;fer Vhdkdj.k vkfn½ fo"k; ls lacaf/kr ,d jksy Iys djok,aA jksy Iys dh rS;kjh dqN yksxksa }kjk igys ls gh djok ysaA blesa ch-,e-lh- iwjk lg;ksx nsaA jksy Iys ds i'pkr ml fo"k; ij foLrkj ls ppkZ djsaA fQj eq[; fcUnqvksa dks nksgjkrs gq, mudh lh[k dks lqfuf’pr djsaA vUr esa dqN [ksy djkdj o iqjLdkj forj.k }kjk cSBd dk lekiu djsaA
lkl cgq lEesyu@cSBd dk ,ts.Mk
fnukad % le; % LFkku %
xfrfof/k 1 Lokxr o xhr 15 feuV
xfrfof/k 2 fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij ppkZ 1 ?kaVk] 30 feuV
xfrfof/k 3 jksyIys o ppkZ 30 feuV xfrfof/k 4 [ksy 1 ?kaVk xfrfof/k 5 iqjLdkj dk forj.k 15 feuV xfrfof/k 6 lekiu o /kU;okn 10 feuV
lkl cgq lEesyu dks jkspd cukus gsrq dqN xfrfof/k;k¡
fcUnh fpidkvks izfr;ksfxrk blds fy, fdUgh 10 vfHkusf=;ksa@efgykvksa dh QksVks igys ls pkVZ isij ij fpidk ysa vkSj fcUnh ds iRrksa o vka[k ij iV~Vh cka/kus ds fy, nqiV~Vksa dk bart+ke djsaA pkVZ isij dks nhokj ij yxk nsa vkSj lkl cgq ds 10 tksM+ksa dks bl [aksy dks [ksyus ds fy, LosPNk ls vkxs vkus ds fy, dgsaA [ksy ds fy, 5 feuV dk le; nsaA fQj cgq dh vka[k ij iV~Vh cka/ksa vkSj mls QksVks ls dqN nwjh ¼yxHkx 100 ehVj½ ij [kM+k djsa vkSj mldh lkl ls dgsa fd og viuh cgq dks efgyk ds ekFks ij fcUnh fpidkus esa enn djsaA og cgq dks cksy cksy dj gh rLohj ij fcUnh fpidkus esa enn djsaxh] og mldk gkFk idM+dj ;k Nwdj enn ugha dj ldrh gSaA ftu tksM+ks }kjk fu/kkZfjr le; esa fcUnh lgh txg ij yxkbZ tk, mUgsa fot;h ?kksf"kr djsa vkSj vUr esa iqjLdkj nsaA
eVdk QksM+ks izfr;ksfxrk bl xfrfof/k ds fy, 10 NksVs eVds vkSj NM+h ys ysa vkSj vka[k ij iV~Vh cka/kus ds fy, nqiV~Vksa dk Hkh bUrt+ke dj ysaA lkl cgq ds 10 tksM+ksa dks bl [aksy dks [ksyus ds fy, LosPNk ls vkxs vkus ds fy, dgsaA [ksy ds fy, 5 feuV dk le; fu/kkZfjr djsaA lkl dh vka[k ij iV~Vh cka/ksa vkSj mUgsa eVdksa ls dqN nwjh ij [kM+k djsaA fQj cgq viuh lkl dks eVds rd igqapdj mls QksM+us esa enn djsA eVdk QksM+us ds fy, dsoy nks ckj iz;kl gh ekU; gksxkA cgq viuh lkl dh enn dsoy cksydj gh dj ldrh gSa] og mUgsa Nwdj dksbZ enn ugha ns ldrhaA tks tksM+s fu/kkZfjr le; esa nks ckj esa eVdk QksM+us esa lQy gks tkrs gSa mUgsa fot;h ?kksf"kr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj nsaA tks eVds cp tk,a muds fy, ;fn dqN vkSj tksM+s pkgsa rks mUgsa Hkh ;g [ksy f[kyk;saA
vUrk{kjh@xhr izfr;ksfxrk ¼bl xfrfof/k ds fy, fot;h Vhe dks iqjLdkj ds :i esa dksbZ NksVhs oLrq ns nsa tSls VkWQh vkfn½ ;g [ksy lHkh lgHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk [ksysaA blesa lkl o cgqvksa dh vyx vyx Vhe cuok ysa vkSj izfr;ksfxrk djk,aA ;fn os fQYeh xkus u xk ik,a rks dksbZ Hkh xhr xkus nsaA tks Vhe lcls T+;knk xkus xk,xh mls fot;h ?kksf"kr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj nsaA blds vykok nksuksa Vheksa esa ls ftldh Hkkxhnkjh lcls T+;knk jgh gks ¼,d lgHkkxh lkl dh Vhe ls vkSj ,d lgHkkxh cgq dh Vhe ls½ mls vyx ls iqjLdkj nsaA
esagnh@jaxksyh izfr;ksfxrk esagnh izfr;ksfxrk lkl&cgq ds 5 LosfPNd tksM+ksa esa ;g izfr;ksfxrk djok,aA izR;sd cgq dks viuh lkl ds gkFk esa esagnh yxkus ds fy, dfg,A tks tksM+k lcls vPNh esagnh yxk, mls fot;h ?kksf"kr djds iqjLdkj nsaA
jaaxksyh izfr;ksfxrk lkl&cgq ds 5 LosfPNd tksM+ksa esa ;g izfr;ksfxrk djok,aA izR;sd tksM+s ls dgsa fd os ,d jaxksyh rS;kj djsaA ftldh jaxksyh lcls vPNh gks mls iqjLd`r djsaA
cw>ks rks tkusa ,d [ksy f[kyk;sa ftlesa dqN eqgkojksa o fQYeksa dk lgkjk ysaA igys ls 15 & 20 ifpZ;ka rS;kj dj ysa ftuesa dksbZ ,d eqgkojk ;k fQYe dk uke fy[kk gksA
lkl cgq ds tksMksa dks ckjh ckjh ls ,d ,d iphZ nsaA ftlds ikl tks iphZ vk,] ml ij fy[kk eqgkojk ;k fQYe dks ,d lkFkh b'kkjksa esa le>k;sa vkSj nwljk mldks igpku dj lcdks crk,A lgh mRrj nsus okyksa dks iqjLd`r djsaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, vk[ksa rw rw eSa eSa ns[k HkkbZ ns[k uk¡p u vkos vkaxu Vs<+k vkx esa ?kh Mkyuk dqN dqN gksrk gS 'kjkch
ekrk cSBd
cSBd dSls vk;ksftr djsa Ekkrk cSBd vk;ksftr djus ds fy, igys fdlh ,sls {ks= dk p;u djsa tgka dksbZ leL;k vk jgh gksA fQj leL;k dks igpkudj cSBd dk vk;kstu djsaA ,sls {ks= esa vkus okys jkmUM ls igys nks cSBd djuk mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrk gSA ,d cSBd rks fiNys jkmUM ds ckn gh dj ysa ftlesa X ?kjksa dks cqyk,a vkSj nwljh cSBd jkmUM ds vkus ls dqN le; igys djsaA
cSBd dks izHkko’kkyh cukus ds fy, cSBd dh rS;kfj;k¡ fdlh {ks= esa cSBd djus ds fy, vkl&ikl ds ?kjksa dk p;u djsa tgk¡ 5 o"kZ ls NksVs cPps gksaA vYilsfor {ks= ds ?kjksa dks izkFkfedrk nsaA cSBd dk fnu] le; ,oa LFkku dk p;u efgykvksa dh lqfo/kkuqlkj djsaA /;ku nsa cSBd dk le; cgqr yEck u gksA ;fn ogk¡ efgyk iz/kku gks rks mUgsa t+:j 'kkfey djsaA cSBd LFky dh lkQ&lQkbZ djds cSBus dh mfpr O;oLFkk ,oa ihus gsrq ikuh dh O;oLFkk djs ysaA cSBd esa efgyk lg;ksxh] {ks= dh ,-,u-,e- cguth] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrhZ] lgkf;dk] ,y-,p-oh-] nkbZ o ckth dks Hkh vkeaf=r djsaA cSBd ds fy, fdlh ,d fo"k; dk p;u djsaA p;fur ?kjksa esa tkdj efgykvksa dks cSBd dh iwoZ tkudkjh nsaA vius ch-,e-lh- dks Hkh lwfpr djsA ch-,e-lh- ds lkFk feydj lh-,e-lh- ,d ,tsUMk rS;kj djsaA
izHkkoh cSBd gsrq dqN t+:jh ckrsa cSBd esa efgykvksa dk Lokxr djsaA viuk ifjp; nsa o lcdk ifjp; ysaA fo"k; ij vkus ls igys muls mudk gky&pky iwNsa vkSj cSBd dk mn~ns’; crk;saA jhfr fjokt+ ds vuqlkj efgykvksa dks ,d xhr xkus dks izksRlkfgr djsaAFkksM+h mudh jkst+ dh fnup;kZ ij ckr djsa fQj mlls cPps ds izfr mudh ft+Eesnkjh dks tksM+rs gq, mUgsa ml fnu ds fo"k; ds ckjs esa crk,¡A ml fo"k; ds ckjs esa mUgsa igys ls D;k tkudkjh gS] ;g tkusaA iwjs lewg dh Hkkxhnkjh cuk,¡A ;g /;ku j[ksa fd lcdks cksyus dk ekSdk feysA fdlh dk ml fo"k; ls lacaf/kr dksbZ vuqHko gks rks mls lcds lkFk ck¡Vus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA fQj ppkZ djrs gq,] mUgsa ml fo"k; ij foLr`r tkudkjh nsaA blesa dgkuh o dsl LVMh dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA muls [kqys iz'u iwNdj mudh le> lqfuf'pr djsaA var esa mUgha dh lgk;rk ls fo"k; dh eq[; eq[; ckrsa nksgjk,¡A bl tkudkjh dks vkSjksa ds lkFk ck¡Vus ds fy, mUgsa izksRlkfgr djsaA /kU;okn ds lkFk cSBd dk lekiu djsaA
cSBd ds fy, ,ts.Mk dk ,d mnkgj.k
LokLF; xfrfof/k % ekrk cSBd
fnukad % le; % LFkku %
xfrfof/k 1 Lokxr o ifjp; ¼vkilh ifjp; o lkekU; ckrphr djrs gq, fo"k; ls ifjp;A ¼;gk¡ dksbZ xhr Hkh djk;k tk ldrk gS½½
10 feuV
xfrfof/k 2 nLr ds fo"k; esa foLr`r tkudkjh ¼lewg ds lkFk lgHkkfxrkiw.kZ ppkZ½
D;k gS QSyus ds dkj.k y{k.k jksdFkke
35 feuV
xfrfof/k 3 vks-vkj-,l- ?kksy cukus dh fof/k ¼igys Lo;a cukdj fn[kk,a fQj fdlh lgHkkxh }kjk cuok,a½
20 feuV
xfrfof/k 4 lekiu o /kU;okn 10 feuV
Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl
iksfy;ks Dykl dks csgrj rjhds ls vk;ksftr djus ds dqN dne%lcls igys vius {ks= ds Ldwyksa dk p;u djsa tgka ij vki iksfy;ks Dykl vk;ksftr dj ldrh gSa vkSj ogka ds cPpksa dks vius lkFk tksM+ ldrh gSA mlds ckn ml Ldwy ds iz/kkuk/;kid ls feysa vkSj iksfy;ks vfHk;ku o mldh mi;ksfxrk ij ckr djsaA Ldwy ds v/;kidksa ls feydj muls vPNs laca/k cukus dk iz;kl djsa ftlls fd iksfy;ks Dykl] jSyh o cqykok Vksyh ds xBu esa os vkidks lg;ksx djsaA mUgsa crk,a fd cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls gh cwFk xfrfof/k esa rsth vkSj meax vk;h gSA dbZ ftyksa esa geus cwFk ij 100% rd cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZA muds lkFk feydj iksfy;ks Dykl vk;ksftr djus dk fnu o le; igys ls r; dj ysaA iksfy;ks lEcU/kh nh tkus okyh tkudkjh Hkh igys ls r; dj ysaA ;g t:j crk;sa&
iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS\ dqN cPps NwV tk,a rks D;k gksrk gS\ ;g [kqjkd lkjs cPpksa ds fy, iwjh rjg lqjf{kr gSA
tc iksfy;ks Dykl ysa &Ldwy dh Hkwfedk o cPpksa ds ;ksxnku dks ljkguh; rjhds ls crk,aA ppkZ dh 'kq:vkr djus ls igys cPpksa dks dksbZ dfork] dgkuh lqukdj] ukjk ys[ku] ukVd ;k fp=dyk izfr;ksfxrk }kjk vius lkFk tksM+sA tkudkjh nsus ds fy, fdlh fp=e; lkexzh f¶yi cqd vkfn dk iz;ksx djsaA var esa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNus ds fy, mRlkfgr djsaA Dykl dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ vfHk;ku esa iz;ksx esa yk;h tkus okyh lkexzh iksLVj] iSa¶ysV vkfn dk izn'kZu djsaA cPpksa dks vius lkFk tqM+us ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa A tc vki cPpksa ls ckrphr dj jgs gSa] rc ,sls Nk=ksa dks fpfUgr dj ysa tks ckrphr esa fuiq.k gksa] u;k lh[kus vkSj djus dks rS;kj gksaA mUgsa cqyOok Vksyh esa 'kkfey djsaA
Dykl dks csgrj cukus ds fy, /;ku j[ksacPpksa dks loky iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA ftruk lgh&lgh irk gks crk;sa] ckdh ds loky uksV dj ysaA mudk tokc fo'ks"kKksa ls iwN dj tku ysa vkSj nksckjk Ldwy esa tkdj crk,aA
Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl dk ,ts.Mk
fnukad % le; % LFkku %
xfrfof/k 1 Lokxr o ifjp; ¼cPpksa dk Lokxr djsa o muds fiNys iz;klksa dks ljkgsaA fdlh dfork] dgkuh lqukdj] ukjk ys[ku] ;k fp=dyk izfr;ksfxrk dk iz;ksx djds ppkZ dks 'kq: djsa½
45 feuV
xfrfof/k 2 iksfy;ks ij tkudkjh nsa iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS\ dqN cPps NwV tk,a rks D;k gksrk gS\ ;g [kqjkd lkjs cPpksa ds fy, iwjh rjg lqjf{kr gSA
20 feuV
xfrfof/k 3 vkbZ-bZ-lh- lkexzh dk izn'kZu djsa 20 feuV
xfrfof/k 4 lekiu o /kU;okn 5 feuV
uksV % xhr@laxhr ,oa euksjatd [ksy dk mi;ksx l=ksa esa jkspdrk cuk, j[kus gsrq lh-,e-lh- vko';drkuqlkj djsaA
iksfy;ks Dykl dks jkspd cukus gsrq dqN xfrfof/k;ka
Lyksxu izfr;ksfxrk Ikksfy;ks Dykl dks jksekapd cukus ds fy, dHkh dHkh ,d Lyksxu izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djsaAblesa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr u, u, ukjs fy[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA ckn esa ftl cPps us lcls vPNk ukjk fy[kk gks mls lcds lkeus izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj ds :i esa VkWQh nsaA cPpksa }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ukjksa dk jSyh esa iz;ksx djsa ftlls fd os izksRlkfgr gksaA
fp=dyk izfr;ksfxrk Ikksfy;ks Dykl dks jksekapd cukus ds fy, dHkh dHkh ,d fp=dyk izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djsaAblesa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr fp= cukus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA cPpksa dks ,d Fkhe ns nsa & tSls cPps iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ugha fi,axs rks D;k gksxk\ ckn esa ftl cPps us lcls vPNk fp= cuk;k gks mls lcds lkeus izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj ds :i esa VkWQh nsaA
xhr@laxhr izfr;ksfxrk iksfy;ks Dykl dks jkspd cukus gsrq l= ds chp chp esa xhr laxhr izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djsaA xhr@laxhr dh rS;kjh igys ls djk ysaA blds fy, vko';d gS fd dqN iksfy;ks xhr lh-,e-lh- igys ls vius ikl j[ks ,oa cPpksa dks ;kn djk nsA xhr@laxhr esa Hkkx ysus okys cPpksa dh lwph cuk ysA ftl cPps us lcls vPNk xhr xk;k gks] mls lcds lkeus izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj ds :i esa VkWQh nsaA
euksjatd [ksy iksfy;ks Dykl dks jkspd cukus gsrq l=ksa ds chp chp esa dqN euksjatd [ksy f[kyk,a ftlls cPpksa dk tqM+ko c<+sxk ,oa l=ksa esa jkspdrk vk,xhA blds fy, dqN cPpksa dks p;fur djds Dykl ls iwoZ mudh rS;kjh djk nsaA
ekrk cSBd@Ldwy esa iksfy;ks Dykl gsrq dgkfu;ksa dk laxzg
gj cPpk gj ckj
,d xkao esa pkj fe= jgrs Fks & jke] jghe] ukud vkSj MsfoMA mu pkjksa ds [ksr vkl ikl gh FksA ,d fnu jke us vius [ksr dks dhM+ks ls cpkus ds fy, mlesa nok MkyhA nok Mkyus ls ml [ksr ds dqN dhM+s rks u"V gks x, vkSj dqN viuh tku cpkus ds fy, ikl esa jghe ds [ksr esa tk igq¡psA jghe us bl ckr dks le>us esa le; yxk;k fd D;k djuk pkfg,A fQj jghe us vius [ksr esa nok Mkyh rks dqN dhM+s rks ej x, vkSj dqN tks QqrhZys Fks tk igq¡ps ukud ds [ksr esaA ukud us Hkh QSlyk djus esa dqN le; yxk;kA fQj bl ijs'kkuh ls cpus ds fy, [ksr esa nok MkyhA vc dhM+s viuh tku cpkus ds fy, nk,a ck,a ns[kus yxs rks muesa ls dqN dks MsfoM dk [ksr fey x;kA MsfoM vius [ksr esa dhM+s ns[k dj ijs'kku gks mBk vkSj cgqr lkspus ds ckn mlus Hkh [ksr esa nok MyokbZA tc rd mlds [ksr esa nok Myrh rc rd ckfd;ksa ds [ksr esa iM+h nok dk vlj de gks pqdk Fkk rks tks dhM+s viuh tku cpk lds og jke] jghe o ukud ds [ksr esa tk dj cl x,A vc pkjksa nksLr cgqr fpfUrr gks x, vkSj ,d lkFk cSB dj lkspus yxs fd D;k fd;k tk,A
;gka ij dgkuh dks chp esa jksd dj lgHkkfx;ksa ls dqN iz'u iwNsa tc dhM+s QSys rks mu yksxksa us D;k lksp dj nok ugha Mkyh \ ckdh nksLrksa us vius [ksr esa dhM+s vkus dk bart+kj D;ksa fd;k \ tc nok dk vlj de gksus yxk rks mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg, Fkk \
fQj lgHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd ,sls esa mu nksLrksa dks D;k djuk pkfg,A ppkZ dks vkxs c<+k,a vkSj lgh mRrj fudkysaA ;fn mRrj u fudy dj vk, rks mUgsa crk,a fd pkjksa nksLrksa us fey dj ;g r; fd;k fd mUgsa ,d lkFk vius vius [ksr esa nok Mkyuh pkfg, vkSj bl izfØ;k dks chp chp esa nksgjkrs jguk pkfg, rkfd dhM+ksa dks lj Nqikus ds fy, dksbZ txg u feys vkSj lHkh dhM+s u"V gks tk,aA
blds mijkUr lgHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd bl dgkuh ls gesa D;k lh[k feyrh gSA ppkZ djrs gq, cwFk dh egRork rFkk ckj ckj [kqjkd fiykus ds Qk;ns ij t+ksj nsaA
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k bl dgkuh dk eq[; lans'k@lh[k ;g gS fd vf/kd ls vf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk fnol ij ,d lkFk iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiykdj ge okrkoj.k ls iksfy;ks ds dhM+s lekIr dj ldrs gSa ,oa ckj ckj [kqjkd fiykdj cPpksa esa bl chekjh ls yM+us dh {kerk dk fodkl dj ldrs gSaA
uUgha lh y{eh dh D;k xyrh
4 o"khZ; y{eh vius ekrk&firk dh lcls NksVh cPph FkhA os yksx 5 HkkbZ & cgu FksA y{eh cgqr gh I;kjh vkSj papy rks Fkh gh lkFk gh lkFk lcls NksVh gksus dh otg ls og lcdh ykMyh Hkh FkhA x, dqN fnuksa ls y{eh dks 'kke <yrs gh fn[kus esa dqN ijs'kkuh gksus yxh Fkh ij ?kj okyksa us bl vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;kA ;g ijs'kkuh c<+rh xbZ vkSj vkl ikl ds cPps mls vU/kh vU/kh dg dj fp<+kus yxsA y{eh us dbZ ckj bu cPpksa dh f'kdk;r ?kj ij dh ij lcus mls le>kdj ckr Vky nhA ,d fnu 'kke ds le; y{eh dh ek¡ glok ls lCt+h dkV jgh Fkha fd rHkh y{eh nkSM+rh gqbZ vkbZ vkSj fn[kkbZ u nsus dh otg ls ml ij fxj xbZA y{eh dks cgqr pksV vkbZ vkSj mls rqjUr MkDVj ds ikl ys tkuk iM+kA jLrs Hkj y{eh jksrh xbZ fd mls 'kke dks dqN fn[krk ugha gS blhfy, og fxj xbZA
MkDVj us y{eh dh pksV ij Vkads yxk, vkSj iV~Vh rks cka/k nh ijUrq mlds ekrk&firk dks crk;k fd mls cgqr gh xgjh pksV vkbZ gS tks Hkjus esa le; ysxhA y{eh dh ek¡ us MkDVj dks crk;k fd og dbZ fnuksa ls 'kke dks fn[kkbZ u nsus dh f'kdk;r dj jgh gSA MkDVj us muls iwNk fd D;k y{eh dks lHkh Vhds yxs Fks vkSj 9 ekg ls feyus okyh [kqjkd Hkh fiyokbZ FkhaA y{eh dh tk¡p djds MkDVj us crk;k fd og jrkSa/kh jksx ls xzflr gS ftldk bykt cgqr le; rd djuk iM+sxk ijUrq chekjh vc iwjh rjg ls Bhd ugha gks ik,xhA
y{eh dks jkr esa D;ksa ugha fn[krk Fkk \ ;g chekjh D;ksa gksrh gS \ MkDVj us fdl [kqjkd dh ckr dh \ dc nh tkuh pkfg, \ blds vykok cPpksa dks vkSj dkSu dkSu ls Vhds yxus pkfg, \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k foVkfeu , ds Qk;ns o [kqjkd dk lgh le;A
NksVh lh Hkwy
jktkiqj xkao esa xksiky viuh ek¡] iRuh vkSj 5 ekg dh cPph dqlqe ds lkFk jgrk FkkA xksiky 'kgj esa tkdj esgur etnwjh djrk FkkA ,d fnu tc og dke ij tk jgk Fkk rks mls ,-,u-,e- nhnh feyha vkSj mUgksaus xksiky ls dqlqe dks Vhdk yxokus dks dgkA xksiky us ?kj ij vkdj ;g ppkZ viuh ek¡ ls dh rks ek¡ us ges'kk dh rjg bl ckj Hkh Vhds yxokus ls lkQ badkj dj fn;kA mUgksaus xksiky ls iwNk fd vkt rd mls dkSu ls Vhds yxs gSa tks og uUgha lh cPph dks Vhds yxokuk pkgrk gSA dqN fnuksa ckn gh dqlqe dks cgqr [kkalh vkus yxh vkSj og lqLr iM+ xbZ] ;g [kkalh tks Fkh fd Bhd gksus dk uke gh ugha ys jgh FkhA dqlqe dks rks [kkalh ds nkSjs ls iM+us yxs] vDlj [kkalrs [kaklrs og mYVh Hkh dj nsrh FkhA nknh us fdlh MkDVj dks ugha fn[kk;k cl ?kjsyw bykt gh djrh jghaA fnu ij fnu dqlqe dh gkyr fcxM+rh xbZA viuh cPph dk ;g gky ns[k xksiky ijs'kku gks mBk vkSj mls MkDVj ds ikl ysdj Hkkxk ijUrq rc rd cgqr nsj gks pqdh Fkh] MkDVj ds ikl igq¡pus ls igys gh dqlqe us ne rksM+ fn;kA
dqlqe dks D;k gqvk Fkk \ dqlqe dh bl gkyr ds fy, dkSu ft+Eesnkj Fkk \ D;ksa 5 ekg rd cPps dks dkSu dkSu ls Vhds yx tkus pkfg, \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k dkyh [kkalh ls cpko gsrq Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhdksa o lgh le; ij bykt dk egRo
cl vc vkSj ugha
vkt xhrk viuh NksVh csVh js[kk dks ysdj ljdkjh vLirky Vhdk yxokus xbZ FkhA ogka mls mldh iqjkuh lgsyh ehuk feyh tks vius 9 ekg ds csVs dks ysdj MkDVj dks fn[kkus vkbZ FkhA mldk csVk cgqr det+ksj vkSj NksVk yx jgk Fkk] mls rst+ cq[kkj vkSj nLr dh f'kdk;r FkhA nksuksa lgsfy;ka dkQh le; ckn fey jgh Fkha vkSj ,d nwljs ls feydj cgqr [kq'k gqbZaA ehuk vkSj mlds csVs dks ns[kdj xhrk dqN ijs'kku lh gks xbZ D;ksafd nksuksa gh cgqr det+ksj yx jgs FksA vLirky dk dke iwjk gksus ds ckn ehuk us xhrk ls vius ?kj pyus dks dgk rks xhrk eku xbZA jkLrs esa xhrk us lkspk fd lkFk cSBdj ckr djus ls mls mldh lgsyh dh ijs'kkuh tkuus dk ekSdk feysxkA ckrphr ds nkSjku mls irk pyk fd ehuk ds cPpksa dh lsgr cgqr [kjkc jgrh gS ftl otg ls og Lo;a Hkh ugha iui ik jgh gSA tc og ehuk ds ?kj igqaph rks ogka dk rks ut+kjk gh vyx Fkk] ?kj ds ckgj dwM+k djdV bdV~Bk Fkk ftlij mldh 4 o"khZ; csVh [ksy jgh FkhA ?kj ds vUnj Hkh ekgkSy dksbZ fHkUu ugha Fkk] fcLrj cgqr xank iM+k Fkk] mlij [kkus dk lkeku Hkh fc[kjk Fkk vkSj efD[k;ksa dh rks ekuksa nkor gh gks jgh FkhA ehuk pkSds esa pk; cukus xbZ rks lkFk gh xhrk Hkh ogka pyh xbZA pkSds esa mlus ns[kk dh [kkus ihus dh oLrq,a [kqyh gh iM+h gSa ftlij efD[k;ka fHkUu&fHkUkk jgh gSa vkSj rks vkSj pkSds ds ihNs cjkens esa xank ikuh Hkh bdV~Bk gks jgk FkkA ehuk us fcuk gkFk /kks, gh Hkjs gq, ikuh ls ,d crZu esa ikuh fudkyk vkSj mUgha gkFkksa ls mlesa phuh Hkh feykbZA vc xhrk dks ;g Hkkirs le; ugha yxk fd ehuk ds cPpksa dh lsgr dk dkj.k D;k gSA pk; ihrs ihrs xhrk us ehuk dks mlds cPpksa dh [kjkc lsgr dk dkj.k crk;k vkSj mls cgqr le>k;k fd mls D;k djuk pkfg,A ehuk dks vc lc le> esa vk jgk Fkk vkSj mlus ;g Bkku fy;k fd cl vc vkSj ugha] vc mlds cPps Hkh ,d LoLFk thou th,axsA
ehuk ds ?kj ij xhrk us D;k ns[kk \ ehuk ds cPpksa dh [kjkc lsgr ds D;k dkj.k Fks \ xhrk us ehuk dks D;k le>k;k gksxk \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k O;fDrxr ,oa okrkoj.k dh lkQ&lQkbZ dk egRo
dk'k vk'kk us ,-,u-,e- nhnh dh ckr ekuh gksrh
vk'kk vkt cgqr [kq'k Fkh D;ksafd mlds xkao esa esyk yxk Fkk vkSj og vius cPpksa dks ysdj esyk ?kweus tk jgh FkhA og ?kj ls fudyh gh Fkh fd iM+ksl esa Vhdkdj.k dj jgh ,-,u-,e- nhnh us mls lykg nh fd ges'kk dh rjg ykijokgh u djs vkSj vius csVs dks Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk yxok ysA tYnh esa gksus ds dkj.k vk'kk us Vhds ds fy, euk dj fn;k vkSj esyk ?kweus pyh xbZA ogka ls ykSVus ds ckn og fdlh dke esa yx xbZ vkSj cPps dks Vhdk ugha yxok ikbZA
dqN le; i'pkr ,d fnu vpkud vk'kk ds csVs dks lkal ysus esa dqN ijs'kkuh gksus yxh vkSj [kkalh ds lkFk rst+ cq[kkj Hkh gks x;k A tc fnDdr c<+us yxh rks vk'kk vkSj mlds ifr cPps dks ysdj MkDVj ds ikl igqaps] MkDVj us tkap djds crk;k fd mls xy?kksVwa uked chekjh gks xbZA MkDVj us vk'kk ls iwNk fd D;k mlus cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhds ugha yxok, FksA
vk'kk dks viuh xyrh dk ,glkl gksus esa le; ugha yxk vkSj mlus lkspk fd dk'k ?kweus dh ctk, mlus ,-,e-,e- nhnh dh ckr eku dj cPps ds Vhdkdj.k dks egRo fn;k gksrkA
cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k dk D;k egRo gS \ vk'kk ds cPps dh fLFkfr [kjkc D;ksa gks xbZ \ Mh-ih-Vh dk Vhdk cPpksa dks fdu chekfj;ksa ls cpkrk gS \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k xy?kksVw ls cpko gsrq Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhdksa o le; dk egRo
Eknjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl
iksfy;ks Dykl dks csgrj rjhds ls vk;ksftr djus ds dqN dne &
lcls igys vius {ks= ds enjlksa dk p;u djsa tgka ij vki iksfy;ks Dykl vk;ksftr dj ldrh gSa vkSj ogka ds cPpksa dks vius lkFk tksM+ ldrh gSA
mlds ckn ml enjls ds iz/kkuk/;kid ¼ukft+e½ ls feysa vkSj iksfy;ks vfHk;ku o mldh mi;ksfxrk ij ckr djsaA enjls ds v/;kidksa ls feydj muls vPNs laca/k cukus dk iz;kl djsa ftlls fd iksfy;ks Dykl] jSyh o cqykok Vksyh ds xBu esa os vkidks lg;ksx djsaA mUgsa crk,a fd cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh ls gh cwFk xfrfof/k esa rsth vkSj meax vk;h gSA dbZ ftyksa esa geus cwFk ij 100% rd cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZA
muds lkFk feydj iksfy;ks Dykl vk;ksftr djus dk fnu o le; igys ls r; dj ysaA
iksfy;ks lEcU/kh nh tkus okyh tkudkjh Hkh igys ls r; dj ysaA ;g t:j crk;sa&
iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS\
dqN cPps NwV tk,a rks D;k gksrk gS\
;g [kqjkd lkjs cPpksa ds fy, iwjh rjg lqjf{kr gSA
vyhx<+ eqlfye ;wuhoflZVh@tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k ubZ fnYyh vkSj tkfe;k gennZZ ubZ fnYyh dh vihy fn[kk;sa A
enjlkas ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd usrkvks dh vihy fn[kk;saA
tc iksfy;ks Dykl ysa &
enjlksa dh Hkwfedk o cPpksa ds ;ksxnku dks ljkguh; rjhds ls crk,aA
ppkZ dh 'kq:vkr djus ls igys cPpksa dks dksbZ dfork] dgkuh lqukdj] ukjk ys[ku }kjk vius lkFk tksM+sA
tkudkjh nsus ds fy, fdlh fp=e; lkexzh f¶yi cqd vkfn dk iz;ksx djsaA
var esa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks ls lEcfU/kr iz'u iwNus ds fy, mRlkfgr djsaA
Dykl dh lekfIr ds i'pkr~ vfHk;ku esa iz;ksx esa yk;h tkus okyh lkexzh iksLVj] iSa¶ysV vkfn dk izn'kZu djsaA
cPpksa dks vius lkFk tqM+us ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa A
tc vki cPpksa ls ckrphr dj jgs gSa] rc ,sls Nk=ksa dks fpfUgr dj ysa tks ckrphr esa fuiq.k gksa] u;k lh[kus vkSj djus dks rS;kj gksaA mUgsa cqyOok Vksyh esa 'kkfey djsaA
Dykl dks csgrj cukus ds fy, /;ku j[ksa
cPpksa dks loky iwNus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA
ftruk lgh&lgh irk gks crk;sa] ckdh ds loky uksV dj ysaA
mudk tokc fo'ks"kKksa ls iwN dj tku ysa vkSj nksckjk enjlks esa tkdj crk,aA
enjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl dk ,ts.Mk
fnukad % le; % LFkku %
xfrfof/k 1 Lokxr o ifjp; ¼cPpksa dk Lokxr djsa o muds fiNys iz;klksa dks ljkgsaA fdlh dfork] dgkuh lqukdj] ukjk ys[ku dk iz;ksx djds ppkZ dks 'kq: djsa½
45 feuV
xfrfof/k 2 1- iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS\
2- dqN cPps NwV tk,a rks D;k gksrk gS\
3- ;g [kqjkd lkjs cPpksa ds fy, iwjh rjg lqjf{kr gSA
4- vyhx< eqlfye ;wuhoflZVh@tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k ubZ fnYyh vkSj tkfe;k gennZZ ubZ fnYyh dh vihy fn[kk;s A
5- enjlks ds vuqlkj /kkfeZd usrkvks dh vihy fn[kk;sA
20 feuV
xfrfof/k 3 vkbZ-bZ-lh- lkexzh dk izn'kZu djsa 10 feuV
xfrfof/k 4 nqvk o /kU;okn 10 feuV
Ikksfy;ks Dykl ds fy, dqN xfrfof/k;ka
bLyke esa lsgr dh vgeh;r
bLyke us viuh rkfyekr esa ckj ckj lsgr dh tkfuc roTtksag fnykbZ gS jlwy vdje lYyYykgks vySg olYye us Qjek;k rqe ij rqEgkjs ftLe dk gd gS vkSj dqjku djhe esa vYykg us gesa ;s nqvk le>k;h ds ,s gekjs ijojfnxkj gesa nqfu;k vkSj vk[ksjr esa lgh j[kukA
lsgr dks [kjkc djus okyh ,d cqfu;knh ot+g xaUnxh vkSj vkyksnxh gksrh gS bLyke us cM+h rkdhn ds lkFk ,slh fgnk;r Qjek;h gS ftlls xaUnxh [kRe gks vksj lQkbZ o ikdh gkfly gks dqjku esa vYykg rkyk us Qjek;k vius diM+ks dks ikd lkQ j[kks cfYd jlwys vdje lYyYykgks vySg olYye us rks ;gka rd Qjek;k gS fd lQkbZ vk/kk bZeku gSA
bLyke vius ekuus okyks dks lsgr eUn vkSj rkdroj ns[kuk pkgrs gS jlwys vdje lYyYykgks vySg olYye us Qjek;k ,d rkdroj eksfeu vYykg ds ut+nhd det+ksj eksfeu ls csgrj gS bLyke gqDe nsrk gS ds lsgr dh fgQktr chekjh vkus ls igys dj ysuh pkfg,A
Lyksxu izfr;ksfxrk
Ikksfy;ks Dykl dks jksekapd cukus ds fy, dHkh dHkh ,d Lyksxu izfr;ksfxrk dk vk;kstu djsaA
blesa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr u, u, ukjs fy[kus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsaA
ckn esa ftl cPps us lcls vPNk ukjk fy[kk gks mls lcds lkeus izksRlkfgr djsa vkSj iqjLdkj ds :i esa VkWQh nsaA
cPpksa }kjk rS;kj fd, x, ukjksa dk jSyh esa iz;ksx djsa ftlls fd os izksRlkfgr gksaA
enjls esa iksfy;ks Dykl gsrq dgkfu;k¡
uksV% ;gkWa Dykl ds cPpksa ds lkeus uhps fy[kh dgkfu;ksa esa ls dksbZ ,d lquk,a vkSj mudks blesa Hkkx ysus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djsa A
gj cPpk gj ckj
,d xkao esa pkj fe= jgrs Fks & jke] jghe] ukud vkSj MsfoMA mu pkjksa ds [ksr vkl ikl gh FksA ,d fnu jke us vius [ksr dks dhM+ks ls cpkus ds fy, mlesa nok MkyhA nok Mkyus ls ml [ksr ds dqN dhM+s rks u"V gks x, vkSj dqN viuh tku cpkus ds fy, ikl esa jghe ds [ksr esa tk igq¡psA jghe us bl ckr dks le>us esa le; yxk;k fd D;k djuk pkfg,A fQj jghe us vius [ksr esa nok Mkyh rks dqN dhM+s rks ej x, vkSj dqN tks QqrhZys Fks tk igq¡ps ukud ds [ksr esaA ukud us Hkh QSlyk djus esa dqN le; yxk;kA fQj bl ijs'kkuh ls cpus ds fy, [ksr esa nok MkyhA vc dhM+s viuh tku cpkus ds fy, nk,a ck,a ns[kus yxs rks muesa ls dqN dks MsfoM dk [ksr fey x;kA MsfoM vius [ksr esa dhM+s ns[k dj ijs'kku gks mBk vkSj cgqr lkspus ds ckn mlus Hkh [ksr esa nok MyokbZA tc rd mlds [ksr esa nok Myrh rc rd ckfd;ksa ds [ksr esa iM+h nok dk vlj de gks pqdk Fkk rks tks dhM+s viuh tku cpk lds og jke] jghe o ukud ds [ksr esa tk dj cl x,A vc pkjksa nksLr cgqr fpfUrr gks x, vkSj ,d lkFk cSB dj lkspus yxs fd D;k fd;k tk,A
;gka ij dgkuh dks chp esa jksd dj lgHkkfx;ksa ls dqN iz'u iwNsa tc dhM+s QSys rks mu yksxksa us D;k lksp dj nok ugha Mkyh \ ckdh nksLrksa us vius [ksr esa dhM+s vkus dk bart+kj D;ksa fd;k \ tc nok dk vlj de gksus yxk rks mUgsa D;k djuk pkfg, Fkk \
fQj lgHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd ,sls esa mu nksLrksa dks D;k djuk pkfg,A ppkZ dks vkxs c<+k,a vkSj lgh mRrj fudkysaA ;fn mRrj u fudy dj vk, rks mUgsa crk,a fd pkjksa nksLrksa us fey dj ;g r; fd;k fd mUgsa ,d lkFk vius vius [ksr esa nok Mkyuh pkfg, vkSj bl izfØ;k dks chp chp esa nksgjkrs jguk pkfg, rkfd dhM+ksa dks lj Nqikus ds fy, dksbZ txg u feys vkSj lHkh dhM+s u"V gks tk,aA
blds mijkUr lgHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd bl dgkuh ls gesa D;k lh[k feyrh gSA ppkZ djrs gq, cwFk dh egRork rFkk ckj ckj [kqjkd fiykus ds Qk;ns ij t+ksj nsaA
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k bl dgkuh dk eq[; lans'k@lh[k ;g gS fd vf/kd ls vf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk fnol ij ,d lkFk iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiykdj ge okrkoj.k ls iksfy;ks ds dhM+s lekIr dj ldrs gSa ,oa ckj ckj [kqjkd fiykdj cPpksa esa bl chekjh ls yM+us dh {kerk dk fodkl dj ldrs gSaA
uUgha lh jft+;k dh D;k xyrh
4 o"khZ; jft+;k vius vEeh&vCcw dh lcls NksVh cPph FkhA os yksx 5 HkkbZ & cgu FksA jft+;k cgqr gh I;kjh vkSj papy rks Fkh gh lkFk gh lkFk lcls NksVh gksus dh otg ls og lcdh ykMyh Hkh FkhA x, dqN fnuksa ls jft+;k dks 'kke <yrs gh fn[kus esa dqN ijs'kkuh gksus yxh Fkh ij ?kj okyksa us bl vksj dksbZ /;ku ugha fn;kA ;g ijs'kkuh c<+rh xbZ vkSj vkl ikl ds cPps mls vU/kh vU/kh dg dj fp<+kus yxsA jft+;k us dbZ ckj bu cPpksa dh f'kdk;r ?kj ij dh ij lcus mls le>kdj ckr Vky nhA ,d fnu 'kke ds le; jft+;k dh vEeh glok ls lCt+h dkV jgh Fkha fd rHkh jft+;k nkSM+rh gqbZ vkbZ vkSj fn[kkbZ u nsus dh otg ls ml ij fxj xbZA jft+;k dks cgqr pksV vkbZ vkSj mls rqjUr MkDVj ds ikl ys tkuk iM+kA jLrs Hkj jft+;k jksrh xbZ fd mls 'kke dks dqN fn[krk ugha gS blhfy, og fxj xbZA
MkDVj us jft+;k dh pksV ij Vkads yxk, vkSj iV~Vh rks cka/k nh ijUrq mlds vEeh&vCcw dks crk;k fd mls cgqr gh xgjh pksV vkbZ gS tks Hkjus esa le; ysxhA jft+;k dh vEeh us MkDVj dks crk;k fd og dbZ fnuksa ls 'kke dks fn[kkbZ u nsus dh f'kdk;r dj jgh gSA MkDVj us muls iwNk fd D;k jft+;k dks lHkh Vhds yxs Fks vkSj 9 ekg ls feyus okyh [kqjkd Hkh fiyokbZ FkhaA jft+;k dh tk¡p djds MkDVj us crk;k fd og jrkSa/kh jksx ls xzflr gS ftldk bykt cgqr le; rd djuk iM+sxk ijUrq chekjh vc iwjh rjg ls Bhd ugha gks ik,xhA
jft+;k dks jkr esa D;ksa ugha fn[krk Fkk \ ;g chekjh D;ksa gksrh gS \ MkDVj us fdl [kqjkd dh ckr dh \ dc nh tkuh pkfg, \ blds vykok cPpksa dks vkSj dkSu dkSu ls Vhds yxus pkfg, \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k foVkfeu , ds Qk;ns o [kqjkd dk lgh le;A
NksVh lh Hkwy
jghe uxj esa vCnqy viuh okynk] csxe vkSj 5 ekg dh cPph bejkuk ds lkFk jgrk FkkA vCnqy 'kgj esa tkdj esgur etnwjh djrk FkkA ,d fnu tc og dke ij tk jgk Fkk rks mls ,-,u-,e- nhnh feyha vkSj mUgksaus vCnqy ls bejkuk dks Vhdk yxokus dks dgkA vCnqy us ?kj ij vkdj ;g ppkZ viuh okynk ls dh rks mUgksaus ges'kk dh rjg bl ckj Hkh Vhds yxokus ls lkQ badkj dj fn;kA mUgksaus vCnqy ls iwNk fd vkt rd mls dkSu ls Vhds yxs gSa tks og uUgha lh cPph dks Vhds yxokuk pkgrk gSA dqN fnuksa ckn gh bejkuk dks cgqr [kkalh vkus yxh vkSj og lqLr iM+ xbZ] ;g [kkalh tks Fkh fd Bhd gksus dk uke gh ugha ys jgh FkhA bejkuk dks rks [kkalh ds nkSjs ls iM+us yxs] vDlj [kkalrs [kaklrs og mYVh Hkh dj nsrh FkhA nknh us fdlh MkDVj dks ugha fn[kk;k cl ?kjsyw bykt gh djrh jghaA fnu ij fnu bejkuk dh gkyr fcxM+rh xbZA viuh cPph dk ;g gky ns[k vCnqy ijs'kku gks mBk vkSj mls MkDVj ds ikl ysdj Hkkxk ijUrq rc rd cgqr nsj gks pqdh Fkh] MkDVj ds ikl igq¡pus ls igys gh bejkuk us ne rksM+ fn;kA
bejkuk dks D;k gqvk Fkk \ bejkuk dh bl gkyr ds fy, dkSu ft+Eesnkj Fkk \ D;ksa 5 ekg rd cPps dks dkSu dkSu ls Vhds yx tkus pkfg, \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k dkyh [kkalh ls cpko gsrq Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhdksa o lgh le; ij bykt dk egRo
cl vc vkSj ugha
vkt 'kcue viuh NksVh csVh Qjgk dks ysdj ljdkjh vLirky Vhdk yxokus xbZ FkhA ogka mls mldh iqjkuh lgsyh fjt+okuk feyh tks vius 9 ekg ds csVs dks ysdj MkDVj dks fn[kkus vkbZ FkhA mldk csVk cgqr det+ksj vkSj NksVk yx jgk Fkk] mls rst+ cq[kkj vkSj nLr dh f'kdk;r FkhA nksuksa lgsfy;ka dkQh le; ckn fey jgh Fkha vkSj ,d nwljs ls feydj cgqr [kq'k gqbZaA fjt+okuk vkSj mlds csVs dks ns[kdj 'kcue dqN ijs'kku lh gks xbZ D;ksafd nksuksa gh cgqr det+ksj yx jgs FksA vLirky dk dke iwjk gksus ds ckn fjt+okuk us 'kcue ls vius ?kj pyus dks dgk rks 'kcue eku xbZA jkLrs esa 'kcue us lkspk fd lkFk cSBdj ckr djus ls mls mldh lgsyh dh ijs'kkuh tkuus dk ekSdk feysxkA ckrphr ds nkSjku mls irk pyk fd fjt+okuk ds cPpksa dh lsgr cgqr [kjkc jgrh gS ftl otg ls og Lo;a Hkh ugha iui ik jgh gSA tc og fjt+okuk ds ?kj igqaph rks ogka dk rks ut+kjk gh vyx Fkk] ?kj ds ckgj dwM+k djdV bdV~Bk Fkk ftlij mldh 4 o"khZ; csVh [ksy jgh FkhA ?kj ds vUnj Hkh ekgkSy dksbZ fHkUu ugha Fkk] fcLrj cgqr xank iM+k Fkk] mlij [kkus dk lkeku Hkh fc[kjk Fkk vkSj efD[k;ksa dh rks ekuksa nkor gh gks jgh FkhA fjt+okuk pkSds esa pk; cukus xbZ rks lkFk gh 'kcue Hkh ogka pyh xbZA pkSds esa mlus ns[kk dh [kkus ihus dh oLrq,a [kqyh gh iM+h gSa ftlij efD[k;ka fHkUu&fHkUkk jgh gSa vkSj rks vkSj pkSds ds ihNs cjkens esa xank ikuh Hkh bdV~Bk gks jgk FkkA fjt+okuk us fcuk gkFk /kks, gh Hkjs gq, ikuh ls ,d crZu esa ikuh fudkyk vkSj mUgha gkFkksa ls mlesa phuh Hkh feykbZA vc 'kcue dks ;g Hkkirs le; ugha yxk fd fjt+okuk ds cPpksa dh lsgr dk dkj.k D;k gSA pk; ihrs ihrs 'kcue us fjt+okuk dks mlds cPpksa dh [kjkc lsgr dk dkj.k crk;k vkSj mls cgqr le>k;k fd mls D;k djuk pkfg,A fjt+okuk dks vc lc le> esa vk jgk Fkk vkSj mlus ;g Bkku fy;k fd cl vc vkSj ugha] vc mlds cPps Hkh ,d LoLFk thou th,axsA
fjt+okuk ds ?kj ij 'kcue us D;k ns[kk \ fjt+okuk ds cPpksa dh [kjkc lsgr ds D;k dkj.k Fks \ 'kcue us fjt+okuk dks D;k le>k;k gksxk \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k O;fDrxr ,oa okrkoj.k dh lkQ&lQkbZ dk egRo
dk'k t+jhuk us ,-,u-,e- nhnh dh ckr ekuh gksrh
t+jhuk vkt cgqr [kq'k Fkh D;ksafd mlds xkao esa esyk yxk Fkk vkSj og vius cPpksa dks ysdj esyk ?kweus tk jgh FkhA og ?kj ls fudyh gh Fkh fd iM+ksl esa Vhdkdj.k dj jgh ,-,u-,e- nhnh us mls lykg nh fd ges'kk dh rjg ykijokgh u djs vkSj vius csVs dks Mh-ih-Vh- dk Vhdk yxok ysA tYnh esa gksus ds dkj.k t+jhuk us Vhds ds fy, euk dj fn;k vkSj esyk ?kweus pyh xbZA ogka ls ykSVus ds ckn og fdlh dke esa yx xbZ vkSj cPps dks Vhdk ugha yxok ikbZA
dqN le; i'pkr ,d fnu vpkud t+jhuk ds csVs dks lkal ysus esa dqN ijs'kkuh gksus yxh vkSj [kkalh ds lkFk rst+ cq[kkj Hkh gks x;k A tc fnDdr c<+us yxh rks t+jhuk vkSj mlds 'kkSgj cPps dks ysdj MkDVj ds ikl igqaps] MkDVj us tkap djds crk;k fd mls xy?kksVwa uked chekjh gks xbZA MkDVj us t+jhuk ls iwNk fd D;k mlus cPps dks Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhds ugha yxok, FksA
t+jhuk dks viuh xyrh dk ,glkl gksus esa le; ugha yxk vkSj mlus lkspk fd dk'k ?kweus dh ctk, mlus ,-,e-,e- nhnh dh ckr eku dj cPps ds Vhdkdj.k dks egRo fn;k gksrkA
cPpksa ds Vhdkdj.k dk D;k egRo gS \ t+jhuk ds cPps dh fLFkfr [kjkc D;ksa gks xbZ \ Mh-ih-Vh dk Vhdk cPpksa dks fdu chekfj;ksa ls cpkrk gS \
dgkuh ds eq[; lans’k@lh[k xy?kksVw ls cpko gsrq Mh-ih-Vh- ds Vhdksa o le; dk egRo
lewg esa vkilh ckrphr ,oa izsjd xfrfof/k;ksa ds nkSjku mi;ksx djus gsrq dqN ukjksa ds uewus
¼bu ukjksa dk mi;ksx Ldwyksa esa izkFkZuk ds le; Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gS½
vkvks feydj lcdks le>k,a
iksfy;ks dks tM+ ls feVk,aA
vkvks th vkvks] lcdks cqykvks
nks cw¡n dh [qkjkd fiykdj gh tkvks
ukuh nknh lkFk fuHkkuk
nks cw¡n [kqjkd fiyokuk
vEeh vcw Hkwy u tkuk
cwFk ij cPpksa dks lkFk ykuk
lqu yks HkbZ;k] lqu yks cguk
iksfy;ks vfHk;ku dks lQy cukuk
nks cw¡n nok
iksfy;ks gok
,d Hkh cPpk NwV x;k
lqj{kk pØ VwV x;k
ge lc us ;g Bkuk gS
iksfy;ks dks feVkuk gS
ge cPps gSa egku
NksM+sxsa u ge iksfy;ks ds fu'kku
lkl cgq dk gS ,yku
thr tk,axs iksfy;ks dk laxzke
gekjh ckr] gekjk iSxke
iksfy;ks eqDr gksxk fgUnqLrku
leqnk; ds lokyksa ds rdZiw.kZ tokc
iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ds nkSjku leqnk; }kjk vDlj iwNs tkus okys loky ,oa tokc ds :i esa iz;ksx fd, tk ldus okys rdZ
1. nok fiykus ls esjk cPpk chekj gks tkrk gS ge nok ugha fiyk,axs!
tokc %
lcls igys rks ;g nok ugha gS ,d izdkj dk Vhdk gS ftlds tjh, vkids cPps dh iksfy;ks ls j{kk gks ldrh gS D;ksafd nok chekj gksus ds ckn nh tkrh gS vkSj Vhdk chekjh ls cpko ds fy, nh tkrh gS A bl Vhds ds ,d ok;y ls 18 ls 20 cPps [kqjkd ihrs gSa] vxj Vhds esa dksbZ [kjkch gksrhs rks lHkh cPpksa dh rch;r [kjkc gksrh vkSj oks lHkh cPps vki ds iM+ksl ds gh gksrs D;ksafd ,d ok;y ls gh vki ds vkl ikl ds yxHkx 20 cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk;h tkrh gSA vkids cPps ds chekj iM+us dh otg iksfy;ks dk Vhdk fiykuk ugha gks ldrkA
vki bldks bl rjhds ls lef>, dh dHkh&dHkh gekjs ?kj esa lHkh yksx ,d gh [kkuk [kkrs gSa ij lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh dh rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rks D;k ge yksx ;g eku ysrs gSa fd ?kj dk [kkuk [kkus ls mldh rch;r [kjkc gqbZ gSA rch;r [kjkc gksus ;k chekj gksus dk dkj.k dqN vkSj gks ldrk gS uk fd iksfy;ks ls cpko djkus okyh nks [kqjkdA
fdlh Hkh chekjh dk y{k.k rqjar rks fn[kk;h ugha nsrk vxj gesa dksbZ chekjh yxrh gS rks mldk vlj gesa dqN le; ckn fn[krk gS tSls vxj ge “kke ;k jkr esa Hkhx tkrs gS rks tq[kke vxys fnu “kq: gksrk gS ;k vxj ge dqN [kjkc [kkuk [kk ysrs gSa rks 5 ls 6 ?kaVs ckn gedks isV esa nnZ ;k vU; dksbZ y{k.k fn[krk gSA tc vkids cPps dks iksfy;ks [kqjkd nh x;h gks rks gks ldrk gS fd vki ds cPps dks igys l dksbZ leL;k jgh gks ij D;ksafd [kqjkd nsus ds rqjar ckn cPps esa chekjh ds y{k.k fn[ks rks vkidks yx jgk gS fd cPpk iksfy;ks dk Vhdk fiykus ls chekj gqvkA ,slk laHko ugha gS vxj vki pkgsa rks fdlh Hkh MkDVj ls lEidZ dj ldrh gSa vkSj mlls iwN ldrh gSaA
ge ;k vki cM+s gSa rks D;k ge chekj ugha iM+rs \ ge rks Vhds okyh [kqjkd ugha ysrs gSaA lHkh cPps pkgs mUgksus iksfy;ks [kqjkd yh gks ;k ugha chekj rks iM+rs gh gSa ij vxj dksbZ cPpk iksfy;ks [kqjkd ysus ds ckn chekj iM+ tk, rks ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd oks rks iksfy;ks fd [kqjkd ihus ls chekj iM+k gSA
2. iksfy;ks ij bruk tksj D;ksa \ nqfu;k esa vkSj Hkh rks chekfj;kaW vkSj ijs�kkfu;kaWa gSa !
tokc %
iksfy;ks ij bruk tksj bl fy, gS fd vkSj lHkh chekfj;kas dk bykt rks lHkao gS ij ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tkus ij cPpk thou Hkj ds fy, vikfgt gks tkrk gS bldk nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh bykt ugha gks ldrkA ,d ckr vkSj vkSj Hkh dbZ chekfj;kW gS ftudk bykt ugha gS ij ;g laHko ugha fd bu chekfj;ksa dks gksus
ls iwjh rjg ls jksdk tk lds ij iksfy;ks dks nqfu;k ls [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj cgqr lkjs ns”kksa us vius ;gkWa ls bl chekjh dks [kRe fd;k gS muds ;gkW ls iksfy;ks dk ok;jl @ tjklhe [kRe fd;k tk pwdk gSA ge Hkh ;fn gj ckj gj cPps rd ;g Vhdk igqWapk ldsa rks bl tjklhe dk ukeksfu”kku feVk ldrs gSaA
vU; dksbZ chekjh gksrh gS rks iwjh rjg ;k dqN gn rd mldk bykt fd;k tk ldrk gS ij ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tkus ij cPpk thou Hkj ds fy, vikftg gks tkrk gSA ,d ckj vxj fdlh dh chekjh ls ekSr gks tk, rks dqN le; ds ckn yksx /khjs&/khjs ml xe ls nnZ ls mcj tkrs gS ij ;fn ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tk, rks oks cPpk ;k cM+k vkids lkeus ges”kk jgsxk vkSj ges”kk vkidks ;g ,glkl djkrk jgsxk fd vxj geus le; ls cPkko dk jkLrk viuk;k gksrk rks vkt ;g cPpk Hkh vkSjksa dh rjg vkjke ls viuh ftanxh th jgk gksrkA
ge ekurs gSa fd vkSj Hkh ijs”kkfu;kWa gSa vkSj mudk gy gksuk t:jh gS ij bl [krjukd chekjh dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lksfp, fd gj xyh] gj eksgYys dh lM+d [kwc “kkunkj gks tk, ij ml ij pyus okys 10 cPpksa esa ls 6 cPps vikfgt gksa rks D;k blls cM+h ijs”kkuh dksbZ vkSj gks ldrh gSA vkt vki ns[k jgs gSa fd /khjs&/khjs iksfy;ks ls xzflr cPps vkidks de fn[kk;h nsrs gS ,slk blhfy, laHko gqvk gS D;ksafd bl chekjh dh xaHkhjrk dk vanktk le; ls yxk fy;k x;k vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij vfHk;ku “kq: dj fn;k x;kA gekjk mn~ns”; gS fd bl chekjh dks tM+ ls [kRe fd;k tk ldsA
3. ckj & ckj [kqjkd D;ksa fiyk;h tkrh gS vkSj dc rd bl rjg nok fiyk;h tkrh jgsxhA
tokc %
iksfy;ks dks tM+ ls [kRe djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd lHkh cPpksa dks ,d lkFk yxHkx ,d gh le; esa iksfy;ks ls yM+us okys Vhds dh [kqjkd ihyk;h tk,A cnfdLerh ls gekjs ns”k esa ,d gh fnu ( iksfy;ks jfookj ds fnu ) flQZ 50 ls 60 izfr”kr cPpksa dks gh ;g [kqjkd nh tk ikrh gS D;skfd lHkh yksx vius cPpksa dks cwFk ij ugha ys vkrs gSaA tks cPps [kqjkd ugha ih ikrs gSa mu rd ;g muds ?kj rd ys tkdj nh tkrh gS mlds ckn Hkh djhc 10 izfr”kr cPps gj ckj NwV tkrs gSaA tc rd ge lHkh cPpksa dks ,d lkFk ,d ckj esa rhu ;k pkj jkm.M vfHk;ku pyk dj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ugha ns ikrs rc rd ;g vfHk;ku pyrk jgsxkA
iksfy;ks ds tjklhe dh vknr gksrh gS fd oks viuh tku cpkus ds fy, cPpksa dh vkarks es tkdj Nqi tkrk gS D;ksafd [kqyh gok esa ;g dsoy 48 ?kaVs ghs ftank jg ldrk gSA bl vfHk;ku ds tjh, ge pkgrs gSa fd bl tjklhe dks Nqius ds fy, fdlh cPps dh vkar ulhc uk gks vkSj etcwju bls 48 ?kaVs [kqys esa jguk iM+s vkSj ge bls [kRe dj nsaA tks cPps nok ihrs gS mudh vkarks esa Hkh ;g :d ugha ldrk vkSj [kRe gks tkrk gSA
cnfdLerh ls gj ckj bl tjklhe dks fdlh uk fdlh cPps dh vkar fey tkrh gS ftlesa ;g Nqi tkrk gS vkSj 30 fnuksa ds ckn tc Vhds dk vlj /khjs&/khjs
de gksus yxrk gS rks ;g nwljs cPpksa esa QSyus yxrk gSA bl fy, gesa yxHkx gj 30 fnu ds Hkhrj cPpksa dh vkarksa dks lqjf{kr djuk iM+rk gSA
ftl izdkj ls tc dHkh ge chekj gksrs gSa rks MkDVj ,d gh nok dh dbZ [kqjkd gesa rc rd nsrk jgrk gS tc rd dh ge iwjh rjg ls Bhd ugha gks tkrs gSaA mlh rjg ;g [kqjkd rc rd nh tkrh jgsxh tc rd dh ge bl chekjh ij iwjh rjg dkcw ugha ik ysrsA
4. ge flQZ fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa nok fiykrs gSaA ge vkidh nh gqbZ nok ugha fiyk,axs!
tokc %
;g vfHk;ku ,d [kkl j.kuhfr ds lkFk pyk;k tk jgk gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa iksfy;ks ds ok;jl rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa] P1, P2 vkSj P3 A blesa ls vius ns”k esa P2 ok;jl dks [kRe fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl vfHk;ku esa gj iksfy;ks pdz pykus ds igys ;g r; fd;k tkrk gS fd bl ckj fdl ok;jl ds izfr tksjnkj geyk djuk gSA dHkh dHkh nksuksa cps ok;jlksa ds fy, [kqjkd nh tkrh gS rks dHkh flQZ P1 ds fy, ;k flQZZ P3 ds fy,A bl rjg ls ;g iksfy;ks [kqjkd fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa nh tkuh okyh [kqjkd ls vyx vkSj vf/kd vljnkj gksrh gS vkSj vkids cPps ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSA vki pkgsa rks vius fu;fer MkDVj ls bl lEca/k esa jk; ys ldrs gSaA
fu;fer Vhdkdj.k flQZ ,d lky rd ds cPpksa dks gh gksrk gS] ftlls cPpk 5 tkuysok fcekfj;ksa ls lqjf{kr gks tkrk gS ij iksfy;ks dh chekjh ls lqjf{kr jgus ds fy, ikap lky rd cPps dks fu;fer iksfy;ks [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A
5. iksfy;ks dh nok ge ugha fiyk,axsa D;ksafd ;g ljdkj dh pky gS vkcknh dks de djus dhA bl nok ls oks gekjs cPpksa dks uiqlad cuk jgha gSA blls gekjs cPps 20 lky ckn uiqlad gks tk,axsaA
tokc %
vxj ljdkj dh uh;r bl [kqjkd ls vkcknh de dj jgh gksrh rks oks blds fy, ?kj&?kj tkdj nok ugha fiyk jgh gksrh cfYd ihus ds ikuh dh Vadh esa nok feykdj lHkh ?kjksa esa igqpkW nsrh mlesa brus yksx Hkh ugha yxrs ;k [kkus dh phtksa tSls ued vkfn esa feykdj yksxksa rd igqapk nsrhA
;g nok rdjhcu lu~ 1960 ls fiyk;h tk jgh gS vkSj vLirky esa iSnk gksus okys gj cPps dks fiyk;h tkrh jgh gS vki vkSj ge lHkh us ;g nok ih gSA igys flQZ iksfy;ks ls cpus ds fy, [kqjkd nh tkrh Fkh ij tc ge bl ij dkcw ugha dj ik, rks 1995 ls vfHk;ku ds tfj, bldks tM+ ls feVkus dh dksf”k”k dh tk jgh gSA vxj bl nok ls uiqladrk gksrh rks vc rd vk/kh ls vf/kd vkcknh uiqlad gks x;h gksrh D;ksafd brus yksx ;g [kqjkd ys pqds gSaA
;gh [kqjkd fiyk dj lÅnh vjc ls iksfy;ks 18& 20 lky igys [kRe fd;k x;k ogkW rks vkt gj 20 lky dk yM+dk ;k yM+dh cPpk iSnk ugha dj ikrk A blds myV vc gt djus tkus okyksa dks pkgs oks cM+s gks ;k cPps iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ysdj tkuk t:jh gS ojuk mUgs vjc esa ?kqlus ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
,d feuV ds fy, eku fy;k tk, fd vkcknh de djus ds fy, bldks fiyk;k tk jgk gS rks tc ,d eksgYys ds 100 esa ls dsoy 5 yksx nok ugha fiykrs gS vkSj lHkh fiykrs gS rks ge vkcknh dks fdruk c<+k ldrs gSaA
vki rks vius csVs ;k csVh dks bl fy, nok ugha fiyk jgs fd mldks cPpk ugha gksxk ij D;k vki bl ckr dh xkjaVh ys ldrs gSa fd ftlls mldh cM+s gksus ij “kknh gksxh mlus cpiu esa ;g [kqjkd ugha ih gksxh] ;fn mlus [kqjkd ih gksxh rks vki mldk D;k gy fudkysaxsaA ;g lc dksjh vQokgsa gSa vki fdlh Hkh MkDVj ls ;k vius /keZxq:vksa ls jk; ys ldrs gSaA
6. cPpk esgekuh esa vk;k gS] bldks ge nok ugha fiyk ldrs A
tokc %
cPpk esgekuh esa gh ugha vkidh ftEesnkjh esa Hkh vk;k gS] [kqnk u djs vxj vkids ;gkWa cPps dks dksbZ ijs”kkuh vk tk, ;k chekjh gks tk, rks D;k vki ;s lksp ds nok ugha nsxsa dh cPpk esgekuh esa vk;k gSA
iksfy;ks ls yM+us ds fy, ,d gh Vhdk lkjh nqfu;k esa fiyk;k tkrk gS cPpk vius ?kj gksrk rks Hkh mls ;gh nok fiyk;h tkrhA iksfy;ks dk tjklhe dsoy fcuk Vhds okyh vkar [kkstrk gS mls ugha irk gksrk dh cPpk vius ?kj gS ;k esgekuh esa vk;k gSA
(;fn cPpk vius ufugky esa vk;k gS rks ) tgka rd ge tkurs gSa fd vYyk ds jlwy vius nksuksa uokls yksxksa dk cgqr [;ky j[krs FksA bl ckr ls rks yxrk gS fd tc cPpk ufugky esa gks rks vkidh ftEesnkjh c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fdlh chekjh dk dksbZ fuf”pr le; ugha gksrk ;s dHkh Hkh gks ldrh gS blfy, gesa pkfg, dh ge ftruk tYnh gks vius cPps dks lqjf{kr dj ysaA
ch-,e-lh- gsrq vYilsfor j.kuhfr dk vkjafHkd izf’k{k.k
ekM~;wy
vUnj ds iUuksa ijizf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; izf'k{k.k dh :ijs[kk o izfØ;k vYilsfor leqnk; o USS vo/kkj.kk dk fodklUSS fØ;kUo;u esa BMC dh Hkwfedk ,oa mRrjnkfRoeqfLye leqnk; dh dqN tkfr@mitkfr LFkkuh; Lrj ij iSjoh dh nf̀"V ls dqN egRoiw.kZ laLFkk,a o muls lacaf/kr izeq[k O;fDr lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk dh n`f"V ls dqN egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe o ioZ iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa iSjoh o ikVZujf'ki gsrq fofHkUu laLFkkvksa o foHkkxksa dk lg;ksx b.VjQst+ ehfVax o izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeq[khdj.k ¼vksfj,UVs'ku½ vYilsfor leqnk; esa ckrphr] O;ogkj ,oa igukok dk vkisf{kr <ax ¼D;k djsa] D;k u djsa½ iz'ukoyh ¼l= ds ckn iz;ksx dh tk ldrh gS½ pSdfyLV ¼QhYM esa iz;ksx gsrq½
SESSION PLAN
1. Time : 3.0 hour (180 minutes)
2. Session Objective: By the end of the session, the participants are expected to know the following: a) Understand what is USS. b) S/he should be able to devlop good understanding on the religion, sects, festivals among
muslims and religious beliefs etc. c) S/he should be able to identify people/ institutions for liasoning and explore opportunities of
organizing events with community and influencers. d) S/he should be able to take lead on various USS related activities in absence of DUC.
Points to be covered in the session:
Subject/ Issue Time Methodology Coverage and Trainer Tips Handouts
Basic concepts related to USS-The need, concept, implementation strategy.
10 min Lecture/ LGD This session part is aimed to develop understanding on the need of such a strategy which needs to be logically presented in the light of the underlying current challenges and situations prevailing. For the purpose few challenges may be brought out/ hinted by participants itself.
USSconcept/ Strategy
Understanding Religion (Muslim): Sects, festivals, events, practices and beliefs. - Masjid (Imam, Moazzin, Mutawalli) - Madarsa (Mohtamim,Nazim, Mufti) - Shahar Qazi, Shahar Mufti, Shahar Imam.
20 min Lecture/ Presentation (Film may be developed to cover this part effectively)
Session part will cover Sects/, HR communities, Muslim religious leaders/ Institutions, Important festivals/ events / understanding different underserved terms and their concept clarification in the context of polio programme.
Terms in USSSects & Castes Muslim Institutions Festivals
Muslim calendars and major programmatic interventions possible. Polio Advocacy during special occasion and their importance in social mobilization. Ramazaan. Id-ul-Fitr Id-ul-Azha Hajj Shabe Barat Religious
Congregations.
30 min Presentation Session should focus on developing the ability to relate monthly events (religious) with the possibility of organizing any programmatic intervention. Participants to be encouraged to work out what needs to be explored locally in this context?
Calender names
Subject/ Issue Time Methodology Coverage and Trainer Tips Handouts
Advocacy and partnership building with minoritydepartment, Waqf board, Jamait Ulema-i- Hind etc.
20 min Lecture/ Presentation
Tips to organize liasononing events/ interventions with the institutions/ associations those may be critical in building community consensus.
Institutions andassociations and their work.
Appeals: Usage Know-how.
20 min Demonstration All the available appeals categorized purpose wise demonstrated/ explained to participants.
Basic appeals available (readymade)
Identification of Influencers in context to purpose and community.
30 min SGD This session part aims to emphasize on the need to identify right kind of influencers and envisage their cooperation for the particular/ specific purpose. The participants are to be divided in the four groups and given the task to identify the interventions where they see the role of influencers and then map it with right kind (imam, local elderly etc) of influencer.
___
Understanding the prerequisite, concept & processes of conducting interface meetings and community meetingsincluding: -Influencer orientation. -Religious leader meetings,-Interface, -Ijtema,Community Meetings etc.
30 min Lecture/ Presentation
Tips to organize orientation sessions/ meetings with the influencers/ community and the processes involved step by step. Preparatory and follow-up activities should be given special emphasis.
Handout on Steps involved in conducting influencer orientation andinterface meetings.
Do’s and Dont’s- How to interact/ mannerism etc.
20 min Role Play Role play: How to interact with the different kind of influencers/ religious heads (What manners to follow being man or women), how to deliver a talk effectively The trainers (or BMCs) who have good experience in this regard are to be selected to perform and rest should observe to reflect during debriefing. Alternative: Organize do’s and don’ts in the puzzle or Quiz form and ask participants to reflect in “Yes or NO”
Dos & Dont’s
vUMjloZM LVªSVsth
ge iksfy;ks mUuewyu ds fy;s dk;Z dj jgs gS tks fd lkeqnkf;d LokLF; dk ,d Hkkx gS A lkeqnkf;d LokLF; esa fofHkUu laosnuk;sa tqMh gSA Hkkjrh; lekt ds ifjis{k esa ] tkfr leqnk; fyax] vkfn laosnu'khy eqnns gSa tks LokLF; fu;eksa vkSj LokLF; dk;ZØe dks izHkkfor djrs gSaA lkeqnkf;d LokLF; ds {ks= esa dk;Z dj jgs lapkj ls tqMs dk;Zdrkvksa dh bl eqnns ij cgqr vPNh idM+ gksuh pkfg, vU;Fkk iwjk LokLF; dk;ZØe [krjs esa iM+ ldrk gSA vljnkj laokn ds fy;s ;s cgqr t:jh gS fd dk;ZdrkZ viuh ftEesnkfj;ksa ds lkFk fcuk fdlh iwokZxzg o HksnHkko ds tkfr;ksa o leqnk; ls lEidZ djasA iksfy;ks cPPkksa dks uqdlku igqapkrk gS vkSj cPpksa ls tqMh leL;kvksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, gesa chekjh dks dsoy oSKkfud dkj.kksa ds ut+fj;s ls gh ugha] lkekftd vkSj lakLd`frd utfj;ksa ls Hkh ns[kuk gksxk ;gka rd ds cPpksa dh jk; rFkk muds tTckr dks Hkh le>uk pkfg,A
vUMjloZM ¼vYilsfor½ leqnk; d;k gS\ vYilsfor leqnk; lekt dk og oxZ gS tks vkfFkZd] 'kSf{kd o lekftd :i ls fiNM+k gqvk gSA bl leqnk; rd lsok,a ;k rks igq¡p ugha ikrh ;k yksx mls Lohdkj ugha djrs vkSj ;s yksx vLoPN okrkoj.k esa thou ;kiu djrs gSaA ;g yksxksa dk og oxZ gS tks vDlj vius dks vlqjf{kr eglwl djrk gSA bu ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds dkj.k ;gka ds cPpksa dks chekjh gksus dk [krjk vf/kd cuk jgrk gSA
jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dk laca/k lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkfr ls gksrk gS u fd /keZ] fyax ;k tkrh fo’ks"k ls A rkts+ rFkk iqjkus vkadMs+ ns[kus ij irk pyk gS fd vf/kdrj iksfy;ks dsl mRrj izns'k esa eqfLye cPpksa esa ik;s x;s gSaA ;g cPps iskfy;ks ok;jl ls blfy, izHkkfor ugha gq, D;ksafd ;s eqfLye Fks & exj blfy;s izHkkfor gq, D;ksafd mudh lkekftd rFkk vkfFkZd fLFkrh det+ksj Fkh rFkk os vLoPN gkykr esa thou ;kiu djrs FksA lkFk gh mudks ,slh lsok,a ugh feyha tks fd mudks laØfer jksxksa ls cpkus ds fy, cgqr t:jh FkhaA
;w0,u0Mh0ih0 dh fjiksVZ ¼2004½ ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh eqfLye efgykvksa esa ls dsoy 34 izfr'kr gh lk{kj gSa vkSj mRRkj izns'k esa ;g nj vHkh 10 izfr'kr ls Hkh de ekuh tk jgh gS A efgykvksa dh f'k{kk dk Lrj fo'ks"kr% ifjokj dh vk; ] LoPNrk ] lkQ lQkbZ rFkk cPPkksa dh ns[kHkky ij lh/ks rkSj ij vlj djrk gS A eqfLye vYilsfor lekt esa [kjkc LokLFk lacaf/kr ns[kHkky vkSj Vhdkdj.k Lrj de gksus dk egRoiw.kZ dkj.k gS efgykvksa dh lk{kjrk nj dk cgqr de gksukA bl dkj.k gkykr esa lq/kkj ,d nh?kZ dkfyd fodkl izfØ;k gS vkSj iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe blds fy, bUrt+kj ugha dj ldrkA
vr% vYilsfor leqnk; dks izsfjr djuk gS fd bu lc [kjkc gkykrksa ds ckotwn Hkh os yksx iskfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa Hkkx ysa A ,sls ifjokjksa dks iskfy;ks izfrj{k.k ds ykHk dh ljkguk djuh pkfg, rFkk viuh lgHkkfxrk ds fy, ¼lkSnsckth½ dksbZ 'krZ ugh j[kuh pkfg,A mudks izsfjr djus ds fy, 'kSf{kd o /kkfeZd dsUnz] O;olkf;d Hkkx rFkk og Bsdsnkj lcls vPNs lzksr gSa ftudh oks bTtr djrs gSa vkSj ftuds fy, og dke djrs gSaA bu laLFkkvksa o yksxksa dks bl ckr ds fy, izsfjr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fd og iskfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa lgHkkfxrk djsa vkSj leqnk; vFkok O;fDr fo'ks"k dks le>k,a fd viuh ekax euokus ds fy, iksfy;ks izfrj{k.k dk fojks/k u djsa vkSj u gh dksbZ lkSnsckth djsaA
vaMjloZM LVSªVth ds mnns';vaMjloZM LVSªVth leqnk; dh lgHkkfxrk ij vk/kkfjr gS] vFkkZr iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe dks viukus ds fy, vYilsfor leqnk; dh Hkkxhnkjh A dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ds fy, mudk bl dk;ZØe dks viukuk vfr vko’;d gS A vr% vaMjloZM LVsªsVth dk eq[; mnns’; gS ¼1½ ;kstuk ¼2½ fdz;kUo;u] rFkk ¼3½ vuqJo.k esa bl leqnk; dh lgHkfxrk lqfuf’pr djukA
ljdkjh izksxzke dks vokeh rgjhd esa cnyuk gS A iskfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe ,d ljdkjh dk;ZØe gS gesa leqnk; dk iw.kZ lg;ksx pkfg,A bl dk;ZØe esa fo’ks"k :i ls eqfLye vYilsfor leqnk; dh laLFkkvksa dks dk;ZØe dh iSjoh rFkk tehuh Lrj ij lkekftd ykHkcanh ds fy;s tksM+uk gksxk ftlls fd ;g dk;ZØe tehuh vkUnksyu cu ldsA blds lkFk gh ;g tkudkjh bl ljdkjh dk;ZØe dks ,d tehuh vkUnksyu cukus esa enn dj ldrh gS & bLyke esa cPpkas dh lsgr vkSj ns[kHkky dks cgqr vgfe;r nh xbZ gS ftlesa cPpksa dk izfrj{k.k Vhdkdj.k ds }kjk 'kkfey gSA fgQts ek rdnqe lHkh vuq;k;h;ksa ds fy, ,d bLykfed funsZ'k gS ftldk vFkZ gS ds viuh lsgr dk ges'kk cpko djksA ftrus Hkh Vhds gaS ¼iksfy;ks lfgr½ ;g lHkh lsgr ds fy, cpko dk ,d ek/;e gSa tks fd 0&5 o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks fn, tkrs gaS rkfd vlk/; jksx ls cpko fd;k tk ldsA bl izdkj vius cPpksa dks iksfy;ks [kqjkd fnykuk vkSj vU; Vhdkdkj.k djkuk bLykfed funsZ'k dk vuqikyu gh gSA
v.MjloZM j.kuhfr ls ifjp;tc 2002 esa Hkkjr o mRrj izns'k esa iksfy;ks ds dbZ dsl gq, rks ml oDr ;g ik;k x;k fd m0iz0 esa iksfy;ks dslksa dk vuqikr eqfLye leqnk; esa cgqr vf/kd Fkk tcfd m0iz0 esa eqfLye tula[;k dk vuqikr dslksa dh vis{kk dkQh de FkkA ml oDr leqnk; dks bl fLFkfr ls ckgj ykus ds fy, vaMjloZM LVªSVth dh vo/kkj.kk fodflr dh xbZA lapkj j.kuhfr;ksa dks cPpksa rd igaqpkus ds fy, bl j.kuhfr dk eq[; y{; eqfLye vYilsfor leqnk; esa iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe gsrq fo'okl dk fuekZ.k djuk FkkA UNICEF ,oa nwljs iksfy;ks ikVZuj o"kZ 2003 dh “kq:vkr esa ukfer eqfLye “kSf{kd laLFkkvksa ls tqMs+ rkfd muds tfj;s eqfLye leqnk; dks izHkkfor fd;k tk ldsA UNICEF dk 3 eqfLye laLFkkvksa ds lkFk vkSipkfjd le>kSrk gS ftlds varxZr os fof'k"V xzkl:V ¼tehuh½ lkekftd eksfcykbZts'ku gsrq lgk;rk iznku djrh gSa ,oa xyr /kkj.kkvksa dks [kRe djus gsrq iSjoh ¼,Moksdslh½ djrh gSaA if'peh mRrj izns'k ds p;fur tuinksa ds fof'k"V {ks=ksa esa NwVs gq, cPPkksa rd igqpusa esa enn Hkh djrh gSaA ;g laLFkk,a vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh] tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k rFkk tkfe;k gennZ gSA buds vfrfjDRk dbZ ,slh vU; laLFkk,a Hkh gSa tks fd fofHkUu tuinksa esa LFkkuh; Lrj ij fcuk fdlh vkSipkfjd le>kSrs ds ;k fQj vkfFkZd lgk;rk ds] lkekftd eksfcykbts'ku o dk;Zdze dh iSjoh ds fy, vko';drkuqlkj fof'k"V lgk;rk iznku djrh gSaA
USS ds izeq[k fcUnq vYilsfor j.kuhfr dk eq[; mnns'; gS fd vYilsfor fLFkfr;ksa ds ckotwn ¼tSls fd fuj{kjrk] [kjkc HkkSfrd okrkoj.k] iznwf"kr ikuh] vR;Ur fuEu LokLF; lsok,a bR;kfn½ ml leqnk; ds gj cPps dks gj ckj OPV lqfuf'pr djkukA bls miyC/k djus gsrq er&fu/kkZfjrdrkZ ¼vksfifu;u esdj½ rFkk izHkko'kkyh O;fDr; ftlesa “kSf{kd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd] lkaLd`frd] O;olkf;d] fL=;ka] dk;ZdrkZ] laLFkk,a@ laxBu@lewg rFkk O;fDrxr usrk@ izfrfuf/k “kkfey gSa rkfd ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds fd fu;ksftr rFkk O;fLFkr lgk;rk ls HRA esa fuEufyf[kr rduhd }kjk vYilsfor leqnk; ds gj cPps rd igqapk tk lds A
1- xzkl:V ¼tehuh½ lks'ky eksfcykbZts'ku 2- iSjoh ¼,Moksdslh½
CMC {ks= & tgka XR ,oa Xo ?kjksa ij /;ku dsfUnr gS ogka LFkkuh; izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ,oa Vhe fufj{kdks ds chp :&c: ¼bUVjQsl½ ehfVax dh O;oLFkk djukA bl {ks= esa efgyk bTrsek o ehykn vk;ksftr djkukA LFkkuh; IEC lkexzh rS;kj djuk rFkk mldk izHkkoh mi;ksx yf{kr vkcknh esa lqfuf'pr djukA 3 eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh ds lkFk feydj mu {ks=ksa esa ;kstuk cukuk ,oa mldk fØ;kUo;u djuk tgka os dk;Z dj jgh gS ;k tgka os fo'ks’k lgk;rk iznku dj jgh gSA;wfuoflZVh ls izkoS/kkfud lgk;rk ysuk ftlesa LFkkuh; ioksZ esa e/;LFkrk ,oa LFkkuh; IEC lekxzh rS;kj djus esa lgk;rk lfEefyr gSA lHkh izeq[k USS xfrfof/k;ksa dks tuin lapkj ;kstuk esa tksM+uk rFkk bu lHkh dk DTF, BTF ,oa TTF esa esa IkzLrqrhdj.k djuk
eq[; fØ;k;ksa rFkk xfrfof/k;ksa ds ifj.kkeksa ij vkadM+sa] lwpukvksa dks bdV~Bk djuk] ladfyr djuk rFkk SM Net ikVZuj vkSj UNICEF y[kuÅ ds lkFk ckaVukA
USS fØ;kUo;u esa BMC dh Hkwfedk ,oa mRrjnkfRoBMC dk mRrjnkf;Ro CMC dks uhps fy[sk lHkh dk;ksZa esa lgk;rkiw.kZ fujh{k.k ¼liksfVZo lqijfoft+u½ iznku djuk gksxkA
lh-,e- dks vius {ks= ds gj ,d bU¶yw,alj ¼izHkko'kkyh O;fDr½ ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,A mls vius {ks= dh lHkh LFkkuh; efLtnksa] enjlksa] njxkgksa] mlksZa@ dk;Z'kkykvksa@dkj[kkuksa@O;olkf;d lewgksa ,oa muds v/;{kksa] tkfr@ leqnk; bR;kfn ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg,A lh-,e-lh- dks fuEufyf[kr gsrq mi;qDr LFkkuh; txg <w<uas esa iw.kZ :i ls lgk;rk djuh pkfg,A o fL=;ksa dh btrsek@feykn o mlds {ks= esa :c: ¼bUVjQsl½ ehfVax
BMC dk mRrjnkf;Ro gksxk fd og lHkh CMC {ks=ksa esa lalk/ku ekufp= rS;kj djk,a rkfd ;g lqfuf”pr fd;k tk lds fd CMC dks vius dk;Z {ks= esa lkekftd lEcU/kksa ,oa ogka dh laLFkkvksa vkSj O;fDrxr bU¶yw,alj dh tkudkjh gS] ftudk dk;ZØe esa lg;ksx fy;k tk ldsA CMC {ks= esa BMC dh LkHkh izHkko”kkyh O;fDr;ksa ls O;fDrxr rkSj ij tku&igpku gksA BMC dks DUC ,oa SMC ls vko”;drkuqlkj vU; lgk;rk ys dj CMC {ks= ds lkekftd <akps ,oa dk;ksZ dks le>kuk pkfg, rkfd og mi;qDr j.kuhfr;ksa ,oa xfrof/k;ksa }kjk CMC {ks= esa gj cPps dk gj ckj Vhdkdj.k lqfuf'pr djok ldsaABMC dks ;g lqfuf”pr djuk vko”;d gS fd CMC ds ikl Åij fy[kh lHkh USS
xfrfof/k;ksa gsrq dk;Z ;kstuk gS rFkk ;g lapkj ;kstuk esa lfEefyr dj nh xbZ gSA BMC dks CMC ds {ks= esa ,oa {ks= ds ckgj gks jgs R;ksgkjksa tSls fd nLrkj canh ] “kcs &cjkr] bZn&feykn&,&uoh bR;kfn esa dk;Zdze dh iSjoh gsrq ;kstuk vo”; cukuh pkfg,A
BMC dks Cykd ds lHkh HkhM+ ;k lEesyu okys LFkku tSls fd egRoiw.kZ njxkg@etkj@mlZ ¼CMC {ks= ds ckgj okys Hkh½ dks igys ls fpfUgr dj ysuk pkfg, rkfd ge fdlh Hkh egRoiw.kZ lEesyu esa fdlh Hkh cPps dk Vhdkdj.k djokus esa u pwdasA LFkkuh; rkSj ij RkS;kj dh xbZ IEC lekxzh dks mi;qDr LFkkuksa ij yxk,a ,oa ckWVsA NPSP ds FV/BM ,oa MOIC ds lkFk USS xfrfof/k;ksa ds fy, leUo; cuk,aA egRoiw.kZ xfrfof/k;ksa dh ;kstuk ,oa fØ;kUo;u esa vkxs vk,a tSl fd % o :c: ¼bUVjQsl½ ehfVax o fL=;ksa dh btrsek@feykn
lgk;rk iznku djus okys izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds uke lapkj ;kstuk esa “kkfey djk,aA USS xfrfof/k;ksa ij izf”k{k.k rFkk CMC dh {kerk fuekZ.kA BTF esa USS xfrfof/k;ksa dks izLrqr djuk A DUC/SMC dks VsyhQksu }kjk CMC {ks= esa fu;ksftr vYilsfor (USS) xfrfof/k;ksa ds Lrj tSls fd miyfC/k;kW@eqn~ns@ijs”kkfu;ka@lgk;rk dh vko”;drk bR;kfn ij lkIrkfgd fjiksVZ nsukA
t+kr@fcjknjh m0iz0 esa izeq[k :i ls eqfLye lEiznk; ds nks leqnk; vf/kd ik, tkrs gSa & f'k;k o lqUuhA lqUuh leqnk; ds vUrxZr nks vyx vyx fopkj/kkjk okys lewg gSa & cjsyoh o nsocanhA
cjsyoh elyd ds yksx e/; o iwohZ m0iz0 esa T+;knk feyrs gSa vkSj budk dsUnz cjsyh esa gSA bl leqnk; ds yksx etkj “kfjQ ij tkrs gS vkSj ekurs gaS fd feykn] mlZ ikcUnh ls fd;k tkrk gSA ;g yksx njxkg ij xHkZorh efgykvksa vkSj u;s tUes cPpksa dks bu cqtwZxksa ds vk”khokZn ds fy;s ys tkrs gSA
1- ;g yksx ihjh] eqjhnh dks cgqr ekurs gSaA 2- ;g yksx mlZ ij tkuk ialn djrs gSaA
;g yksx lwQh&lar ij fo”kokl djrs gSa vkSj mlZ ij xkuk] dOokyh vkfn djrs gSA
nsocanh elyd ds yksx if'pe m0iz0 dh rjQ vf/kd ik, tkrs gSA budk dsUnz nsocan] lgkjuiqj esa gSA bl leqnk; dks ekuus okys yksx nk:y mywe nsocUn dks ekurs gS bl leqnk; ds yksx etkj “kfjQ ij tkus ls ijgst djrs gSaA og ekurs gSa fd tks Hkh nqvk ekaxuh gS mls [kqnk ls lh/ks gh ekaxuh pkfg,A bl leqnk; esa feykn de gksrh gSA bTrsek vkSj rcyhx+ tekr ij tkuk ilaUn djrs gSA
1- ;g yksx fijh eqjhnh ij fo”kokl ugha djrs vkSj bu lHkh dk;ksZa ls cprs gSA 2- rcfyxh & tekr ij tkrs gSA 3- roht] xUMk] VksVds ls nwj jguk ilan djrs gSA
vaMjloZM tkfr;ka ftuds lkFk ,l-,e-usV dke dj jgk gS os bl izdkj gSa % t+kr@fcjknjh lEekfur uke O;olk; dlkbZ dqjS'kh i'kqvksa dk O;kikj] ekal cspuk Tqykgk valkjh diM+k cquuk yqgkj@c<+bZ lSQh yksgs@ydM+h dk dke Qdhj vYoh Hkh[k ekaxus dk dkeA vc ;g tkfr u ds
cjkcj ikbZ tk jgh gSA
fHk"Vh vCcklh ¼lDds½ ;g yksx peM+s dk cSx cukdj ikuh Hkjdj ikuh fNM+dus o fiykus dk dke djrs FksA vc ;g dke can gks pqdk gSA
dqEgkj dqEgkj crZu cukuk o x/ks vkSj ?kksM+s ds ek/;e ls leku <ksuk
jkax.k jktiwr jktiwr eslEye ¼eqfLye jktiwr½
[ksrh
xn~nh Xk+kt+h nw/k cspus okys
dke @ dk;Z ds vuqlkj eqfLye lekt ds cPpksa dh ryk’k djuk cgqr gh vklku gSA
LFkkuh; Lrj ij iSjoh dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ laLFkk,a o muls lacaf/kr izeq[k O;fDr enjlk & eksgRrfee@ukft+e efLtn & eqRoYyh et+kj & lTtknku'khu@xn~nhu'khu nk:yb¶rk & eqf¶r ¼Qrok tkjh djus dh laLFkk½
dk;Z ds vuqlkj tkfrdqjS'kh] vUlkjh] xkt+h
vYoh vkfn
dk;Z ds vuqlkj tkfr
dqjS'kh] vUlkjh] xkT+h] vYoh]
vkfn
lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk dh n`f"V ls dqN egRoiw.kZ dk;ZØe o ioZ
mlZ ¼fdlh cqtqxZ dh ;kn eukus dks mlZ dgk tkrk gS½et+kj ij gksus okyk ,d izeq[k mRlo gS tks fd iSjoh ¼Advocacy½ vkSj vYilsfor leqnk; ds cPpksa dks izfrjf{kr djus gsrq mi;ksxh mRlo gS A mlZ et+kj esa ekStwn mu yksxksa ds cqtqxZ ¼ftudh et+kj gS½ dh ;kn esa euk;k tkus okyk fnol gS ftl fnu og gekjs chp ls ijnk dj x;s FksA bl [kkl fnol ij nqvk, ekaxh tkrh gS A ,slh cM+h et+kjksa ij mlZ 3 fnu ;k mlls vf/kd fnuksa rd py ldrk gS vU;Fkk ;g ,d fnolh; Hkh gks ldrk gSA ;gka ij buds ewjhn nwj&nwj ls vkrs gSaA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;ka vius {ks= dh eq[; etkjksa dks fpfUgr djukA etkj ij vk;ksftr gksus okys mlZ dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk A ,u0ih0,l0ih0 ,oa LokLF; foHkkx ds lg;ksx ls c`gLifrokj lk;% ,oa mlZ ds nkSjku izfrj{k.k Vhe yxokukA mlZ ls igys vk;kstdksa ls eqykdkr rFkk iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds lEcU/k esa foLr`r tkudkjh iznku djukA cSuj@iksLVjksa ds ek/;e ls vk;kstdksa }kjk iksfy;ksa ds i{k esa vihy djokukA mlZ ds nkSjku vk;kstdksa ds }kjk ykmMLihdj ls ,syku djokukA
nLrkj cUnhbLykeh enjlksa ds rkfyc&bYe ¼fo|kFkhZ½ tc viuh rkyhe eqdEey dj ysrs gSa rks fdlh cqtqxZ o lEekfur O;fDr ds }kjk lkQk ¼ixM+h½ cka/kdj mudks Luvr nh tkrh gSA ¼tSls ^^dqjku ikd** dks iwjk tckuh ;kn dj ysus ij mu cPpksa dks gkfQt ¼dqjku 'kjhQ dks fny ls ;kn djuk½ ds :i esa lkQk cka/kk tkrk gSA½ nLrkjcanh tyls ds vkf[kjh fnu dh tkrh gSA blls mu gkfQtksa dh gkSlyk vQtk;h gksrh gSA
nh{kkar lekjksg dk vk;kstu “kkcku vFkkZr jetku ekg ls ,d eghus igys 'kq: fd;k tkrk gSA
lks'ky ekscsykbZts'ku xfrfof/k;ka{ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa }kjk iksLVj ds ek/;e ls bu lekjksg dh tkudkjh iznku dh tkrh gSA nLrkjcanh dk;ZØe 5&6 ?kaVs rd pyrk gSA vkerkSj ij budk vk;kstu jkr ds le; fd;k tkrk gSA {ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa dks fpfUgr djuk rFkk nLrkjcanh ds le; ,oa frfFk;ksa dh tkudkjh izkIr djukA izeq[k ekSykukvksa dks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe rFkk vYilsfor {ks=ksa ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ksa ds [krjs ds ckjs esa crk;saA mUgs vkxkeh pØ] izHkko'kkyh }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx] rFkk efLtn ,syku dh vko';drk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsaA enjls esa cSuj rFkk vU; izpkj&izlkj dh lkexzh ckaVsA dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vPNs izHkko'kkyh O;fDr dh igpku djsa rFkk budk uke ekbZØksIyku esa Myok;sA
bTrsek@feykn;g 'kCn tekr ls fudyk gSA tekr 'kCn dk vFkZ gS & ,d tqV gksdj bLykfed bZeku ¼dqjku½ rFkk gnht dk o.kZu djuk mldks le>uk rFkk vey esa ykus dk bjknk djukA iksfy;ksa lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku esa bldk izHkko ns[kus dks feyrk gS tgkW efgyk bTrsekvksa esa LokLF; lEcU/kh ckrsa j[kh tkrh gSA
bTrsek nsocUnh oxZ es izpfyr gS ,oa feykn cjsyh oxZ esa vf/kd izpfyr gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbZts'ku xfrfof/k;ka mu LFkkuksa dks fpfUgr djsa tgk¡ bTrek@feykn gksrk gksA bTrsek] feykn esa c;ku djus okyh ckth@vkik ls feysa vkSj mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs esa crk;saAmUgs LokLF; iksfy;ksa vkSj lQkbZ ds ckjs esa crk;asA vkxkeh pØ ds ckjs esa mUgas tkudkjh nsaA vihysa] ,0,e0;w0 o otkgr] ts-,e-vkbZ- cqdysV ,oa vU; lkekxzh ml LFkku ij j[ksaA
'kcs cjkr ¼;g og eqckjd jkr gksrh gS ftlesa gj eqlYeku vius xqukgksa dh rkSck djrk gS½ bLykeh eghus 'kkcku dh iUnzgoh jkr vkSj jetku ekg ds iUnzg fnu igys ;g euk;h tkrh gSA bLyke ds eqrkfcd bl jkr dsk tks lPps fny vkSj bZeku ls bcknr djrk gS vYykg&rkvkyk mlds xqukg ¼iki½ ekQ dj nsrs gSaA vius o vius iwoZtksa ds fy, bl jkr nqvk dh tkrh gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= ds izeq[k ekSykukvksa ls lEidZ djsa mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ,oa muds }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx dk /kU;okn nsaA 'kcs&ckjkr ds nkSjku gksus okys tyls ds LFkku ,oa le; ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djsaAmuls tyls ds nkSjku Hkk"k.k esa iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds i{k esa cksyus dh iSjoh djsaA tyls esa cSuj yxk;s rFkk vkus okys yksxksa dks vihy bR;kfn ckaVsA
jetkunhu bLyke ds ikWp cqfu;knh mlwyksa esa ls jkstk ¼ozr½ Hkh ,d gSA tks lHkh eqLyekuksa ij lky esa jetku ds eghus esa j[kuk QtZ gSA
rjkohiksfy;ksa vQrkj ikVhZ;k vyfonk tqek
rjkoh jkr dh uekt ds ckn gkfQt }kjk dqjku i<+k tkrk gSA bl izkFkZuk esa eqfLye iq:"k 'kkfey gksrs gSaA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;ka jetku ds nkSjku rjkoh dk LFkku ,oa le; fpfUgr djsaA dqjku [kRe gksus dk le; ,oa frfFk dh tkudkjh izkIr djsaA
eqroYyh ,oa gkfQtksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs es crk;s rFkk muls [kRe 'kjhQ ¼dqjku 'kjhQ dh lekIrh½ ds nkSjku izksxzke ds i{k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaAcM+h efLtnksa ds ckgj cSuj yxok;sA
iksfy;ks b¶rkj ikVhZ;k¡ vius {ks= eas gksus okyh izeq[k b¶rkj ikVhZ ds ckjs eas tkudkjh izkIr djsaAbu ikVhZ;ksa ds vk;kstdksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk muls bl nkSjku cSuj yxkus ,oa vihy ckaVus dh btktr ekaxsADM/CMO dks iksfy;ks b¶rkj ikVhZ vk;ksftr djus ds fy;s izksRlkfgr djsaA
vyfonk tqesa easa lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku dh xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= esa dkjh] beke ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke ds ckjs esa crk;s rFkk muls iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa uekth;ksa ls vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaAefLtnksa ds ckgj cSuj yxok;sA yksxksa dks vihy ,oa vU; iskfy;ksa lEcfU/kr lkexzh nsaA
bZnqy fQrjbZn dk eryc [kq'kh gksrk gS rFkk fQrj dk eryc xjhcksa ,oa lekt ds oafpr O;fDr;ksa dks iSlk ;k lkeku ds :i esa nku djuk gSA bZn dk ioZ jetku ds QkSju ckn vkrk gSA
jetku ds eghus ds iwjs jksts j[kus dh [kq'kh esa vYykg dk 'kqØ vnk djus dh xtZ ls euk;h tkrh gSA gj eqlyeku lqcg&losjs mBdj ugkrk gS rFkk u;s diM+s igurs gSaA [kq'kcw yxkrs gSa vkSj fQj ,d eqdjZj oDr ij lkjs eqlyeku nks jdkr uekt okftc vnk djus ds fy;s bZnxkg tkrs gSaA fQj okil vkdj ,d nwljs ds ?kj bZn dh eqckjdckn nsus tkrs gSaA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= dh cM+h efLtn ,oa bZnxkg fpfUgr djsaAdkjh@ekSykukvksa ls lEidZ djsa rFkk mUgs [kqRcs ds nkSjku iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaA iksfy;ksa lans'k ds lkFk bZn&eqckjd dk iksLVj ,oa cSuj rS;kj djsaA uekft;ksa dks vihy ckaVsA
bZn&my&vtgk ¼cdjk bZn½;s ,d ifo= R;kSgkj gS tks gtjr bczkfge }kjk nh xbZ dqckZuh dh ;kn esa euk;k tkrk ,oa R;kx dh Hkouk dk lans'k nsrk gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= ds izeq[k dqckZuh fd;s tkus okys tkuojksa dk ctkj fpfUgr djsaA ogk¡ cSuj yxk;s rFkk yksxksaa dks vihy ckaVsA bZn dh uekt dk cgqr egRo gksrk gS] beke@ekSykukvksa ls eqykdkr dj muls [kqrcs ¼eq[; izopu½ ds nkSjku iksfy;ksa ds lEcU/k esa vihy djus dk fuosnu djsaAcM+h efLtn ,oa bZnxkg ij cSuj yxk;s rFkk uekft;ksa esa vihy ckaVsA
gtgt bLyke ds ikap LrEHkksa esa ls ,d gSA gj vkfFkZd :i ls l{ke eqlyeku ij ftanxh esa ,d ckj gt djuk QtZ gSA gt lky esa ,d ckj ftyfgTtk dh uoha rkjh[k vjc ds eDdk 'kgj esa [kkuk dkck esa vnk fd;k tkrk gS vkSj ftyfgTtk dh nloha rkjh[k dks ^^gtjr bczkghe** us vius vdsys ykM+ys csVs dks [kqnk dh ethZ ls dqjcku djuk pkgk FkkA [kqnk us mudh dqjckuh dqcwy Qjek;h] muds vius I;kjs csVs bZlekbZy dh txg tUur ls ,d nqEck ykdj dqjcku dj fn;kA [kqnk dks mudh dqjckuh bruh ilan vk;h fd gj ekynkj eqlyekuksa dks ;g dqjckuh dks QtZ dj fn;k vkSj bl dqjckuh dks gt dk ,d fgLlk djkj fn;kA
lÅnh vjc ljdkj ds gky esa gh fn;s x;s vkns”k ds ckn iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ds fy, vR;Ur egRoiw.kZ volj gks x;k gSA
lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku dh xfrfof/k;kavius {ks= esa gt desVh ds lnL;ksa ls eqykdkr djsa rFkk mUgs iksfy;ksa izksxzke vkSj lÅnh vkns'k ds ckjs esa crk;sa A gkth;ksa ds izfrj{k.k LFky fpfUgr djsa rFkk ogk¡ cSuj bR;kfn yxok;sA gt ij tkus okys ;kf=;ksa dks iksfy;ksa [kqjkd dk egRo crk;sa rFkk mUgs ;s [kqjkd vius {ks= ds lHkh 5 lky rd ds cPpksa dks fu;fer fiyokus esa lg;ksx ds fy;s izsfjr djsaA gkth;ksa dks vihy ,oa vU; lkexzh ckaVsaA gkth;ksa dh lwph rS;kj djsa rFkk mUgs vkxkeh pØ ds nkSjku izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ds rkSj ij dke djus ds fy;s izksfjr djsaA
bZn feykn&,&uchiSxEcj bLyke gtjr ekSgEen ds tUe fnu dks bZn feykn&,&uch dgrs gSa bl fnu txg&txg ekSgEen lkgc dh lhjr ¼thou'kSyh½ ds ckjs esa tylksa esa yksxksa dks crk;k tkrk gSA vkSj muds crk;s jkLrs ij pyus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA
lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku xfrfof/k;ka {ks= ds izeq[k enjlksa vkSj mu LFkkuksa dks fpfUgr djuk tgka lhjr ds tyls gksa rFkk ogk¡ ds eksgrfee ls bZn&feykn&my&uch ds tyls ds ckjs es tkudkjh izkIr djukAmUgsa vkxkeh pØ] izHkko”kkyh O;fDr }kjk fd;s x;s lg;ksx] efLtn ,syku ,oa enjlk cqykok Vksyh dh vko”;drk ds ckjs esa tkudkjh nsA tyls ds nkSjku cSuj yxok;s rFkk yksxks esa vihy vkfn ck¡VsA dk;ZØe ds nkSjku vPNs izHkko”kkyh dh igpku rFkk mudk uke ekbØksIyku es Myokdj muls pØ ds nkSjku lg;ksx izkIr djsA
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa iSjoh o ikVZujf'ki gsrq fofHkUu laLFkkvksa o foHkkxksa dk lg;ksx
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZZØe ds vUrxZr iSjoh gsrq fofHkUu lkekftd laLFkkvksa dk lg;ksx ysuk dk;ZØe dk ,d egRoiw.kZ pj.k jgk gSA blds vUrxZr bu laLFkkvksa ds ekè;e ls lekt esa fofHkUu oxksZ ds chp esa tkx#drk vkbZ gSA iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ls tqM+s vaèkfo'okl o xyr Qgfe;ka vc u ds cjkcj jg x;h gaS vkSj iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe dke;kch dh rjQ c<+ jgk gSA fuEufyf[kr laLFkk,a o foHkkx bl dk;ZØe esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSa % 1- vYila[;d foHkkx %& ;g foHkkx ftys esa vYila[;d leqnk; dh laLFkkvksa ¼enjlksa]
èkkfeZd lEifRr½ ij dkQh izHkko j[krk gS D;ksafd ;g ,slh laLFkkvksa dks le;≤ ij vkfFkZd enn nsrk gS ,oa fu;a=.k dk dk;Z Hkh djrk gSA ftyk vYila[;d vfèkdkjh bl foHkkx dk izeq[k vfèkdkjh gksrk gSA buds ekè;e ls vYila[;d leqnk;ksa ds lnL;ksa o laLFkkvksa tSls fd èkeZxq#vksa] enjlksa o vU; èkkfeZd laLFkkvksa dks iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe ds izHkkoh rjhdksa ls tksM+k tk ldrk gS vkSj mudk dk;ZØe esa lg;ksx fy;k tk ldrk gSA
2- fofHkUu eqfLye laxBu o la?k %& fdlh Hkh oxZ o leqnk; dks vkxs c<+kus o ,dtqV djus ds fy, cgqr lkjs laxBu fofHkUu Lrjksa ij dk;Z djrs gSaA eqfLye leqnk; esa Hkh ,sls cgqr lkjs laxBu o laLFkk;sa jk"Vªh; Lrj] {ks=h; Lrj o LFkkuh; Lrj ij dk;Z djrh gSa ftudks ge iksfy;ks dk;ZØe esa tksM+dj tu leqnk; dks bl eqís ij ykHkkfUor dj ldrs gSA
v tehvrqy mysek fgUn %& eqfLye leqnk; esa èkkfeZd O;fDr;ksa ,oa efLtn o enjlksa ls tqM+s ftEesnkj yksxksa dk ;g jk"Vªh; Lrj dk cgqr cM+k laxBu gS ftldh 'kk[kk;sa o dk;ZdrkZ izns'k o {ks=h; Lrj ij Hkh dk;Z djrh gSaA buds ekè;e ls iksfy;ks dk;ZdrkZ vius&vius {ks= dh efLtn] enjlksa o èkkfeZd O;fDr;ksa dks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe esa tksM+ ldrs gSaA
c eqfLye Ldwy] dkWyst o laLFkk;sa %& bl rjg ds Ldwy o laLFkk;sa gj ,d ftys esa gksrs gaSA bu Ldwyksa] laLFkkvksa o buds LVkQ dks iksfy;ks dk;ZØe esa tksM+dj iSjoh o ikVZujf'ki dk;ZØe ds fy, enn yh tk ldrh gSA
l vyhx<+ eqfLye fo'ofo|ky; o tkfe;k fefy;k bLykfe;k fo'ofo|ky; ds iwoZ Nk=ksa dk laxBu ¼,yweukbZ la?k½ %&
;g fo'ofo|ky; u flQZ Hkkjr cfYd iwjh nqfu;k esa eqfLye f'k{kk ds fy, fo[;kr gSaA izR;sd ftys esa bu fo'ofo|ky;ksa ds iwoZ Nk=ksa ds laxBu lkekftd o jktuhfrd #i ls lfØ; ik;s tkrs gSaA ,sls laxBuksa ds dk;ZdrkZvksa dh enn ge iksfy;ks dk;ZØe esa ys ldrs gS ,oa buls feydj fofHkUu eapks ij iksfy;ks dk;ZØe dh iSjoh dj ldrs gSA
baVjQsl ehfVax
mn~ns’;vfrlaosnu'khy {ks= esa leqnk; Lrj ij lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk ¼lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku½ ,oa dk;ZØe dh xq.koRrk dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq lsoknkrkvksa ,oa LFkkuh; lkeqnkf;d izfrfuf/k;ksa ds chp lh/kk laokn djokukA
fn’kkfunsZ’kxfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxh lh0,e0lh0] izfrj{k.k Vhe ds lnL;] i;Zos{kd] mi{ks= lg;ksxh] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] ,l0,e0lh0@Mh0;w0lh0] ,l0,l0,e0vks0@,l0,e0vks0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,ao vU; fgrHkkxh ¼izfrjks/kh ifjokj ds lnL; visf{kr½
LFkkuvfr laosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa dksbZ Hkh vfookfnr ,oa vklkuh ls igqapus ;ksX; LFkku ¼izHkko'kkyh ,oa izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds ?kjksa dks izkFkfedrk½A
fnukad ,oa le; le; ,oa frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ls dqN fnu igys] izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dh Lohd`fr ysdj] ,Q0oh0] ch0,e0lh0 ,oa i;Zos{kd vke lgefr ls ekbØks Iyku fjO;w esa djsaA
dojst ¼vkPNknu½ izR;sd ,l0vkbZ0,0 vfHk;ku esa iwjs lh0,e0lh0 dk;Z{ks= dk 1@3 {ks= ,oa rhu ,l0vkbZ0,0 vfHk;kuksa esa lEiw.kZ lh0,e0lh0 {ks= dk dojst ¼vkPNknu½ lqfuf'pr fd;k tkukA
ehfVax dh vof/k vf/kdre 45 feuV
ppkZ gsrq visf{kr lwpuk;sa ,oa vkdM+sa ifjokjksa dh iw.kZ lwph] lalk/ku ekufp=] iksfy;ks lEcfU/kr uohure vkdM+sA
vko’;d lkexzhts0,e0vkbZ0 ,Moksdslh cqdysV] ¼fgUnh] mnwZ½ vihy] U;wt isij Dyhfixal] ftykf/kdkjh] eq[; fpfdRlkf/kdkjh }kjk iznRr iz'kfLr iz=A
lkekU; fn'kkfunsZ'k fof'k"V izHkko'kkyh dk p;u ,oa lgh le; ls mUgsa lwpuk nsuk lqfuf'pr djukA ehfVax lEiUu gksus ds ckn lh0,e0lh0 ,oa ch0,e0lh0 }kjk fu;fer vUrjky ij izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ls lEidZ lqfuf'pr djukA ,Q0oh0 }kjk cSBd lekfIr ds i'pkr vuqJo.k izi= ¼eksuhVfjax QkjesV½ Hkjk tkukA leL;k xzLr {ks=ksa ls gh gS fof'k"V izHkko'kkfy;ksa dk p;u xSj&eqfLye vYilsfor leqnk; ¼v.MjloMZ½ gsrq lkexzh fodflr djukA
iksfy;ks ij vk/kkfjr vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys loky ij ppkZA ts0,e0vkbZ0 cqdysV esa ljy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vf/kd :fpdj ,oa fp=e; cukus dk iz;kl djukA cSuj ,oa pkVZ isij dk iz;ksx
b.VjQsl ehfVax dh izfØ;k Lokxr ,oa ifjp; iksfy;ks viMsV nsus ds i'pkr izHkko'kkyh ds lg;ksx ls iwoZ pØ esa izkIr miyfC/k;ksa dh ppkZApØ iz'pkr cps gq, X ifjokjksa ds dkj.k ,oa Vhdkdj.k gsrq j.kuhfr ij ppkZA lalk/ku ekufp= dk mi;ksx dj X ifjokjksa] izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds vokl ,oa vU; lalk/kuksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk ,oa X ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus ds fy, j.kuhfr cukukA izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa }kjk mBk;s x;s eqn~nksa ¼vkijs'kuy½ ij lEcfU/kr ftEesnkj vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh ls ppkZ djokukA tgka dgha ij lEHko gks ogka ehfVax esa vfHk;ku dh tkudkjh j[kus okys LFkkuh; fpfdRld dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djokukA ehfVax ds nkSjku ekbØks Iyku esa ntZ izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds uke dh tkap djukA ,sls izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk uke fy[kuk ftUgksaus NwVs gq, cPpksa dks nok fiyokus ,oa okbZQsftd xfrfof/k ds nkSjku ?kj&?kj Hkze.k djds cPPkksa dks nok fiyokus esa lg;ksx nsus dk oknk fd;k gSA lEcfU/kr ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuogZu oh0,e0lh0] lh0,e0lh0 ,oa ,Q0oh0 }kjk fd;k tkukA ,l0,e0usV }kjk X dh lwph ds vuqlkj izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr] djokukA ,u0ih0,l0ih0 }kjk i;Zos{kdksa dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djokukA ,l0,e0usV0 }kjk vko';drk vuqlkj LoYikgkj gsrq /kujkf'k miyC/k djokukA iksfy;ks viMsV ds ckn iksfy;ks ls lEcfU/kr vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djukA vUr esa lfØ; lg;ksx nsus okys izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kfLr i= ,oa /kU;okn nsukA
bUVjQsl ehfVax dk ,ts.Mk 1- Lokxr2- ifjp; 3- iksfy;ks viMsV vkSj lEcfU/kr {ks= ds iwoZ pØ ds vkadM+s@miyfC/k;kasa ij ppkZA 4- X ifjokjksa ij ppkZ ,oa iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq j.kuhfr rS;kj djukA 5- lh0,e0lh0] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] izHkko'kkyh ,oa i;Zos{kdksa dk dk;Z ,oa ftEesnkjh dk
fu/kkZj.k djukA 6- efLtn ,syku] cqyOok Vksyh dh ppkZA 7- iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZA 8- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kfLr i= nsukA 9- 'kqfØ;k vnk djuk
izHkko’kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½
mn~ns’;1- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk dk;Z ,oa ftEesnkjh fu/kkZj.k gsrq izsj.kkiw.kZ vksfj;UVs'ku ,oa muls
visf{kr lg;ksx ysukA 2- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk {kerk o/kZu djuk rkfd os leqnk; }kjk vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys
lokyksa dk larks"ktud <ax ls tokc ns ldsaA
fn’kkfunsZ’kxfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxh lHkh izHkko'kkyh O;fDr] ch0,e0lh0] lh0,e0lh0] ,l0,e0lh0@ Mh0;w0lh0] ,l0,e0vks0@,l0,l0,e0vks0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,oa iz'kklfud lg;ksxhA ¼izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa dh mifLFkr visf{kr rkfd ,sls ifjokjksa ls vkbZ0ih0lh0 djds izHkko'kkyh ds le{k mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA bl izfØ;k ls izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds mifLFkr lgHkkfex;ksa dk vks0ih0oh0 ij fo'okl c<+sxk vkSj muds }kjk leqnk; esa vfHk;ku gsrq ldkjkRed ckrsa dgha tk;sxhA½
LFkkuvfrlaosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa dksbZ Hkh vfookfnr ,oa vklkuh ls igqapus ;ksX; LFkku ¼izHkko'kkyh ,oa izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds ?kjksa dks izkFkfedrk½A
fnukad ,ao le; le; ,oa frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k fof'k"V izHkko'kkyh dh vke lgefr ls djukA
ppkZ gsrq visf{kr vkdM+s@lwpuk;sa iksfy;ks viMsV] X ifjokjksa dh iw.kZ lwph ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds lg;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa ds vkadM+sA
vko’;d lkexzh cSuj] ts0,e0vkbZ0 ,Moksdslh cqdysV ¼fgUnh o vaxzsth½ tkfe;k gennZ izLrqfrdj.k] vihy] vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa dh mRrj iqfLrdk] U;wt isij Dyhfiaxl] LFkkuh; vkbZ0bZ0lh0 lkexzh] ftykf/kdkjh] eq[; fpfdRlkf/kdkjh }kjk iznRr iz'kfLr i=A ftykLrjh; vk;kstu esa ,y0lh0Mh0 dh vko';drkA
izHkko’kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds vfHkHkqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs’ku½ dh izfØ;k lHkh lg;ksfx;ksa@izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ,oa fgrHkkfx;ksa ¼LVsd gksYMj½ dks fyf[kr vkeU=.k nsukA Lokxr ,oa lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk ifjp;A iksfy;ks viMsV ,oa miyfC/k;ksa ij ppkZ ¼Xykscy] jk"Vªh;] jkT;Lrjh; ftykLrjh; ,oa LFkkuh;½ LFkkuh; {ks= ds ,l0vkbZ0,0 vkadM+s izLrqr djukA u;hs vihysa] ldkjkRed U;wt Dyhfiaxl dk izLrqrhdj.k djukA fof'k"V izfrHkkxh@lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk lEcks/ku djokukA
vfHkeq[khdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½ ds nkSjku lg;ksfx;ksa dks loky iwNus gsrq izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj muds lokyksa dk lEcfU/kr tkudkj O;fDr }kjk tcko fnyokukA lg;ksfx;ksa@izHkko'kkfy;ksa dh {kerk o/kZu djus gsrq ;g ,d vPNk fopkj gS fd mUgsa lh0,e0lh0 ,oa izfrj{k.k Vhe ds lkeus vkbZ leL;kvksa dk gy djus gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy, izsfjr djukA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd vfHkeq[khdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs'ku½ esa ekStwn izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds lokyksa dk tcko mifLFkr fof'k"V lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa fgrHkkfx;ksa }kjk fn;k tk;sA lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks iqjkuh ,oa ubZ vihysa nsuk rFkk mudh mi;ksfxrk ,oa egRo ij izdk'k MkyukAfopkj/kkjk vk/kkfjr vihyksa ij ppkZ djrs le; /;ku jgs fd mlls dksbZ O;fDr ;k leqnk; vkgr u gksA izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds mRrjnkf;Ro ,oa ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk mudk lg;ksx izkIr djus gsrq muls oknk ysukA lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk /;ku fnykuk fd iksfy;ks esa mudk lg;ksx mudh uSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd ftEesnkjh gSAvUr esa NwVs gq, vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djuk vkSsj lHkh dks /kU;okn nsukA
izHkko’kkyh O;fDrksa ds vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs’ku½dk ,ts.Mk
Lokxr ,oa fd;s x;s lg;ksx ds fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djukA ifjp;vfHkeqf[kdj.k ds mn~ns'; crkukA iksfy;ks viMsV vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa ds lg;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa ij ppkZA vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa dk tcko nsus ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsukA vihyksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsuk rFkk mudk forj.k djukA ftEesnkfj;ksa ,oa mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fu/kkZj.k ij ppkZA [kqyh ppkZ rFkk vuqHkoksa ,oa lQy@uohu xfrfof/k;ksa ij ppkZA vUr esa NwVs gq, vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZA 'kqfØ;k vnk djukA
vYilsfor leqnk; esa ckrphr] O;ogkj ,oa igukok dk vkisf{kr <ax ¼D;k djsa] D;k u djsa½
ckr djrs le;------------- ekSykuk lkgc ls ckr phr djus esa tuko vkSj gqtwj 'kCn dk iz;ksx djsaA efLtn esa ?kqlus ls igys ;g vo'; irk dj ysa fd ;g fdl eLyd dh gS ;kfu f'k;k ;k lqUuh ¼cjsyoh@nsocUnh½ bR;kfn dh gSa ;g ckr vkl ikl dh nqdku ,oa izHkko'kkyh ls irk py ldrh gS vkSj rc mlls lEcfU/kr vihy ,oa ekSykukvksa dk gokyk beke lkgc dks nsaA efgykvks dks lEcks/ku djrs le; ckth] vkik tku] [kkyk] vEeh cxSjk dk 'kCn iz;ksx djsaA vxj efgyk viuh ifr vkKk dh ckr djrh gS rks mldks [kqn dks QSlyk ysus dk izksRlkgu nsa ysfdu ;g dHkh u dgsa fd mudks u crkuk ;k mudks irk ugha pysxkA vxj vki iq:"k gSa rks efgyk vkils njokts ;k ijns ds ihNs ls ckr dj ldrh gSA iq:"kksa dks fcuk vkKk ds ?kj esa vUnj ugha tkuk pkfg,A vki dk igukok lH; gksuk pkfg,A ;g u gks fd 'kVZ ds cVu [kqys gq, gSa vkSj vki ghjks cus tk jgs gksaA vxj vki efgyk gSa rks vki lyokj deht ck¡g okyh igus vkSj ekSykuk lkgc ds lkeus efLtn vkSj enjls esa [kkl rkSj ls lj dks <dsaA cPpksa ds T;knk gksus ij Vksdk Vkdh u djsa cfYd dgsa ek'kkvYykgA ;gh 'kCn vki I;kjs cPps dks ns[kdj Hkh dg ldrs gSaA vki ,Dl ?kj ls nok fiykdj vpkud gh er ykSVks ;g dgrs gq, fd pyks pyks dke gks x;k cfYd ;g dgsa fd 'kqfØ;k] ttkd vYykg vkSj ba'kkvYykg ge fQj vk;saxsA lquus okyk pkgs fdlh Hkh tkfr dk gks] fdlh Hkh txg gks] fdruk gh xjhc gks] pkgs fdruk gh NksVk dke djrk gks] ysfdu gesa mls iwjh bTtr nsuh gSA tSls dwM+k chuus okys dks Hkh oSlh gh bTtr nsuh gS tSls fdlh cM+s O;kikjh dksA cPpk vxj enjls esa i<+rk gS rks mls cqjk Hkyk u dgsaA
efLtn] etkj] enjlk-------------- efgykvksa dks efLtn esa tkus ls cpuk pkfg, ysfdu og etkj vkSj enjls esa tk ldrh gS ysfdu flj <ddjA efgyk;sa vkl ikl izHkko'kkyh ds }kjk efLtn ls ,yku djk ldrh gSa vkSj vxj beke lkgc euk djrs gSa rks eqroYyh ¼efLtn dk eSustj½ dh lgk;rk ys ldrh gSaA
/keZ@tkfr@lewg---------- vkidks vius dk;Z {ks= esa clus okys lHkh /keZ@tkfr ,oa lewg ds ckjs esa irk gksuk pkfg, [kkl rkSj ls ftudk lEcU/k iksfy;ks ok;jl ds dsl ls gks tSlk fd eqjknkckn esa rqdZ] valkjh] tkVo] lSuh bR;kfnA dksbZ Hkh cPpk nok ihus ls u NwVs ysfdu fo'ks"k /;ku ml tkfr ,oa lewg ij gks ftlesa iksfy;ks dk dsl gksA
gkbZ fjLd tkfr ,oa lewg dks ;g u yxus yxs fd vki mudks bYtke ns jgs gSa cfYd mudks vkidh ckrkas ls ,slk ,glkl gks lds fd muds cPps lcls T;knk [krjs esa gSa blhfy, mudh ftEesnkjh bl vfHk;ku esa lcls T;knk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k txg dk mYys[k vieku tud rjhds ls u djsa tSls fHk[keaxk] Hkafx;ksa dk bykdk bR;kfn u dgsaA gkbZ fjLd tkfr ,oa lewg dks ;g u yxus yxs fd vki mudks bYtke ns jgs gSa cfYd mudks vkidh ckrkas ls ,slk ,glkl gks lds fd muds cPps lcls T;knk [krjs esa gSa blhfy, mudh ftEesnkjh bl vfHk;ku esa lcls T;knk gSA fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k txg dk mYys[k vieku tud rjhds ls u djsa tSls fHk[keaxk] Hkafx;ksa dk bykdk bR;kfn u dgsaA gj tkfr ,oa lewg dk bTtr dk uke gS tSls okYehfd lekt] vyoh@fe;k¡ lkgc bR;kfnA ges'kk dksf'k'k ;g djsa fd vki leku tkfr ;k lewg ds izHkko'kkyh dh lgk;rk ysa D;ksafd dHkh dHkh dqN ifjokj bl ckr dk cqjk eku tkrs gSa fd le>kus okyk nwljh tkfr dk gSA T;knkrj ekeyksa esa MkDVj gj tkfr o gj lewg ds fy;s vPNk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA
ehfVax] btrsek] ehykn---------- btrsek ,d /kkfeZd lHkk gksrh gS tks fd nsocUnh elyd dh efgykvksa esa yksdfiz; gS tcfd ehykn cjsyoh elyd ds iq:"k ,oa efgykvksa esa izpfyr gSA btrsek vkSj ehykn esa ges'kk igys lsgr dks ysdj tks bLykeh rkyhekr gSa mudks crk,a vkSj fQj Vhdkdj.k vkSj iksfy;ks dh ckr djsaA iq:"kksa dks efgykvksa dh ehykn] btrsek] okt cxSjk esa ugha tkuk pkfg, ysfdu mlesa LFkkuh; mLrkuh th dh lgk;rk ysuh pkfg,A mlZ@esyk tks fd etkjksa vkSj njxkgksa ij yxrk gS mudks lks'ky ekschykbts'ku ds fy, egRoiw.kZ ekus vkSj lTtknk u'khu ¼eSustj½ dh enn ysa D;ksafd ;gkWa ij xHkZorh efgyk,a ,oa u;s tUesa cPps nqvk djkus ds fy;s vkrs gSaA izHkko'kkyh ds lkFk ehfVax dHkh Hkh csdkj ugha tkrh] og vxj Vhe ds lkFk ugha pysa rks HkhA ns[kk ;g x;k gS fd tgk¡&tgk¡ ehfVax gqbZ ogk¡&ogk¡ euk djus okyksa dh rknkn de gqbZA izHkko'kkyh dh enn ls ehfVax esa euk djus okys ifjokj vkSj lnL;ksa dks t:j cqyok;sa vkSj lcds lkFk feydj mldh ckr lqus vkSj le>k;saA ;g dkQh dkjxj gksrk gSA
okil tkrs le;---------------- dgha ls Hkh okil tkrs le; ,sls tqnk gks tSls vki fdlh vius ls vyx gks jgsa gksa rkfd oks O;fDr ;k ml txg ds yksx vkidks vPNs eu ls ;kn djs blls vki ds ckn tkus okyh Vhe dks ogkW ds yksxksa dh iwjh lgk;rk feysA
iz’ukoyh¼bl iz'ukoyh dk iz;ksx l= ds ckn fd;k tk ldrk gS½
1- Under Seved dks fgUnh esa D;k dgrs gSA 1- vYilsfor leqnk;2- i<+k fy[kk leqnk; 3- xjhc leqnk; 4- vehj leqnk;
2- efLtn es auekt i<+kus okys O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gaSA 1- bUrtkfe;k 2- beke 3- uekft 4- iz/kku 3- etkj dh ns[k &js[k djus okys O;fDr dks D;k dgrs gSA
1- beke 2- lTtknku”kha 3- xkWo ds iz/kku 4- bUrtkfe;k
4- efLtn esa vktku nsus okys O;fDr dks fdl uke ls iqdkjrs gSA 1- bUrtkfe;k 2- beke 3- eqvTthu 4- lTtknku”kha
5- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr fdls dgrs gSA1- AWW
2- ANM
3- ftl dk lekt esa izHkko gks4- dksbZ Hkh O;fDr
6- efLtn ,yku fdl fnu ls gksuk pkfg,A 2- cwFk ds fnu ls 3- , Vhe ls 4- cwFk fnol ds igys okyk twes okys fnu ls5- ch Vhe esa
7- eqfLye lekt ds nks vge eLyd crk;sa 1- fgUnw vkSj eqfLye 2- ,sys&gfnl vkSj cksjk 3- cjsyoh vkSj noscUnh 4- lHkh 8- eqfLye Ekfgykvksa dks lEcks/ku djrs le; dSls iqdkjsa A 1- ckth
2- vkik 3- [kkyk 4- lHkh
9- efgykvksa dks efLtn esa tkus ls igys fdu ckrkas dk [;ky j[kuk pkfg,A 1- twrk igu dj A 2- lj [kksy dj A 3- lj <d dj A 1 vkSj 2 lgh A
10- ehykn fdl leqnk; esa fd;k tkrk gSA 1- cjsyoh 2- ,ys fgnkl 3- fgUn 4- nsocUnh
11- mlZ fdl LFkku ij fd;k tkrk gS 1- efLtn ij2- etkj ij3- enjlk esa4- dksbZ ugha
12- nLrkj cUnh fdl ekg esa fd;k tkrk gSA 1- jtc 2- “kkcku 3- jektku 4- [kkyh
13- jetku ds ekg esa ge D;k Intervention dj ldrs gSA Polio ds fy;sA 1- rjkoh ds ckn Polio dh nqvkA 2- cM+h efLtn @tkek efLtn ij cSuj 3- cyohnk tqek esa [kqlwlh nqvk vkSj ,yku 4- lHkh
14- nLrkj cUnh dgkW ij gksrh gSA 1- efLtn esa2- enLlk esa3- Ldqy esa4- dksb Hkh ugh
15- bZn ij iksfy;ks dk ,yku fdl txg ls djrs gSaA 1- bZnxkg ls2- tgkW ij bZn dh uekt gskrh gSA 3- gj txg ls
16-eqfLye lekt ds eq[; R;kSgkj ds uke fy[ksa ftu ds tjh;s ge iksfy;ksa dk ,yku djk ldrs gSA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Checklist
¼QhYM esa mi;ksx djus gsrq½
1- vki ds {ks= esa fpfUgr efLtnksa @etkjksa dh la[;k o uke \ -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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2- mijksDr es als lEidZ dh xbZ efLtnksa@enjlkas@etkjksa ds uke o lEidZ lw= -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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3- fiNys ,d lIrkg esa lEidZ fd, x, izHkko”kkyh dh la[;k\ /kkfeZd usrk jktuhfrd izHkko”kkyh LFkkuh; fpdRld jk'ku forjd vU;
4- izHkko'kkyh vfHkeq[khdj.k @ b.VjQsl cSsBd o vU; leqnkf;d cSBdksa dk fooj.k & cSBd dk uke fnukad LFkku izfrHkkoh
la[;kppkZ fd;s x;s eq[; eqnns
vUMjloZM ds ifjis{;esa lg;ksfx;ksa ds lkFk mi;ksx dh tkus okyh
lkexzh
vUnj ds iUuksa ij
TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0
o mn~ns';
o fn'kkfunsZ'k
o TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 dh izfØ;k
o TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 dk ,ts.Mk
b.VjQst+ ehfVax
o mn~ns';
o fn'kkfunsZ'k
o b.VjQst+ ehfVax dh izfØ;k
o b.VjQst+ ehfVax dk ,ts.MkizHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½
o mn~ns';
o fn'kkfunsZ'k
o izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½ dh izfØ;k
o izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½ dk ,ts.Mk
iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku dsk ysdj lg;ksxh izHkko'kkyh ds eu esa mBus okys iz'u o muds lek/kku
TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0
mn~ns’;fiNys dbZ pØksa ls vizfrjf{kr cPpksa ds ifjokjksa dks le>k dj iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus ds fy, rS;kj djukA
fn’kkfunsZ’kxfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxhizHkko'kkyh O;fDr] lh0,e0lh0] ch0,e0lh0] nkbZ] vkaxuokM+h dk;ZdrhZ] ,Q0oh0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,l0,e0lh0@Mh0;q0lh0] ,l0,e0vks0@,l0,l0,e0vks0 ¼vxj laHko gks lds½] i;Zos{kd ,oa vU; vfHk;ku lg;ksxh ¼,l0,l0,e0vks0@,l0,e0vks0 dh lgHkkfxrk visf{kr fdUrq ch0,e0lh0 vkSj lh0,e0lh0 dh mifLFkfr vfuok;ZA vPNh vkbZ0ih0lh0 dkS'ky okyh lh0,e0lh0 ¼ikl ds {ks= ls½s TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 Vhe dh lnL; gks ldrh gSaA½
fnukad ,oa le; le; ,oa frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k ifjokj ds eq[; fu.kZ;drkZ ,oa izeq[k izfrHkkfx;ks dh miyC/krk ds vk/kkj ij fd;k tkuk pkfg,A
vko’;d lkexzh ts0,e0vkbZ0 ,M+oksdslh cqdysV ¼fgUnh@mnwZ½] vihy] ldkjkRed U;qtisij DyhfiaXl] LFkkuh; vkbZ0bZ0lh0] py jkgh ¼lans'k [ktkuk½] vke rkSj ij iwaNs tkus okys lokyksa dh mRrj iqfLrdk] tkfe;k genZn izLrqrhdj.kA
lkekU; fn’kkfunsZ’k 1- TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 xfrfof/k dh ekbZØks&Iykfuax ch0,e0lh0 }kjk dh tkuh pkfg, rFkk
mldh leh{kk lEcfU/kr ,l0,e0lh0@Mh0;q0lh0 }kjk gksuh pkfg,A 2- TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 Vhe esa efgyk izfrHkkxh dh mifLFkfr vfuok;Z gksuh pkfg,A 3- TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 bUVj&jkm.M esa gh dh tk,] bl ckr dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,A 4- TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ds fy, ;kstuk ,oa vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj,UVs'ku½ baVjQsl ehfVax esa gks]
bl ckr dks izkFkfedrk nh tkuh pkfg,A 5- X ?kjksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj X ifjokjksa ds dkj.k ds vuq:i vkbZ0ih0lh0 djukA 6- ch0,e0lh0@lh0,e0lh0 dk TokbUV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ls igys vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½A
TokbUV vkbZ0ih0lh0 dh izfØ;k ifjokjksa esa tkus ls igys
TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ls igys X ifjokjksa dks fpfUgr djukA X ifjokjksa ds dkj.k ds vuq:i mi;qDr lg;ksfx;ksa dk pquko tSls chekj cPps ds fy, MkDVj] /kkfeZd dkj.k gsrq /kkfeZd usrkvksa dks fpfUgr djukA TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 djus ls igys lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk lgh rjhds ls vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½ djuk] [kkldj ds mu ifjokjksa dk iw.kZ fooj.k ¼O;ogkj] dkj.k] fd;s x;s iz;kl½ ftudks TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 }kjk iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiykus ds fy, rS;kj djuk gSA laHko gks rks TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 esa Hkkx ysus okys izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks ifjokj dk
iw.kZ fooj.k fyf[kr :i ls fn;k tk;s] blds fy, QhYM&cqd ds mnklhu ifjokj dk fooj.k okys ist dh Nk;k izfr ¼QksVks&dkWih½ nh tk;sA mnklhu ,oa izfrjks/kh ifjokj ds eq[; fu.kZ;drkZ dh igpku djukA Vhe dks X ifjokjksa dk fo'ys"k.k djus ds ckn mi;qDr lapkj lans'k ,oa lkexzh dk mi;ksx djukA TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 dh ekbZØks&Iykfuax tSls {ks=] le;] izfrHkkfx;ksa dk uke ,oa ,df=r gksus ds LFkku dh tkudkjh lHkh fgrHkkfx;ksa ¼LdsVgksYMjksa½ dks nsukA
TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 djus ds nkSjku
Lokxr ifjp; ,oa leLr lgHkkfx;ksa esa lEcU/k LFkkfir djukA ppkZ dh 'kq:vkr LokLF;] LoPNrk ,oa ekSleh chekfj;ksa ds fo"k; ls djuk rFkk bldk ifjokj dh HkykbZ] [kkldj ds vkSjrksa ,oa cPpksa ds LokLF; ls tksM+rs gq, ppkZ djukA ifjokj }kjk mBk;s x;s eqn~nksa ij [kqydj ppkZ djuk ij /;ku jgs fd ;g ppkZ dqy feykdj Vhdkdj.k ij dsfUnzr jgsA TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ds nkSjku lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa [kkldj izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks ifjokj ls ppkZ djus ds fy, izksRlkfgr djukA TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ds nkSjku lh0,e0lh0 vkSj ch0,e0lh0 }kjk mi;qDr vkbZ0bZ0lh0 lkefxz;ksa dk csgrj iz;ksx djuk rFkk dqN lkexzh tSls ts0,e0vkbZ0 cqdysV] vihy vkfn dks dqN vfr mnklhu@izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa dks i<+us gsrq nsaA ;fn ifjokj vf'kf{kr gks rks HkhA ch0,e0lh0 dks Vhe ds lnL;ksa ds chp lkeatL; cSBkus gsrq iz;kl djuk pkfg,A ;fn Vhe cM+h gks rks mls vko';drkuqlkj nks Vheksa esa foHkkftr dj vyx&vyx ifjokj esa vkbZ0ih0lh0 djokuk pkfg,A lEcfU/kr {ks= dh lh0,e0lh0 dks TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ds nkSjku lgk;d ds :i esa dk;Z djuk pkfg, rFkk vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa dks c<+p<+ dj eksfcykbts'ku dk dk;Z djus gsrq mRlkfgr djuk pkfg,A TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 ds nkSjku ifjokjksa }kjk Vhe ls igys fd;s cqjs crkZo dh fdlh Hkh lnL; }kjk ppkZ ugha dh tkuh pkfg,A /kU;okn ds lkFk] vkxkeh iksfy;ks fnol dh tkudkjh nsuk
TokbaV vkbZ0ih0lh0 dk ,ts.Mk lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ,oa ifjokjksa dk vkil esa ifjp;A vko';drk vk/kkfjr ekr`Ro&cky LokLF; ij ppkZ ftlesa lkekU; Vhdkdj.k ,oa ekSleh chekfj;ksa ij laf{kIr ppkZ gksA iksfy;ks] vks0ih0oh0 dh mi;ksfxrk ,oa blls lEcfU/kr Hkzakfr;ksa ij ppkZA mi;qDr vkbZ0bZ0lh0 lkexzh }kjk eqn~nk vk/kkfjr vkbZ0ih0lh0A 'kqfØ;k vnk djukA
baVjQsl ehfVax
mn~ns’;vfrlaosnu'khy {ks= esa leqnk; Lrj ij lkekftd vfHkizsj.kk ¼lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku½ ,oa dk;ZØe dh xq.koRrk dks lqfuf'pr djus gsrq lsoknkrkvksa ,oa LFkkuh; lkeqnkf;d izfrfuf/k;ksa ds chp lh/kk laokn djokukA
fn’kkfunsZ’kxfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxh lh0,e0lh0] izfrj{k.k Vhe ds lnL;] i;Zos{kd] mi{ks= lg;ksxh] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] ,l0,e0lh0@Mh0;w0lh0] ,l0,l0,e0vks0@,l0,e0vks0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,ao vU; fgrHkkxh ¼izfrjks/kh ifjokj ds lnL; visf{kr½
LFkkuvfr laosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa dksbZ Hkh vfookfnr ,oa vklkuh ls igqapus ;ksX; LFkku ¼izHkko'kkyh ,oa izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds ?kjksa dks izkFkfedrk½A
fnukad ,oa le; le; ,oa frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ls dqN fnu igys] izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dh Lohd`fr ysdj] ,Q0oh0] ch0,e0lh0 ,oa i;Zos{kd vke lgefr ls ekbØks Iyku fjO;w esa djsaA
dojst ¼vkPNknu½ izR;sd ,l0vkbZ0,0 vfHk;ku esa iwjs lh0,e0lh0 dk;Z{ks= dk 1@3 {ks= ,oa rhu ,l0vkbZ0,0 vfHk;kuksa esa lEiw.kZ lh0,e0lh0 {ks= dk dojst ¼vkPNknu½ lqfuf'pr fd;k tkukA
ehfVax dh vof/k vf/kdre 45 feuV
ppkZ gsrq visf{kr lwpuk;sa ,oa vkdM+sa ifjokjksa dh iw.kZ lwph] lalk/ku ekufp=] iksfy;ks lEcfU/kr uohure vkdM+sA
vko’;d lkexzhts0,e0vkbZ0 ,Moksdslh cqdysV] ¼fgUnh] mnwZ½ vihy] U;wt isij Dyhfixal] ftykf/kdkjh] eq[; fpfdRlkf/kdkjh }kjk iznRr iz'kfLr iz=A
lkekU; fn'kkfunsZ'k fof'k"V izHkko'kkyh dk p;u ,oa lgh le; ls mUgsa lwpuk nsuk lqfuf'pr djukA ehfVax lEiUu gksus ds ckn lh0,e0lh0 ,oa ch0,e0lh0 }kjk fu;fer vUrjky ij izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ls lEidZ lqfuf'pr djukA ,Q0oh0 }kjk cSBd lekfIr ds i'pkr vuqJo.k izi= ¼eksuhVfjax QkjesV½ Hkjk tkukA leL;k xzLr {ks=ksa ls gh gS fof'k"V izHkko'kkfy;ksa dk p;u xSj&eqfLye vYilsfor leqnk; ¼v.MjloMZ½ gsrq lkexzh fodflr djukA
iksfy;ks ij vk/kkfjr vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys loky ij ppkZA ts0,e0vkbZ0 cqdysV esa ljy Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx djrs gq, vf/kd :fpdj ,oa fp=e; cukus dk iz;kl djukA cSuj ,oa pkVZ isij dk iz;ksx
b.VjQsl ehfVax dh izfØ;k Lokxr ,oa ifjp; iksfy;ks viMsV nsus ds i'pkr izHkko'kkyh ds lg;ksx ls iwoZ pØ esa izkIr miyfC/k;ksa dh ppkZApØ iz'pkr cps gq, X ifjokjksa ds dkj.k ,oa Vhdkdj.k gsrq j.kuhfr ij ppkZA lalk/ku ekufp= dk mi;ksx dj X ifjokjksa] izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds vokl ,oa vU; lalk/kuksa ij izdk'k Mkyuk ,oa X ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus ds fy, j.kuhfr cukukA izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa }kjk mBk;s x;s eqn~nksa ¼vkijs'kuy½ ij lEcfU/kr ftEesnkj vf/kdkjh@deZpkjh ls ppkZ djokukA tgka dgha ij lEHko gks ogka ehfVax esa vfHk;ku dh tkudkjh j[kus okys LFkkuh; fpfdRld dh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djokukA ehfVax ds nkSjku ekbØks Iyku esa ntZ izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds uke dh tkap djukA ,sls izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk uke fy[kuk ftUgksaus NwVs gq, cPpksa dks nok fiyokus ,oa okbZQsftd xfrfof/k ds nkSjku ?kj&?kj Hkze.k djds cPPkksa dks nok fiyokus esa lg;ksx nsus dk oknk fd;k gSA lEcfU/kr ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fuogZu oh0,e0lh0] lh0,e0lh0 ,oa ,Q0oh0 }kjk fd;k tkukA ,l0,e0usV }kjk X dh lwph ds vuqlkj izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr] djokukA ,u0ih0,l0ih0 }kjk i;Zos{kdksa dh mifLFkfr lqfuf'pr djokukA ,l0,e0usV0 }kjk vko';drk vuqlkj LoYikgkj gsrq /kujkf'k miyC/k djokukA iksfy;ks viMsV ds ckn iksfy;ks ls lEcfU/kr vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djukA vUr esa lfØ; lg;ksx nsus okys izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kfLr i= ,oa /kU;okn nsukA
bUVjQsl ehfVax dk ,ts.Mk 1- Lokxr2- ifjp; 3- iksfy;ks viMsV vkSj lEcfU/kr {ks= ds iwoZ pØ ds vkadM+s@miyfC/k;kasa ij ppkZA 4- X ifjokjksa ij ppkZ ,oa iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq j.kuhfr rS;kj djukA 5- lh0,e0lh0] ch0,e0lh0] ,Q0oh0] izHkko'kkyh ,oa i;Zos{kdksa dk dk;Z ,oa ftEesnkjh dk
fu/kkZj.k djukA 6- iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZA 7- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dks iz'kfLr i= nsukA 8- 'kqfØ;k vnk djuk
izHkko’kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½
mn~ns’;1- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk dk;Z ,oa ftEesnkjh fu/kkZj.k gsrq izsj.kkiw.kZ vksfj;UVs'ku ,oa muls
visf{kr lg;ksx ysukA 2- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa dk {kerk o/kZu djuk rkfd os leqnk; }kjk vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus
okys lokyksa dk larks"ktud <ax ls tokc ns ldsaA
fn’kkfunsZ’kxfrfof/k ds izfrHkkxh lHkh izHkko'kkyh O;fDr] ch0,e0lh0] lh0,e0lh0] ,l0,e0lh0@ Mh0;w0lh0] ,l0,e0vks0@,l0,l0,e0vks0] ,e0vks0vkbZ0lh0] ,oa iz'kklfud lg;ksxhA ¼izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa dh mifLFkr visf{kr rkfd ,sls ifjokjksa ls vkbZ0ih0lh0 djds izHkko'kkyh ds le{k mnkgj.k izLrqr fd;k tk ldsA bl izfØ;k ls izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds mifLFkr lgHkkfex;ksa dk vks0ih0oh0 ij fo'okl c<+sxk vkSj muds }kjk leqnk; esa vfHk;ku gsrq ldkjkRed ckrsa dgha tk;sxhA½
LFkkuvfrlaosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa dksbZ Hkh vfookfnr ,oa vklkuh ls igqapus ;ksX; LFkku ¼izHkko'kkyh ,oa izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds ?kjksa dks izkFkfedrk½A
fnukad ,ao le; le; ,oa frfFk dk fu/kkZj.k fof'k"V izHkko'kkyh dh vke lgefr ls djukA
ppkZ gsrq visf{kr vkdM+s@lwpuk;sa iksfy;ks viMsV] X ifjokjksa dh iw.kZ lwph ,oa izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds lg;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa ds vkadM+sA
vko’;d lkexzh cSuj] ts0,e0vkbZ0 ,Moksdslh cqdysV ¼fgUnh o vaxzsth½ tkfe;k gennZ izLrqfrdj.k] vihy] vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa dh mRrj iqfLrdk] U;wt isij Dyhfiaxl] LFkkuh; vkbZ0bZ0lh0 lkexzh] ftykf/kdkjh] eq[; fpfdRlkf/kdkjh }kjk iznRr iz'kfLr i=A ftykLrjh; vk;kstu esa ,y0lh0Mh0 dh vko';drkA
izHkko’kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds vfHkHkqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs’ku½ dh izfØ;k lHkh lg;ksfx;ksa@izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ,oa fgrHkkfx;ksa ¼LVsd gksYMj½ dks fyf[kr vkeU=.k nsukA Lokxr ,oa lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk ifjp;A iksfy;ks viMsV ,oa miyfC/k;ksa ij ppkZ ¼Xykscy] jk"Vªh;] jkT;Lrjh; ftykLrjh; ,oa LFkkuh;½ LFkkuh; {ks= ds ,l0vkbZ0,0 vkadM+s izLrqr djukA u;hs vihysa] ldkjkRed U;wt Dyhfiaxl dk izLrqrhdj.k djukA
fof'k"V izfrHkkxh@lg;ksfx;ksa }kjk lEcks/ku djokukA vfHkeq[khdj.k ¼vksfj;UVs'ku½ ds nkSjku lg;ksfx;ksa dks loky iwNus gsrq izksRlkfgr djuk vkSj muds lokyksa dk lEcfU/kr tkudkj O;fDr }kjk tcko fnyokukA lg;ksfx;ksa@izHkko'kkfy;ksa dh {kerk o/kZu djus gsrq ;g ,d vPNk fopkj gS fd mUgsa lh0,e0lh0 ,oa izfrj{k.k Vhe ds lkeus vkbZ leL;kvksa dk gy djus gsrq lq>ko nsus ds fy, izsfjr djukA ;g lqfuf'pr djuk fd vfHkeq[khdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs'ku½ esa ekStwn izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa ds lokyksa dk tcko mifLFkr fof'k"V lg;ksfx;ksa ,oa fgrHkkfx;ksa }kjk fn;k tk;sA lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks iqjkuh ,oa ubZ vihysa nsuk rFkk mudh mi;ksfxrk ,oa egRo ij izdk'k MkyukA fopkj/kkjk vk/kkfjr vihyksa ij ppkZ djrs le; /;ku jgs fd mlls dksbZ O;fDr ;k leqnk; vkgr u gksA izHkko'kkyh O;fDr;ksa ds mRrjnkf;Ro ,oa ftEesnkfj;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k djuk rFkk mudk lg;ksx izkIr djus gsrq muls oknk ysukA lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk /;ku fnykuk fd iksfy;ks esa mudk lg;ksx mudh uSfrd] /kkfeZd] lkekftd ftEesnkjh gSAvUr esa NwVs gq, vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djuk vkSsj lHkh dks /kU;okn nsukA
izHkko’kkyh O;fDrksa ds vfHkeqf[kdj.k ¼vksfj;sUVs’ku½dk ,ts.Mk
Lokxr ,oa fd;s x;s lg;ksx ds fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djukA ifjp;vfHkeqf[kdj.k ds mn~ns'; crkukA iksfy;ks viMsV vkSj lg;ksfx;ksa ds lg;ksx ls izkIr miyfC/k;ksa ij ppkZA vkerkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa dk tcko nsus ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsukA vihyksa ds mi;ksx ds fy, izf'k{k.k nsuk rFkk mudk forj.k djukA ftEesnkfj;ksa ,oa mRrjnkf;Roksa ds fu/kkZj.k ij ppkZA [kqyh ppkZ rFkk vuqHkoksa ,oa lQy@uohu xfrfof/k;ksa ij ppkZA vUr esa NwVs gq, vke rkSj ij iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZA 'kqfØ;k vnk djukA
iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku dsk ysdj lg;ksxh izHkko’kkkyh ds eu esa mBus okys iz’u o muds lek/kku
iz01- iskfy;ks xkfrfof/k ds nksjku ,Dl ls P ifjorZu ¼ckbZQsft+d xfrfof/k½ ds le; XL ,oa Xv ?kjksa ij izHkko’kkyh O;fDr dh D;k vko’;drk gSA
m0 vkt iskfy;ks dk;ZØe ftl fu.kkZ;d fLFkfr esa gS mlesa ,d & ,d cPPks dks izfrjf{kr djuk cgqr t:jh gS dHkh & dHkh XL ,oa Xv ?kjksa ij Hkh cPps fNik, tkus dh vk”kadk gksrh gSA tc izHkko”kkyh O;fDr lkFk esa gksrk gS rks cPps ds fNik, tkus dh vk”kadk cgqr de gks tkrh gS vr% XL ,oa Xv ?kjksa ij Hkh izHkko'kkyh O;fDr dk Hkze.k t+:jh gSA
iz02- iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkds fiykus ds ckotwn Hkh iksfy;ks D;ksa gksrk gSAm0 ;g cgqr gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ckr gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ksa dh dbZ [kqjkd
ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa esa izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa iksfy;ks gks tkrk gSA
bldk eq[; dkj.k cPps dk LokLF; vkSj vklikl ds okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr gh gSA iksfy;ks ok;jl ls feyrs tqyrs vU; thok.kq Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k iksfy;ks oSDlhu lgh rjhds ls dke ugha djrhAdqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh oSDlhu vxj yEcs le; rd xehZ esa j[kh tk, rks mldk vlj de gks tkrk gS rFkk cPpksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk ugha feyrhA vc vkerkSj ij ,slk ugha gksrk D;ksafd oSDlhu ok;y ekWuhVj ¼oh-oh-,e-½ }kjk tkapk tk ldrk gSA dHkh dHkh cPpk fdlh vU; chekjh ds dkj.k Hkh ydokxzLr gks ldrk gSA
vr% gesa ekrk& firk ls vuqjks/k djuk pkfg, fd os vius cPps dk Vhdkdj.k vo'; djk,a ftlls ge laØe.k dks jksddj cPpksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku dj ldsaA
;kn j[ksa % vxj ge vius leqnk; ds ik¡p o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks oSDlhu dh [kqjkd nsaxs rHkh ;g iksfy;ks ok;jl ges'kk ds fy, lekIr gks ik;sxkA
iz03- iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa flQZ eqlyekuksa ij gh bruk t+ksj D;ksa fn;k tk jgk gSA m0 ,slk ugha gS ;g dk;ZØe lHkh /keksZa ds fy, leku :i ls pyk;k tk jgk gS
ijUrq ;g ns[kus esa vk;k gS fd lcls vf/kd cPps eqlyekuksa ds gh bl etZ dk f”kdkj gks jgs gaSA gkykafd eqfLye vksyek dh vihykas ds ckn izfrjks/k cgqr de gks x;k gS fdUrq vHkh Hkh dqN LFkkuksa ij eqlyekuksa esa iksfy;ksa dk;ZØe ds fy, izfrjks/k feyrk gS vr% eqlyekuksa esa gh iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ds rgr iz;kl ij t+ksj fd;k tk jgk gSA
iz04- ?kjksa ds vUnj fy[kus dh D;k t:jr gS\ m0 ?kjksa ds vUnj cwFk Ms dh fnukad fy[kh tkrh gSA ftLkls ifjokj cwFk Ms dh
fnukad dks ckj ckj ns[k dj cwFk Ms dh egRrk le>sa vkSj vius cPpksa dks cwFk ij gh izfrjf{kr djk,aA
iz05- iskfy;ks ds vykok dqN nwljh chekfj;ka tSls& dkyh [kkalh] [kljk] eysfj;k] oxSjg Hkh cPpksa ds fy, tkuysok gaS fQj flQZ iksfy;ks ij gh bruk t+ksj D;ksa \
m0 iskfy;ks mu chekfj;ksa esa ls ,d gS ftls u flQZ dkcw esa fd;k tk ldrk gS cfYd iwjh rjg [kRe Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA gekjs ikl bl chekjh dks [kRe djus dh rduhdh lykfg;r ekStwn gaS ftldk lcwr iksfy;ks ds ejhtksa dh rknkn dk yxkrkj de gksuk tkfgj djrk gSA blds vykok iksfy;ks ,d ,slh chekjh gS tks ges”kk ds fy;ss cPps dks vikfgt dj nsrh gSA iksfy;ks mUewyu dk izek.k gS fd flQZ pkj ns”kksa & fgUnqLrku] ikfdLrku] ukbftfj;k ,oa vkQxkfuLrku dkss NksMdj ckdh lkjs ns”k iksfy;ks mUewfyr gks pqds gSaA blh fy, iksfy;ks ds [kkres ij bruk tksj fn;k tk jgk gS A
iz06- D;k iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd cPPkksa ds fy, iwjh rjg egQwt gS\ m0 iskfy;ks dh [qkjkd ls cPpksa dks fdlh Hkh rjg dk dksbZ [krjk ugha gS vxj
iskfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiykus ds QkSju ckn fdlh cPps dks fdlh rjg dh rdyhQ gks rks ;g egt brsQkd gSA blds vykok gj ft+ys esa cPpksa ds e”kgwj MkDVj isfy;ks mUewyu esa tqVs gq, gaSA
iz07- iskfy;ks dk;ZØe esa cwFk & Ms dh D;k egRork gS\ m0 iskfy;ks dk;ZØe esa lcls egRoiw.kZ fnu cwFk Ms gh gksrk gSA bl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku
dk ;g mn~ns'; gS fd ,d gh le; ij dbZ cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyk dj bl lqjf{kr [kqjkd }kjk iksfy;ks ds ok;jl dks gVk;k tk ldsA bldk lcls vPNk rjhdk T+;knk ls T+;knk cPpksa dks cwFk ij [kqjkd fiykuk gh gSA
iz08- vHkh Hkh dgha & dgha ;g vQokg lquus dks feyrh gS fd bl [kqjkd esa dqN ,slh phts+ ekstwn gSa tks bLyke esa gjke gSa] blesa fdruh lPpkbZ gS\
m0 ;g ckr iwjh rjg ls vQokg gSA iksfy;ks dk;ZØe esa fgUnqLrku ds ekus gq, rhu eqfLye bnkjs & vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZZVh] tkfe;k fey;k bLykfe;k ,oa tkfe;k gennZ viuh iwjh lgHkkfxrk fuHkkg jgs gaSA vyhx<+ eqfLye ;wfuoflZVh ds e”kgwj MkDVjksa dh rjQ ls ;s r:nhd dh tk pqdh gS fd bl nok esa dksbZ ,slk vlok ekStwn ugha gS tks fd bLyke esa gjke gSA blds vykok lHkh eLyd ds mysek bl [kqjkd ls iwjh rjg eqrebu gSa vkSj iksfy;ks [kqjkd dh evkQsdr esa vihy tkjh dj pqds gSA
Present Scenario of Polio & Our Responsibilities
Prepared by :
Dr. Mohd. Akram - Jamia HamdardTranslation by:
Dr. Ahmad Abbas Agha – DUC SMNet
iksfy;ks dh ekStwnk lwjrs gky vkSj gekjh ft+Eesnkfj;k¡%
,d t+:jh ckrphr
Wild Polio Virus
iksfy;ks ,d QSyus okyk et+Z gStks ,d [k+kl ok;jl (Wild Polio
Virus) ds t+fj;s QSyrk gSA ;g ok;jl flQZ balkuksa ds cPpksa dksgh viuk f'kdkj cukrk gS vkSjmUgha esa iuirk gSA
iksfy;ks ok;jl
Types of Polio Virus
iksfy;ks ok;jl dh tkfr;k¡
fdLe ,d & ih 1 (P1) : ;g fdLe vkerkSj ij T+;knk ik;htkrh gSA lcls rst+ vkSj [k+rjukd ;gh tkfr gSA
fdLe nwljh & ih 2 (P2) : ;g tkfr vc [k+Re gks pqdh gS vkSjmldk vkf[kjh f'kdkj vyhx<+ esa lu~ 1999 bZ0 esa ik;k x;k FkkA
fdLe rhljh & ih 3 (P3) : ;g tkfr [kkRes ds d+jhc gS vkSjde [k+rjukd+ gSA
Entry of Wild Polio Virus
iksfy;ks ok;jl eq¡g ds jkLrs gksdj vk¡rksa rd igq¡prk gSA
Spread of Polio Virus
vk¡rksa dks viuk f’kdkj cukus ds ckn;g ok;jl viuh fxurh c<+kdjftLe ds nwljs fgLls vkSj fnekx+ rd igq¡prk gSA
Entry in Central Nervous System
;g ok;jl fnekx+ esa igq¡p dj fnekx+h ulksa dks viukf’kdkj cukrk gSA
Nervous Involvement
fnekx+ dh fdlh Hkh [k+kl ul ij bl ok;jldk geyk gks tkrk gSA
Degeneration of Nerve
f’kdkj ul dk dke&dkt vkSj c<+r #d tkrhgS vkSj og vikfgt gks tkrh gSaA
Nerve Loss
iksfy;ks ok;jl lsxzflr ul vcfcYdqy [kRe gkstkrh gSA fnekx+h ulvkSj mlls dke djusokys ftLe ds fgLlsdk lapkj@tqM+ko [kRe gks tkrkgSAblhfy, ftLe dkog vax vikfgt gkstkrk gSA
Initial Stage
'kq# esa iksfy;ks ok;jl ls xzflr ftLe ds fgLls dk dkedjuk cUn ;k cgqr de gks tkrk gSA tSls fd bl cPps dkiSj mBuk cUn gks x;k gSA
Last Stage
vk[k+hj esa iSj dh rkd+r vkSj c<+ksÙkjh [kRe gks tkrh gSvkSj cPpk iwjh rjg ls vikfgt gks tkrk gSA
Transmission
iksfy;ks ls xzflrcPpk VV~Vh dj jgkgSA ok;jl VV~Vh ds lkFk
fudy jgk gSA
[kkus esa feydj;g ok;jl nwljscPpksa ds eqag vkSjisV esa pys tkrsgSa
nwljk cPpkHkh iksfy;ksok;jl dkf’kdkj gkstkrk gSA
VV~Vh /kksus ds ckn ;g ok;jl uk[kwu esa Qals jg tkrs gSaA fcuk gkFk /kks;s[kkuk [kkus ls ;g ok;jl [kkus esa fey tkrs gSaA
baQSD’ku gksus ds ckn%14 ls 60 fnu rd ;g ok;jl VV~Vh ds lkFk yk[kksa dh fxurhesa fudydj ekgkSy esa QSy tkrs gSaA
balkuh ftLe ds ckgj iksfy;ks ok;jl cgqr gh de oD+r rd ft+Unk jg ikrk gSA
bl oD+r esa vxj dksbZ ,slk cPpk ftlus iksfy;ks dh nok ughaih gS] u feys rks ;g ok;jl [kRe gks tkrk gSA
vxj dksbZ cPpk iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd+ fcuk fi;s gq, ok;jl dksfey tk;s rks fQj mlds isV esa txg cukdj QSyus dkflyflyk py iM+rk gSA
iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd
iksfy;ks [kqjkd+ gj ckj fiykus ls ghvikfgt gksus ls cpk tk ldrk gSAcPpk vxj chekj gS rks ;g [kqjkd+ vkSj Hkh t+:jh gks tkrh gSAu;s tUes cPps ds fy;s ;g lclst+:jh Vhdk gSA
lsgr dh fgQkt+r esa Vhdksa dh Hkwfedk%
gj balku ds ftLe esa chekjh ls yM+us dh ,d dqnjrh rkd+r gksrhgSA blh rkd+r ds pyrs gekjk ftLe rjg&rjg dh chekfj;ksa ls cpkjgrk gSA
cPpksa esa bl rkd+r dks c<+kus ds fy;s Vhdksa dk bLrseky fd;k tkrkgSA
Vhdk gekjs ftLe esa igqapdj gesa ml chekjh dh igpku djkrk gSvkSj blds pyrs gekjh chekjh ls yM+us dh rkd+r vkSj c<+ tkrh gSA
Vhdk yxus ds ckn tc dHkh ml chekjh dk geyk gksrk gS rks gekjkftLe mlls yM+us ds fy, igys gh ls rS;kj gksrk gSA
iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd+ Hkh ,d csgrjhu Vhdk gS tks cPpksa dks vikfgtgksus ls cpkdj j[krk gSA
ukSt+k;nk cPpksa ds Vhdksa dk pkVZ¼N% [k+rjukd+ vkSj tkuysok chekfj;ksa ls cpko ds fy;s½
ch-lh-th- dk Vhdk risfnd (Vh-ch-) ls egQwt+ j[krk gSAMh-ih-Vh- cPps dks xyk ?kksVw] dkyh [kkalh vkSj VsVusl ls cpkrk gSAfoVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd+ jrkSa/kh ls cpkrh gS vkSj ftLe dks gj chekjh ls
yM+us ds fy;s rkd+r nsrh gSA
ch-lh-th- iksfy;ks
Mh-ih-Vh- iksfy;ks
Mh-ih-Vh- iksfy;ks
Mh-ih-Vh- iksfy;ks
[kljk vkSj foVkfeu&, dh [kqjkd+
iSnkb’k ds oD+r
N% g¶rs ¼1 ½ eghuk½
nl g¶rs ¼2 ½ eghuk½
pkSnk g¶rs ¼3 ½ eghuk½
NÙkhl g¶rs ¼9 eghuk½
Vhdsmez
1900 cases7 countries
350 000 cases125 countries
Global Polio Eradication Progress 1988-2002
99% decline 99% decline
in casesin cases2006 bZ0 rd ;g chekjh 99 Qhln [kRe gks pqdh gSA 2007 bZ0 esa flQZ pkj eqYd+ksa esaiksfy;ks ckd+h gSA
lu~ 1988 bZ0 esa 125 eqYd+ iksfy;ks ls xzflr FksAlk<+s rhu yk[k cPpksa dksiksfy;ks dk et+Z gqvk FkkA
900 cases -10
Countries
Please come together to make India Polio Free
vkbZ;s ge lc feydj nwljs eqYd+ksa dh rjgfgUnqLrku dks Hkh iksfy;ks ls vkt+kn eqYd+ cuk;savkSj vius gj cPps dks vikfgt gksus ls ges’kk dsfy;s NqVdkjk fnyk;saA
ikVZuj izf’k{k.k ekWM~;wy
vUnj ds iUuksa ij nkbZ izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy o izf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; o izf'k{k.k dk ,ts.Mk o izf'k{k.k izfØ;k o izf'k{kd ds fy, funsZ'k o izf'k{k.k esa mi;ksx gsrq vko';d lanHkZ lkexzh o iwoZ rFkk i'pkr izf'k{k.k iz'ukoyh izi= o Lkh-,e-lh- {ks= esa tUesa uotkr f'k'kqvksa ds fy,
vPNknu izi= oSDlhusVj izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy o izf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; o izf'k{k.k dh :ijs[kk o izf'k{k.k izfØ;k o izf'k{kd ds fy, funsZ'k o izf'k{k.k esa mi;ksx gsrq vko';d lanHkZ lkexzh
xzke iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa gsrq izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy,u0,l0,l0@,u0lh0lh0 Nk=ksa gsrq izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wyVhplZ Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy
ijEijkaxr nkb;ksa gsrq Vªsfuax
ekWM~;wy
izf’k{k.k dk mn~ns’;
bl l= ds vUr rd lHkh izfrHkkxh
gj pØ esa iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd rFkk fuf'pr le; ij f'k'kqvksa ds Vhdkdj.k ds ckjs esa
tkudkjh izkIr dj ldsxhA
lgh le; ij t:jr ds vk/kkj ij xHkZorh rFkk uotkr f'k'kqvksa ds LokLF; ,oa ns[kHkky
ds lans”kksa dks tku ik;sxhA
nkbZ;ksa ds ek/;e ls lh0,e0lh0 viuh {ks= dh lHkh xHkZorh efgykvksa dks fpfUgr djuk
lh[k ldsxhA
lh0,e0lh0 vius {ks= ds lHkh uotkr f'k'kqvksa dk fpfUgdj.k djus esa nkbZ dk lg;ksx
ysuk lh[k ldsxhA
24 ?kaVs ds Hkhrj lh0,e0lh0 uotkr f”k”kqvksa ds ?kj lEidZ djsxh rFkk LokLF; lEcU/kh
tkudkfj;kW nsxhA
izf’k{k.k dk ,ts.Mk
l= fo ”k; izf’k{k.k fof/k
l= 1
le;% 10 ls 10%30
iathdj.k ,oa ifjp; [ksy ds ek/;e ls@ fp=ksa ds ek/;e
ls
l= 2
le; 10%30 ls 11 cts
rd
iksfy;ks dk;ZØe ds
ckjs esa tkudkjh
izLrqrhdj.k ,oa ppkZ
uk’rk@pk; le; 11 ls 11%15
cts rd
l= 3 xHkkZoLFkk esa ns[kHkky lewg ppkZ rFkk fp=ksa okyh fdrkc
le; 11%15 ls 12 cts
rd
rFkk ,d lky rd ds
f'k'kq dk lEiw.kZ
Vhdkdj.k
dk iz;ksx
l= 4
le; 12 ls 1 cts rd
uotkr f'k'kq dh
ns[kHkky rFkk LokLF;
lEcU/kh tkudkjh] 5
lQkbZ;kW
lewg ppkZ ,oa izLrqrhdj.k
l= 5
le; 1 ls 2 cts rd
xHkZorh efgyk,a rFkk
uotkr f'k'kqvksa dks
fpfUgr djus es nkbZ;ksa
dh Hkwfedk
lewg ppkZ rFkk izLrqrhdj.k
l= 6
le; 2 ls 3 cts rd
lh0,e0lh0 rFkk nkbZ
ds chp leUo; ¼cwFk
fnol] ekrk cSBd rFkk
?kj ?kj lEidZ½
ppkZ rFkk jksy Iys
l= dh izfØ;k ,oa izf'k{kd gsrq funsZ'k
bl izf'k{k.k esa lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk Lokxr djsa rFkk [ksy ds ek/;e ls lHkh dk
ifjp; nsaA ifjp; gsrq izf'k{kd Ik'kq if{k;ksa dh enn ysaA lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds
chp esa bu fp=ksa dks j[ksaA lHkh ls vuqjks/k djsa fd ,d &,d fp= mBk ysaA fQj
lHkh vius &vius lkFkh dh [kkst djsxsa lkFkh feyus ij ,d nwljs dk vkil esa
ifjp; izkIr djsxsa ftls ckn esa lHkh ds lkeus izLrqr djsxsaA
iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe ds ckjs esa crk;sa rFkk nkbZ;ksa dks izf'k{k.k esa cqykus dk
mnns'; foLrkj ls le>k,aA
lewg ppkZ ds ek/;e ls xHkZorh efgyk dh D;k&D;k ns[kHkky djuh pkfg, bl
ij ppkZ djsaA
o nkbZ;ksa dks muds vuqHko ds vk/kkj ij cksyus ds fy, izsfjr djsaA
xHkZorh efgyk ds LokLF; lEcU/kh ikB~; lkexzh@¶ys'k dkMZ dk iz;ksx djsaA
izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd uotkr f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky esa vko';d ckrsa izfrHkkfx;ksa
ds vuqHko ls tkudkjh izkIr djsa rFkk vUr esa mls lgh djsaA
izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs dh izloiwoZ rS;kfj;ksa dh D;k vko”;drk gS rFkk mls
foLrkj ls le>k,aA
bl l= esa nkbZ;ksa ls visf{kr lg;ksx ds ckjsa esa crk,aA nkbZ;ka xHkZorh rFkk
uotkr f”k”kqvksa dks fpfUgr djus esa D;k ;ksxnku dj ldrh gSa ;g crk,A
izf”k{kd nkbZ;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djsa fd og Loa; viuh Hkwfedk crk, rFkk mUgas
ckj&ckj nksgjk,A
bl l= ds fy, izf”k{kd fdlh iqjkuh lh0,e0lh0 dks mlds dk;Z ds ckjs esa
crkus ds fy, dgsA nkbZ;ksa dks 4 lewgksa es ckVsa rFkk gj lewg esa 2 ls 3
lh0,e0lh0 dks cSBk;sa vkSj ppkZ djus ds fy, dgsaA
izf’k{k.k esa mi;ksx gsrq vko’;d lanHkZ lkexzh & iksfy;ks mUewyu dk vFkZ
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk eryc gS ekuo okrkoj.k ls iksfy;ks ok;jl dk iwjh rjg lQk;kA
vius izns'k ls gh ugha iwjh nqfu;k lsA mUewyu ds ckn iksfy;ks chekjh ds fy, [kqjkd
fiykus dh t:jr ugh iM+sxh Bhd oSls gh tSls 30 lky igys 1976 esa pspd dks
Hkxk;k x;k FkkA
izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs dh xHkZorh efgyk dh igpku dSls gksrh gS xHkZorh efgyk
ds LokLF; lEcU/kh fuEufyf[kr ckrsa crk,A
xHkZ dk irk pyrs gh utnhdh LokLF; dsUnz@vkxuokM+h dk;ZdrkZ @,0,u0,e0
ds ikl tkdj iathdj.k djk;saA
VsVul ds 2 Vhds 1 ekg ds vUrjky ij yxokuk pkfg,
vk;ju dh 100 xksfy;ka xHkZorh efgyk esa [kwu dh deh nwj djrh gSA
xHkkZoLFkk esa rhu tkWpsa djkuh pkfg,] ftlls ;g irk py tk;s fd xHkZorh efgyk
dks dksbZ [krjk rks ugh gSA
xHkZorh efgyk dks ,d vfrfjDr vkgkj [kkuk pkfg,A
xHkZorh efgyk dks fnu esa 2 ?kaVs vkjke djuk pkfg, o jkr esa 8 ?kaVksa dh uhan
t+:j ysuh pkfg,A
iwjs xHkZdky esa xHkZorh efgyk dk otu 10 ls 12 fdyks c<+rk gSA
xHkZorh efgyk esa dqN [krjs okys y{k.k gksrs gSa bu y{k.kksa dk irk pyrs gh
efgyk dks MkDVj rFkk utnhdh LokLF; dsUnz tkdj ijke'kZ ysuk pkfg,A
4 QqV 10 bap ls NksVk dnA
efgyk ds 4 ls vf/kd cPps gksA
vxj mldh mez 18 o’kZ ls de gks
igyk cPpk 35 o"kZ ds ckn
xHkkZoLFkk esa [kwu ;k ikuh dk vkuk
[kwu dh deh
xHkZ esa tqM+ok cPps
gkbZ CyM izs'kj
uotkr f'k'kq dh ns[kHkky dh vko';d ckrsa
1 ?kaVs ds vUnj ekW uotkr f'k'kq dks igyk nw/k fiyk,A igyk nw/k cPps ds fy,
igyk Vhdkdj.k gksrk gSA
xfeZ;ksa esa 3 fnu rFkk lfnZ;ksa esa 7 fnu ckn gh uotkr f'k'kq dks ugykuk pkfg,A
ekW ds nw/k ds vykok 6 ekg rd uotkr f'k'kq dks dqN ugh nsuk pkfg,] tSl ?kqV~h]
'kgn] ikuh vkSj cdjh dk nw/kA
uotkr f'k'kq dks ekrk ds cxy es fyVk,a ftlls f'k'kq dks xekZgV feyrh jgsA
izlo iwoZ 5 lQkbZ;kas dk /;ku j[kuk cgqar vko';d gSA 5 lQkbZ;k
fuEufyf[kr gSaA
lkQ txg
lkQ gkFk
lkQ /kkxk
u;k pepekrk CysM
lkQ uky
xHkZorh rFkk uotkr f�k�kqvksa dks fpfUgr djus esa nkbZ;ksa dh Hkwfedk
nkbZ;ksa xHkZorh efgyk dk irk pyrs gh vius {ks= dh lh0,e0lh0 dks voxr djk,A
nkbZ cgqr izHkko”kkyh gksrh gS blfy, uotkr f”k”kq ds ifjokj okyksa dks iksfy;ks
dh [kqjkd rFkk gj l= esa bldh mi;ksfxrk ds ckjs esa crk,aA
uotkr f”k”kq ds ifjokj okyksa dks Vhdkdj.k ds egRo ds ckjs esa crk,aA
uotkr f”k”kq dh LokLF; lEcU/kh tkudkfj;ka ifjokj ds lnL; dks nsaA
lh0,e0lh0 rFkk nkbZ ds chp leUo; rkfd 100 izfr’kr xHkZorh rFkk uotkr
f’k’kqvksa dk fpfUgdj.k gks lds vkSj iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd gj pØ esa uotkr
f’k’kq dks izkIr gks ldsA
nkbZ izR;sd xHkZorh@uotkr f”k”kq ds tUe ds ckjs esa lh0,e0lh0 dks crk,aA
lh0,e0lh0 g¶rs esa 1 ckj nkbZ ls lEidZ dj xHkZorh efgykvksa dh lwph@ uotkr
f”k”kq dh lwph nkbZ dks nsxh rFkk nkbZ }kjk izlo djk;s x;s u;s cPpksa dh
tkudkjh viuh QhYMcqd esa fy[ksxhA
uotkr f”k”kq rFkk xHkZorh efgyk ds ?kj ijke”kZ ds nkSjku lh0,e0lh0 nkbZ dks
vius lkFk ysxhA
24 ?kaVs ds vUnj lh0,e0lh0 uotkr f”k”kq ds ?kj nkbZ ds lkFk lEidZ dj
LokLF; lEcU/kh tkudkfj;kW nsxhA
nkbZ lh0,e0lh0 {ks= ds izlo dh lwpuk lh0,e0lh0 rd igqapk;sxh rFkk izlo
LFky ij lh0,e0lh0 dks cqyk;sxhA
nkbZ izHkkok”kkyh gksrh gS vr% lh0,e0lh0 ,oa ch0,e0lh0 nkbZ dk uke iksfy;ks
Vhe esa j[kus ds fy, iSjoh djsxhA
izf’k{k.k iwoZ@ izf’k{k.k i'pkr~ iz’ukoyh
nkbZ;ksa ls bu iz’uksa dk mrj gkFk mBkdj gkW ;k ugh esa nsus ds fy, funsZf'kr
djsaA
T;knkrj nkbZ;k i<+ fy[k ugh ldrh blfy, muls ,d iz’u iwNsaA ftudks
iz’u dk mRrj vkrk gS mudks gkFk mBkus ds fy, dgsa rFkk gkW ;k ugh esa
mrj nsaA
1- iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd ckj&ckj ihus ls uiqadlrk vk tkrh gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
2- ekW dk igyk nw/k f'k'kq ds fy, igyk Vhdkdj.k gksrk gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
3- f'k'kq dks iSnk gksrs gh ugyk nsuk pkfg, D;ksafd cPpk xUnk gksrk gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
4- iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd 5 lky rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks fiykbZ tkrh gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
5- VsVul VksDlkbM dk Vhdk xHkZorh efgykvksa dks VsVul ds laØe.k ls cpkrk
gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
6- lkQ uky dk vFkZ gS cPps dh uky ij ?kh ;k rsy yxkukA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
7- cPpk ftruk NksVk gks iksfy;ksa dk [krjk mruk gh T;knk gksrk gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
8- vk;ju dh 100 xksfy;kW xHkZorh efgyk esa [kwu dh deh dks iwjk djrh gaSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
9- pspd chekjh dk mUewyu vkt ls 30 lky igys gks pqdk gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
10- ch0lh0th0 dk Vhdk cPps dks risfnd ls cpkrk gSA
gkW ¼ ½ ugh ¼ ½
Lkh-,e-lh- {ks= esa tUesa uotkr f’k’kqvks ds fy, vPNknu izi=
Lkh ,e lh dk uke % ----------------------------------------------------------- {ks= % ----------------------------------------------------------- ftyk % ----------------------------------------------------------- Hkze.k dh rkjh[k % -----------------------------------------------------------
Lkh-,e-lh- ds {ks+= es dqy 7 ls 9 ekg dh xHkZorh efgykvks dh la[;k A ----------Lkh-,e-lh ds {ks+= es dqy uotkr f’k’kqvks dh la[;kA ----------------
Hkze.k fd, x, xHkZorh efgykvks@ uotkr f’k’kq dk uke 1-------------2------------3-------
7 ls 9 ekg dh xHkZorh efgykvks ds ?kj Hkze.k ¼gk ;k ugh fy[ks ½
D;k Lkh ,e lh us fiNys ,d lIrkg es xHkZorh efgyk ls lEidZ fd;k gSA 1---- 2---- 3------D;k xHkZorh efgyk dks viuh ns[kHkky rFkk Vhdks ds ckjs es irk gSA 1---- 2---- 3------D;k xHkZorh efgyk ds ifjokj ds lnL;ks us nkbZ ls lEidZ fd;k gSA 1---- 2---- 3------D;k xHkZorh efgyk dks iksfy;ks dh thjks [kqjkd ds ckjs es irk gSA 1---- 2---- 3------
Ukotkr f’k’kq ds ?kj lEidZD;k Lkh ,e lh uss 24 ?kUVs ds vUnj Ukotkr f’k’kq ds ?kj lEidZ fd;k \ 1---- 2---- 3------D;k ekrk us Ukotkr f’k’kq dks 1 ?kUVs es igyk nw/k fiyk;k gS \ 1---- 2---- 3------
D;k ekrk us Ukotkr f’k’kq dks xfeZ;ks es 3 fnu ckn rFkk lfnZ;ks es 7 fnu ckn ugyk;k gS\
1---- 2---- 3------D;k Ukotkr f’k’kq dkss iksfy;ks dh thjks [kqjkd fey pqdh gS\ 1---- 2---- 3------Ukotkr f’k’kq dk tUe dgk gqvk Fkk \ 1---- 2---- 3------
nkbZ@ vkik@ vkxuokMh dk;Zd+z=h ls lEidZ
nkbZ@ vkik@ vkxuokMh dk;Zd+z=h ds {ks++= es fdrus uotkr f’k’kqvks dk tUe gqvk \
1---- 2---- 3------
D;k lh ,e lh us nkbZ@ vkik@ vkxuokMh dk;Zd+z=h ls fiNys 7 fnuks es lEidZ fd;k gS \
1---- 2---- 3------D;k lh ,e lh ds fQYM cqd ds dqy tUes cPpks dh l[;k nkbZ@ vkik@ vkxuokMh dk;Zd+z=h )kjk crk, x;s uotkr f’k’kqvks ls esy [kkrk gS \ 1---- 2---- 3------
lh-,e-lh- dks mlds {ks+= esa ik, x, uotkr f’k’kqvks lEcfU”r dfe;ks ds ckjs esa crk,a rFkk mls lq?kkjus dk 1 lIrkg dk le; nsA bu
dfe;ksa dks lh-,e-lh- dh QhYM cqd es fy[ks A
oSDlhusVj Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy
izf’k{k.k l= ds m}s’; %&
l= ds var rd izfrHkkxh csgrj ijke’kZ ds rkSj&rjhdksa ls voxr gks tk;saxsA
vkbZ- bZ- lh- lkexzh ds lgh mi;ksx ij le> cu tk;sxhA
l= dh vof/k %& 45 feuV
l= dh fo"k; oLrq %&
N% uk dk ikyu, vkilh ckrphr ds nkSjku /;ku j[kus okyh O;ogkfjd ckrsa
ckr djrs le; ’kjhj dh Hkko Hkafxek (Body language)
vkbZ- bZ- lh- lkexzh dk lgh mi;ksx
izf’k{k.k fof/k%&
jksy Iys
cM+s lewg esa pPkkZ
izn'kZu
O;k[;ku
lgk;d lkexzh & âkbV cksMZ] pkVZ isij] ekdZj] MLVj] lsyks Vsi] dSaph] vkbZ- bZ- lh-
lkexzh vkfnA
l= dh izfdz;k ,oa izf’k{kdksa gsrq funsZ’k%&1- loZizFke bl l= esa lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dk Lokxr djsaA 2- lcdks xksy ?ksjs ¼xksykdkj½ esa cSBk,¡ ,oa ,d jksy Iys ds ek/;e ls l= dk vkjEHk
djsaA
bl jksy Iys esa fn[kk,¡ fd ,d Vhe jkmaM ds nkSjku lk/kkj.k :i ls ?kj&?kj xfrfof/k;ka pyk jgh gS o Vhe dk O;ogkj ifjokj ds izfr udkjkRed gSA
bl jksy Iys esa ,d izfrHkkxh xkao dh efgyk cus] nwljh Vhe dh lnL; vkSj Vªsuj oSDlhusVj dh Hkwfedk fuHkk,¡A
jksy Iys dk ifjn`"; tc Vhe ?kj&?kj xfrfof/k ds nkSjku efgyk ds ?kj vkrh gS rks og efgyk vius ,d o"kZ ds cPps dks [kqjkd fiyokus ds fy, jkth ugha gksrhA vki oSDlhusVj ds :i esa ml ifjokj ls ukjktxh ls is’k vk,¡A ek¡ dh Hkkoukvksa dh vuns[kh djsa] muds eu dh Hkzkafr;ksa dks lqus ugha tSls & ek¡ ds cksyus ds chp esa mudh ckr dkVsa] mudh 'kadkvksa ij /;ku u nsdj flQZ cPps dks [kqjkd fiykus dh ckr ij fVds jgsa vkfn fVIi.kh djsaA
bl jksy Iys esa vki fdlh vU; izf’k{kd ;k fdlh izfrHkkxh dh enn ys ldrs gSaA
vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa ls dgsa os bl ifjfLFkfr esa ,d ek¡ gSaA
jksy Iys ds fy, 15 feuV dk le; nsa
jksy Iys ds ckn lh[k dk la{ksi.k djsaA blds fy, izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNsa fd jksy Iys esa mUgsa D;k vPNk yxk o D;k vPNk ugha yxkA izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk crk;s x;s fcUnqvksa dks izf’k{kd pkVZ isij ij uksV djsaA
3- blds ckn ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, izf’k{kd izfrHkkfx;ksa ls ;g Hkh iwNs fd fdlh ifjokj esa vkilh ckrphr dss nkSjku fdu&fdu eq}ks ij /;ku nsuk vko’;d gSA izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk crk;sa x;s fcUnqvksa ls tksM+rs gq, izf’k{kd N% uk dk ikyu dh tkudkjh nsaA
4- blds ckn ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, izfrHkkxh lewg ls vkbZ- ih-lh- ¼vkilh ckrphr½ ds nkSjku /;ku j[kus okyh O;ogkfjd ckrsa ¼D;k djsa] D;k u djsa½ fo"k; ij ppkZ djsa rFkk ckr djrs le; 'kjhj dh Hkko Hkafxek fo"k; dh Hkh tkudkjh nsaA mijksDr rhuksa fo"k;kaas ds la{ksi.k esa 20 feuV dk le; nsaA
5- blds ckn izfrHkkfx;ksa ds chp vkbZ- bZ- lh- lkexzh dk ,d&,d dj izn’kZu djsa ¼lkexzh dh ,d ,d izfr fn[kk;sa½ ,oa mldk lgh bLrseky crk;saA bl izfdz;k esa 10 feuV dk le; nsaA
uksV & izf’k{kd iwjs izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku izfrHkkfx;ksa dh T;knk ls T;knk lgHkkfxrk lqfuf’pr djsa ,oa l= cszu LVkWjfeax ls djsaA
izf’k{kdksa gsrq vU; funsZ’k
izf’k{k.k ds ckn leqnk; Lrj ij visf{kr ifj.kke &
izf'k{k.k esa 'kkfey oSDlhusVj leqnk; ds Lrj ij izHkkoh :i ls vkbZ- ih- lh- dj ik;sxsaA
izf'kf{kr oSDlhusVj ds {ks= esa iksfy;ksa [kqjkd ysus okys ¼izfrjf{kr½ cPpksa dh la[;k esa c`f) gksxhA
izf'kf{kr oSDlhusVj ds {ks= esa iksfy;ksa [kqjkd ds izfr mnklhu@ euk djus okys ifjokjksa dh la[;k esa deh gksxhA
izf'kf{kr oSDlhusVj ds {ks= esa iksfy;ks [kqjkd ds izfr tuleqnk; dh Lohd`fr esa c<+ksrjh gksxhA
izf’k{k.k esa mi;ksx gsrq vko’;d lanHkZ lkexzh & 1- dSls djsa vkilh ckrphr & N% uk dk ikyu
igyk uk & nqvk lyke djuk vkSj viuk ifjp; nsukA
nwljk uk & iwNukA izR;sd ?kj esa fuEu 7 loky iwNukA
?kj esa fdrus ifjokj jgrs gSa \ gj ifjokj esa ikWp o"kZ ls NksVs fdrus cPpsa gSa \D;k ifjokj ds lHkh cPpsa ?kj ij gSa \ bl pdz ¼jkmaM½ esa fdrus cPpksa us cwFk ij iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd ih gSa \ cPpsa Ldwy] fj’rsnkj ds ;gk¡ cktkj ;k [ksr ij rks ugha x;sa gS \ dksbZ uotkr f’k’kq ;k nks o"kZ ls NksVk cPpk vUnj lks;k rks ugha gS\ ifjokj esa fdlh esgeku ;k fj’rsnkj dk ikWp o"kZ rd dh mez dk dksbZ cPpk rks ugh vk;k gS\
rhluk uk & [kqjkd fiykuk% ikWp rd dh mez ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiykukA pkSFkk uk & le>kuk % vxj dksbZ loky ;k 'kadk ifjokj ds fdlh lnL; ds eu esa gks rks mldk tckc nsuk vkSj ckj & ckj [kqjkd fiykus dk dkj.k o Qk;ns crkukAikWpoka uk & vkus okys iksfy;ks pdz dh rkjh[k crkuk vkSj [kqjkd fiykus dh ;kn fnykukA
NBk uk & 'kqfdz;k vnk djuk% ifjokj us vkidks le; fn;k vkSj vkidh ckrs lquha blds fy;s 'kqfdz;k vnk djsaA
2- ckr djrs le; 'kjhj dh Hkko Hkafxek &
ckr djrs le; 'kjhj dh Hkko Hkafxek ldkjkRed j[ksaA
ckr djus okys ds lekukUrj lj gksA cSBs gq, O;fDr ls cSB dj gh ckr djsaA
ckrphr ds le; utj cksyus ij gks] dkih ;k Mk;jh ij ughaA
dksbZ Hkh ck/kk fn[ks rqjUr nwj djsa tSls& dkih] dye vkfnA ckrphr ds le; vxj vki fy[kus yxrs gS rks blesa [kqykiu ugh vkrk ,slk djdsa vki mUgsa pqi djk jgsa gSA
le; nsa] tYnh esa u jgsa] ckj&ckj ?kM+h u ns[ksaA
;fn ifjokj dksbZ Hkh ijs’kkuh crk;sa rks viuh Hkkouk n’kkZrs gq, mUgsa lkUrouk nsaA
3- vkilh ckrphr ¼vkbZ- ih- lh-½ ds nkSjku /;ku j[kus okyh O;ogkfjd ckrsa&
D;k djsa ( ) &
/kS;Z j[ksa] fdlh fookn esa u iM+sA
/;ku ls ekrk firk dh ckr lqusA
mBus okys lHkh lokyksa dk rdZiw.kZ mRrj nsaA
mudh vU; leL;kvksa ds izfr viuh laosnuk O;Dr djsa] o mUgsa vk'oklu nsaA
[kqys iz'uksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
vko';drk iM+us ij leqnk; ds izHkko’kkyh @ vU; O;fDr;ksa dk lg;ksx ysaA
vius lqijokbtj ls ckr djsaA
vkl& iM+ksl ds yksxksa ls ckr djds izR;sd cPps }kjk [kqjkd ihus dh egrk ij ppkZ dj mudk lg;ksx ekWaxsaA
;fn fdlh iz'u dk mRrj vkidks ugha irk gS rks ifjokj ls dgsa fd fdlh fo'ks"kK ls tkudj vki mUgsa crk;saxsaA
efgykvksa dk lEcks/ku djrs le; ckth] vkik tku] [kkyk] vEeh oxSjk 'kCnksa dk iz;ksx djsaA
vxj vki iq:"k gS rks efgyk vkils insZ ds ihNs ls ckr dj ldrh gSA iq:"kksa dks fcuk vkKk ds ?kj ds vUnj ugha tkuk Pkkfg,A
cPpksa ds T;knk gksus ij Vksdk Vkdh u djsa cfYd dgsa Þek’kkvYykgß ;gh 'kCn vki I;kjs cPps dks ns[kdj Hkh dg ldrs gSA
vki ,Dl ?kj ls [kqjkd fiykdj ;g dgs & 'kqfdz;k] t+tk+d vYykg] ba’kkvYykg ge fQj vk;saxsA
lquus okyk pkgs fdlh tkfr dk gks] fdlh Hkh txg gks] fdruk gh xjhc gks] pkgs fdruk gh NksVk dke djrk gks] ysfdu gesa mls iwjh bTtr nsuh gSA tSls & dwM+k chuus okys dks Hkh oSls gh bTtr nsuh gS tSls fdlh cM+s O;kikjh dksA
dksbZ Hkh cPpk [kqjkd ihus ls u NwVs ysfdu fo’ks"k /;ku ml tkfr ,oa lewg ij gks ftlesa iksfy;ksa dk dsl gksA
gkbZ fjLd tkfr ,oa lewg dks ;g u yxus yxs fd vki mudks bYtke ns jgsa gSA cfYd mudks vkidh ckrksa ls ,slk ,glkl gks lds fd muds cPps lcls T;knk [krjsa esa gS blfy, mudh ftEesnkjh bl vfHk;ku esa lcls T;knk gSA
gj tkfr ,oa lewg dk bTtr dk uke gSA tSls & ckYehdh lekt] vyoh@fe;k lkgc bR;kfnA
ges’kk dksf'k'k ;g djsa fd vki leku tkfr ;k lewg ds izHkko'kkyh dh lgk;rk ys D;ksfd dHkh & dHkh dqN ifjokj bl ckr dk cqjk eku tkrs gS fd le>kus okyk nwljh tkfr dk gSA
T;knkrj ekeyks esa MkW- gj tkfr o gj lewg ds fy, vPNk izHkko'kkyh gksrk gSA
dgh ls Hkh okil tkrs le; ,sls tqnk gks tSls vki fdlh vius ls vyx gks jgsa gks rkfd og O;fDr ;k ml txg ds yksx vkidks vPNs eu ls ;kn djsaA blls vkidks vkus okys le; esa ogk¡ ds yksxks dh iwjh lgk;rk feysxhA
D;k u djs (x)a&
ekrk firk ls fdlh izdkj dh tcjnLrh u djsaA
muds eu dh 'kadkvksa ds izfr mudk etkd u cuk;asA
mudh Hkkoukvksa dks Bsl u igq¡pk;saA
fcuk mudh bPNk ds cPpksa dks [kqjkd u fiyk,¡A
fdlh vlEekuuh; 'kCn tSls& csodwQh dh ckr vkfn dk iz;ksx u djsaA
xyr o v/kwjh tkudkjh u nsaA
tYnckth u fn[kk,¡A
vxj efgyk cxSj vius ifr dh vkKk dh ckr djrh gS rks mldks [kqn dks QSlyk ysus dk izksRlkgu nsa] ysfdu ;g dHkh u dgsa fd mudks u crkuk ;k mudks irk ugha pysxk A
cPpk vxj enjls esa i<+rk gS rks mls cqjk Hkyk u dgsaA
fdlh Hkh O;fDr ;k txg dk mYys[k viekutud rjhds ls u djs tSls & fHk[keaxk] Hkafx;kaas dk bykdk bR;kfn u dgsaA
4. vkbZ- bZ- lh- lkexzh dk lgh bLrseky
cwFk cSuj & cwFk ij lqcg rd yx tk,A
cwFk iksLVj & cwFk ij lqcg rd yx tk,A
LVªhV cSuj & LVªhV cSuj vf/kd HkhM+ okys LFkkuksa tSls & cktkjksa] pkSjkgksa vkfn ij yxok;saA cSuj ds pkjksa dksus Bhd izdkj ls cka/kdj 10 fQV ;k vf/kd m¡pkbZ ij VkaxsA
LVªhV iksLVj & LVªhV iksLVj vf/kd HkhM+ okys LFkkuks tSls & cktkjksa] pkSjkgks vkfn ij yxok;saA iksLVj esa fo’ks"kdj pkjksa dksuks esa i;kZIr ek=k esa xksan yxkdj 6 fQV ;k vf/kd m¡pkbZ ij fpidk;s rkfd os Bhd ls fn[k ldsaA
luokbtj@lhVh & mu 10 cPpksa dks ns tks fd cwFk fnol dks cqykok Vksyh esa 'kkfey gksaA
xzke iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa gsrq izf’k{k.k ekWM~;wy
izf’k{k.k ds m}s’; %& izf'k{k.k ds var rd izfrHkkxh iksfy;ks dh cqfu;knh rduhdh tkudkjh ,oa iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ds tokc ls voxr gks tk;saxsA lkeqnk; Lrj ij lkekftd mRizsj.k ¼lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku½ ls lacaf/kr vk;ksftr gksus okyh xfrfof/k;ksa dh tkudkjh gks tk;sxhAiksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa xzke iapk;r ls lg;ksx dh vis{kk,¡ o iapk;r izfrfuf/k ds :Ik esa viuh Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ksa ls voxr gks tk;saxsA
izf’k{k.k dh vof/k %& 4 ?kaVs ¼10 cts ls 2 cts rd½
izf’k{k.k dh fo"k; oLrq %&iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vk/kkjHkwr rduhdh tkudkjh ¼iksfy;ks viMsV] iksfy;ks D;k gS\ dSls QSyrk gS\ dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS\ vkfn½ leqnk; ds Lrj ij lkekftd mRizsj.k ¼lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku½ ls lacaf/kr D;k & D;k eq[; xfrfof/k;ka vk;ksftr gksrh gSaA xzke iapk;r ls iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdzze esa lg;ksx dh D;k vis{kk,¡ gSaA iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa iapk;r izfrfuf/k dh D;k Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ka gSaA
izf’k{k.k fof/k %& cM+s lewg esa ppkZ O;k[;ku izn'kZuiz’uksrjh
lgk;d lkexzh %& fp=kRed pkVZ isij vFkok Vªsfuax dhV] pkVZ isij] ekdZj] lsyksVsi] dSaph vkfnA
izf’k{k.k dk;Zdze dh :ijs[kk %&l= le; fo"k; oLrq i}fr lgk;d lkexzh
igyk l= 10.00-10.30 iathdj.k] Lokxr ,oa ifjp;
cM+s lewg ls ,d ,d dj ifjp;
iathdj.k jftLVj
nwljk l= 10.30-10.45 vki bl izf’k{k.k esa iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr D;k tkuuk pkgrs gSa ¼vis{kkvksa
cM+s lewg esa ppkZ
pkVZ isij] ekdZj
dk vkadyu½ rhljk l= 10.45-11.00 iwoZ ewY;kadu iz'ukoyh iwoZ ewY;kadu izi= pkSFkk l= 11.00-11.15 iksfy;ks viMsV O;k[;ku rS;kj pkVZ Ikapok l= 11.15-11.45 iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr
cqfu;knh rduhdh tkudkjh ¼iksfy;ks D;k gS\ iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS] iksfy;ks dks dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS vkfn½
cM+s lewg esa ppkZ ,oa O;k[;ku
Vªsfuax dhV] pkVZ isij] ekdZj] lsyksVsi] dSaph
NBoka l= 11.45-12.15 iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys loky ,oa muds tokc
O;k[;ku] loky tokc¼iz’uksrjh½] cM+s lewg esa ppkZ
loky ,oa tokc dh iphZ] pkVZ isij] ekdZj] lquks lqukvks 'kadk feVkvks QksYMj vkfn
lkroka l= 11.45-12.15 leqnk; Lrj ij lkekftd mRizsj.k ¼lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku ls lacaf/kr vk;ksftr gksus okyh xfrfo/k;ksa dh tkudkjh Ldwy jSyh] iksfy;ks Dykl equknh] iksLVj isfLVax] ,yku vkfn½
O;k[;ku izn’kZu cM+s lewg esa ppkZ
pkVZ isij] ekdZj] vkbZ-bZ-lh- lkexzh iksLVj] cSuj vkfn
vkBoka l= 12.45-01.05 xzke iapk;r ls iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx dh vis{kk,a
cM+s lewg esa ppkZ ,oa O;k[;ku
pkVZ] isij] ekdZj
uoe l= 1.05-1.35 iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa iapk;r izfrfuf/k ds :i esa vkidh Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ka
cM+s lewg esa ppkZ ,oa O;k[;ku
pkVZ] isij] ekdZj
n'ke l= 1.35-1.50 [kqyk l= ,oa izf’k{k.k ds eq[; lh[k
iz'uksrjh ,oa cM+s lewg esa ppkZ
pkVZ] isij] ekdZj
X;kjgokal=
1.50-2.00 i'pkr ewY;kadu ,oa Þge gkasxs dke;kcß xhr ds lkFk izf’k{k.k dk lekiu o vYikgkj
iz'ukoyhlkewfgd xhr
i'pkr ewY;kadu izi=] xhr dh QksVksdkih
l= dh izfdz;k ,oa izf’k{kdksa gsrq funsZ’k igyk l=
iathdj.k] Lokxr ,oa ifjp; loZizFke iathdj.k jftLVj esa mifLFkr izfrHkkfx;ksa dk iathdj.k djk;saA iathdj.k ds ckn izfrHkkfx;ksa dk Lokxr djrs gq, mUgsa ,d&,d dj viuk ifjp; nsus ds fy, dgsaA ifjp; ds fcUnq & viuk uke] fdl xzke iapk;r ls vk;s gSa] dc ls
iapk;r izfrfuf/k ds in ij dk;Zjr gSaA nwljk l=
vis{kkvksa dk vkadyuizf’k{kd izfrHkkfx;ks ls iwNs fd vki bl izf’k{k.k esa iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr D;k tkuuk pkgrs gS \ rFkk mls pkVZ isij ij uksV djsaA rhljk l=
iwoZ ewY;kaduiksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr 6 ;k 7 lk/kkj.k lokyks dh ,d iz’ukoyh ¼ftls izf’k{k.k ls iwoZ rS;kj djds izf’k{kd QksVksdkih djkdj yk;saxs½ dk mi;ksx izfrHkkfx;ksa ds iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr izf’k{k.k ds iwoZ dh tkudkjh dh tk¡p ds fy, djsaA
pkSFkk l=iksfy;ks viMsV
izf’k{kd iksfy;ks viMsV dk pkVZ isij izf’k{k.k ls iwoZ rS;kj djds yk,¡ rFkk mlds ek/;e ls bl l= esa tkudkjh nssaA
ikpoka l=iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr cqfu;knh rduhdh tkudkjh
iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr tkudkjh ¼iksfy;ks D;k gS] dSls QSyrk gS] dSls jksdk tk ldrk gS vkfn½ nsus ds fy, izf’k{kd fp=kRed Vªsfuax dhV ¼tks lHkh tuinksa esa Hkstk x;k gS½ dk mi;ksx djsaA
NBoka l=iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys loky ,oa muds tokcA
loZizFke izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr yksxks }kjk D;k loky mBk;s tkrs gSa ,oa izf’k{kd mls pkVZ isij ij uksV djsa tks iz’u NqV jgsa gSa mls viuh rjQ ls tksM+ nsaA blds ckn izf’k{kd lHkh lokyksa ds rdZ iw.kZ tokc izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nsa rFkk mUkds chp lquks lqukvks 'kadk feVkvks QksYMj ckaV nsaA blds ckn izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nks Hkkx esa djds ,d Hkkx dks iz’uksa dh iphZ ns nsa rFkk nwljs Hkkx dks mRrjksa dh iphZ ns nsaA ,d Hkkx ds izfrHkkxh
iz’u djsaxs ,oa nwljs Hkkx ds izfrHkkxh mldk mRrj nssaxsA bl izfdz;k dks izf’k{kd jkspd ,oa euksjatd rkyh ctokdj cuk;saA ftl iz’u ij dksbZ fookn gks mls iwjs lewg ls fdlh dks tokc nsus gsrq funsZ’k ns rFkk mlij cM+s lewg esa ppkZ djk;saA
lkroka l=lkekftd mRizsj.k ¼lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku½ ls lacaf/kr leqnk; Lrjh; xfrfof/k;kaA
loZizFke lHkh xfrfof/k;ksa dh ,d ,d dj tkudkjh nsa tSls jSyh & D;k gS] D;ksa djrs gSa] dc djrs gSa vkfnAblds ckn iksLVj] cSuj vkfn vkbZ- bZ- lh- lkexzh dk in’kZu djrs gq, mldk mi;ksx D;ksa] dc ,oa dSls djrs gSa crk;saA var esa lh[k dks lqfuf’pr djus gsrq dqN iz’u izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lewg ls iwNs ,oa mlds mRrj ij cM+s lewg esa ppkZ djk;saA
vkBoka l=xzke iapk;r ls iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx dh vis{kk,¡ A
pkVZ isij yxkdj izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa xzke iapk;r D;k lg;ksx dj ldrh gSA ;fn izfrHkkfx;ksa ds larks"ktud mRrj u vk;s rks izf’k{kd fn;s x;s lanHkZ lkexzh ds vuqlkj ,d ,d fcUnq ij izdk’k MkysA
uoe l=iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ka &
pkVZ isij yxkdj izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;Zdze esa iapk;r izfrfuf/k ds :i esa vkidh D;k Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ka gks ldrh gSaA izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk crk;s x;s fcUnq dks uksV djsa ;fn izfrHkkfx;ksa us larks"ktud mRrj ugha fn;k rks izf’k{kd fn;s x;s lanHkZ lkexzh ds vuqlkj ,d&,d fcUnq ij izfrHkkfx;ksa dh le> c<+k;saA
n’ke l=[kqyk l= ,oa izf’k{k.k dh eq[; lh[k
izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd vc rd ftruh ckrsa crk;h x;h mlls tqM+k dksbZ loky gks rks crk;saA dksbZ loky vkrk gS rks mls izf’k{kd Li"V djsa vU;Fkk izfrHkkfx;ksa ls iwNs fd vkt lqcg 10 cts ls ge yksxksa u fdu fdu fcUnqvksa ij ckrphr dhA izfrHkkfx;ksa }kjk crk;s x;s fcUnqvks dks izf’k{kd dzec) djrs gq, ,oa NwVs gq, fcUnq dks tksM+rs gq, pkVZ isij ij fy[ksa ,oa eq[; lh[k dks ,d ckj lcdks crk;saA
X;kjgoka l= i'pkr ewY;kadu ,oa izf’k{k.k dk;Zdze dk lekiu
var esa crk;s x;s fc"k;ksa ls lacaf/kr iz’uksa dh iz’ukoyh ftls izf’k{kd izf’k{k.k ls iwoZ rS;kj djds QksVksdkih djkdj yk;saxaas ,oa mls
izfrHkkfx;ksa ds chp ckaVdj le>k nsaxs rFkk mls Hkjus dk funsZ’k nsaxsA ewY;kadu ii= Hkjus ds mijkar izf’k{kd mls tek dj ys ,oa lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk [kM++s gksdj gkFk esa gkFk Mkydj ge gksaxs dke;kc lkewfgd xhr xk;saxs rRi'pkr izf’k{k.k ds lekiu dh ?kks"k.kk ,oa vYikgkj gsrq lHkh dks vkeaf=r djsaA
izf’k{k.k ds nkSjku mi;ksx gsrq lanHkZ lkexzh fiz; iz/kku th ,oa xzke iapk;r izfrfuf/kx.kiksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa xzke iapk;rksa dh egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gS vki lHkh dh Hkkxhnkjh ds fcuk ge iksfy;ks dks m0 iz0 ls tM+ ls lekIr ugha dj ldrs gS vr% blh m}s’; ls vkidks izf’kf{kr fd;k tk jgk gSA izf’k{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr rduhdh tkudkjh Hkh iBu lkexzh ds :i esa vkidks nh tk jgh gSA vr% d`i;k vki lHkh bls i<+s ,oa tu leqnk; dks iksfy;ks ds ckjs esa crk;sa ftlls iksfy;ks dk mUewyu gks ldsAiksfy;ks ekbykbfVl D;k gSA
iksfy;ks ,d ykbykt chekjh gS tks taxyh fo"kk.kq (wild polio virus) }kjk gksrk gS] tks dsoy euq";ksa esa iuirk gSA iksfy;ks chekjh ds y{k.k 'kq:vkr esa rst cq[kkjT;knkrj iSjksa ij vlj LFkkbZ Qkfyt e`R;q nj 5 –10%iksfy;ks fo"kk.kq dh iztkfr;kabldh rhu iztkfr;ka gS & P1, P2, P3 P2 iztfr dk mUewyu gks pqdk gS vkSj 'ks"k nksuksa iztkfr;ksa dk izHkko Hkh dkQh de gks x;k gSA iksfy;ks dSls QSyrk gS \'kjhj esa izos’k djus ds mijkar ok;jl vkar esa iuirk gS vkSj yk[kks djksM+ks dh la[;k esa c<+ tkrk gS rRi’pkr yk[kks okbYM iksfy;ks ok;jl izHkkfor cPpksa ds ey ls ckgj fudyrs gSaAok;jl dk vR;f/kd ey esa fudkl ladze.k ds izFke 14 fnu ds vanj gksrk gSA ok;jl dk fudkl 60 fnuks rd tkjh jg ldrk gSAekuo 'kjhj ds ckgj iksfy;ks ok;jl dk thoudky cgqr de ¼2 ls 7
fnu½ gksrk gSAbl vof/k esa fdlh vizfrjf{kr cPps ds u feyus dh n’kk esa okbYM iksfy;kss ok;jl ej tkrk gSA
iznwf"kr okrkoj.k l?ku vkcknh] xUnxh] iksfy;ks ok;jl ds rhoz izlkj esa lgk;d gSaAiksfy;ks chekjh ls cpko;g ,d ykbykt chekjh gS vr% 5 o"kZ dh mez rd gj ckj cPps dks flQZ iksfy;ks dh nks cw¡n [kqjkd nsdj gh blls cpko fd;k tk ldrk gSA
iksfy;ks ls lacaf/kr vDlj iwNs tkus okys loky o muds tokcloky & iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ls uiqaldrk gksrh gS \ tokc & ;g dksjh vQokg gSA bl [kqjkd dk uiqaldrk ls dksbZ rkYyqd ugha gSA cfYd bl [kqjkd ls cPpksa dks fodykax gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA blh [kqjkd dk iz;ksx ikfdLrku] ckaXyk ns’k] vQxkfuLrku vkSj vjc ns’kksa esa Hkh gks jgk gSAloky & iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd dsoy eqfLye cPpksa dks fiyk;h tk jgh gS\
tokc & [kqjkd lHkh /keZ o leqnk;ksa ds fy, ,d gh gSA ,d gh 'kh’kh ls cwFk ij vkus okys lHkh /keZ ds cPPkksa dks [kqjkd fiyk;h tkrh gS rkfd dksbZ Hkh cPpk fodykax u gks ldsA loky & iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ls uqdlku gks ldrk gS \ tokc & ;g [kqjkd iw.kZ :i ls lqjf{kr gSA ;g Hkkjr esa lu 1970 ls cPpksa dks fiyk;h tk jgh gSA vkt rd dksbZ ,slh ifjfLFkfr ugha vk;h fd [kqjkd nsus ls 5 ;k 10 cPpsa ,d lkFk chekj iM+ x;s gksaA ,d ’kh’kh esa yxHkx 17 ls 20 cPpsa [kqjkd ihrs gSA ;fn ;g uqdlku djrh rks lHkh cPps chekj iM+rsA blfy, bl [kqjkd ls dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk gSA ;g [kqjkd 0-5 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks mudh lsgr vkSj Qk;ns ds fy, nh tkrh gSA loky & chekj cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyk ldrs gSa \tokc & gka iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd chekjh esa Hkh lqjf{kr gSA bl [kqjkd dk nwljh chekjh ls dksbZ laca/k ugha gSA ftl izdkj cq[kkj dh nok flQZ cq[kkj Bhd djrh gS Bhd mlh izdkj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd flQZ iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA blfy, bl [kqjkd dks gYds cq[kkj esa Hkh fn;k tk ldrk gSAloky & 6 ekg rd ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd uqdlku djrh gS \ tokc & ;g Hkzkafr gS] cfYd NksVs cPpksa dks iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA cPpk ftruk NksVk gksxk iksfy;ks dk [krjk mruk gh T;knk gksxkA vr% ;g fdlh Hkh mez oxZ ds cPpksa ¼0-5 o"kZ½ dks uqdlku ugha igq¡pkrh gSA loky & iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa dks iksfy;ks D;ks gks tkrk gS \
tokc & ;g cgqr gh nqHkkZX; iw.kZ ckr gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa esa izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa iksfy;ks gks tkrk gSA
bldk eq[; dkj.k cPps dk LokLF; vkSj vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr gh gSA iksfy;ks ok;jl ls feyrs tqyrs vU; thok.kq Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr gksrs gS ftlds dkj.k iksfy;ks oSfDlu lgh rjhds ls dke ugha djrhAdqN ifjLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks oSfDlu ;fn yEcs le; rd xehZ esa j[kh tk; rks mldk vlj de gks tkrk gS rFkk cPps dks iw.kZ lqj{kk ugha feyrhA vc vkerkSj ij ,slk ugh gksrk D;ksafd oSfDlu dks oh- oh- ,e ¼oSfDlu okW;y ekfuVj½ }kjk tkapk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh cPpk fdlh vU; chekjh ds dkj.k Hkh ydokxzLr gks ldrk gSAvr% ekrk&firk ls vuqjks/k gS fd vius cPps dk Vhdkdj.k vo’; djk;sa] ftlls ge ladze.k dk jksd dj cPpksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku djsaA
leqnk; Lrj ij lkekftd mRizsj.k ¼lks’ky eksfcykbts’ku½ ls lacaf/kr dqN xfrfof/k;ka %& dz0la0 xfrfof/k
dk uke D;k gS D;ksa djrs gSa dc djrs gS
1 Ldwy jSyh Ldwyh cPpksa }kjk LFkkuh; leqnk; ds chp cwFk fnol dk lans’k nsus gsrq rFkk leqnk; dks izsfjr djus gsrq dh xbZ xfrfof/k
cwFk fnol ls lacaf/kr lans’kks ds izpkj&izlkj gsrq ¼cwFk fnol dh lwpuk nsus gsrq½] lkekftd tkx:drkgsrq] okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gsrq lans’kks ds
cwFk fnol ls ,d fnu iwoZ
2 iksfy;ks Dykl
,d ,slk Dykl ftlesa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh lkekU; tkudkjh nh tkrh gS rkfd cPpsa ml tkudkjh dks vius vfHkHkkodksa rd igq¡pk;saA
cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh tkudkjhiznku djus gsrq] cPpksa ds ek/;e ls vfHkHkkodksa dks laosfnr djus gsrq
izR;sd lIrkg fu/kkZfjrfnol ¼tSls 'kqdzokj½ ij
3 cqykok Vksyh xBu
cqykok Vksyh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk
cwFk fnol ij lg;ksx djus
cwFk fnol ls iwoZ
og lewg gS tks cwFk ds fnu ikap o"kZ rd ds mez ds vf/kd ls vf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk ij ykdj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq ifjokjksa dks izsfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA
gsrq] 0 - 5 o"kZ rd ds mez ds vf/kd ls vf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk fnol ij iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokus ds fy, ifjokj dks izsfjr djus gsrq
4 equknh LFkkuh; pkSdhnkj@ Loa; lsod }kjk MqXxh ihVdj lans’kksa dk leqnk; ds chp izlkj.k
cwFk fnol ls lacaf/kr lans’kksads izpkj& izlkj gsrq ¼cwFk fnol dh lwpuk nsus gsrq½] yksxksa esa tu psruk iSnk djus gsrq
cwFk fnol ls ,d fnu iwoZ
5 iksLVj isfLVax
lh-,e- lh- }kjk vius dk;Z {ks= ds egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa ij iksLVj fpidkuk
cwFk fnol dh lwpuk iznku djus gsrq] yksxksa esa tu psruk Qsykus gsrq
cwFk fnol ls nks fnu iwoZ
6 ,syku leqnk; ds /keZ xq: ;k fo’ks"k O;fDr;ksa }kjk lans’kksa dk izlkj.k
cwFk fnol dh lwpuk iznku djus gsrq] yksxksa esa tu psruk fuekZ.k gsrq
cwFk fnol ls ,d fnu iwoZ
xzke iapk;r ls iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx dh vis{kk,¡ xzke iz/kku lHkh okMZ esEcj dh cSBd cqykdj mUgsa iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx djds gsrq funsZf’kr djsaA xzke iapk;r dh LokLFk; ,oa dY;k.k lfefr 0 ls 5 o"kZ rd ds mez ds cPpksa okys ifjokjksa dks fpfUgr djds vFkok lh- ,e- lh- ls lg;ksx ysdj cwFk fnol ls iwoZ mudh ,d cSBd dj ysa ,oa cSBd esa lHkh
ifjokjks dks cwFk fnol dh lwpuk nsa rFkk iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq vuqjks/k djsaA ;fn laHko gks rks xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku cwFk fnol ls iwoZ xzke lHkk dh cSBd cqykdj cwFk fnol ij lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh nks cw¡n [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq vihy djsaAxzke iapk;r dh f’k{kk lfefr ds lnL; Ldwy ds v/;kidksa ds lkFk cSBd djds iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa cPpksa dh Hkkxhnkjh gsrq ;kstuk cuok;saA f’k{kk lfefr ds lnL; cPpksa ds vfHkHkkodksa ds lkFk vyx ls cSBd djds mUgsa iksfy;ks ds izfr laosfnr djrs gq, vius cPpksa dks cwFk fnol ij iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq vuqjks/k djsaA xzke iapk;r ds iz/kku iapk;r ds v/khu dk;Z djus okys lHkh ekrgr deZpkfj;ksa ;Fkk & xzke iapk;r fodkl vf/kdkjh] vkaxuckM+h dk;Zd=h] ,- ,u- ,e-] f’k{kd] f’k{kk fe= vkfn lHkh dks iksfy;ks dk;Zdze eas lg;ksx djus gsrq funsZ’kr djsaAxzke iz/kku iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx ds fy, ih- Vh- ,Q- ¼iapk;r VkLd QkslZ½ dk xaBu djsa ftlds lnL; iapk;r ds pqus gq, izfrfuf/k] xzke lHkk ds dqN lnL; ¼tks ekfuUn O;fDr gks½ rFkk iapk;r ds v/khu dk;Z djus okys deZpkjh ¼vkaxu ckM+h dk;Zd=h] ,- ,u- ,e- vk’kk] f’k{kd] xzke iapk;r fodkl vf/kdkjh½ ,oa ;wuhlsQ ds lh- ,e- lh- vkfn gksaxsaA iapk;r VkLd QkslZ dh nks cSBd vo’; gksA igyh cSBd pdz ls iwoZ ¼fu;kstu dh n`f"V ls½ rFkk nwljh cSBd pdz ds ckn ¼leh{kk dh n`f"V ls½ gksA xzke iz/kku vius iapk;r {ks= esa vkus okys lHkh eafnj efLtn ds /keZ xq:vksa dh cSBd cqykdj mUgsa visf{kr lg;ksx ¼tSls ,yku ,oa iksfy;ks dk;Zdze esa lg;ksx½ gsrq vuqjks/k djsaA
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa iapk;r izfrfuf/k;ksa dh Hkwfedk ,oa ftEesnkfj;ka%&LFkkuh; LokLFk; dk;ZdrkZvksa ds lg;ksx ls vius okMZ esa iksfy;ks ok;jl dh n`f"V ls vfr laosnu’khy ifjokjksa @ ?kjksa dh igpku djukAvius okMZ esa iksfy;ks [kqjkd ysus ls ,d Hkh cPpk u oafpr jgs bl m}s’; dh iwfrZ gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k djukAvius okMZ esa iksfy;ks [kqjkd ysus ls ,d Hkh cPpk u oafpr jgs bl m}s’; dh iwfrZ gsrq ;kstuk fuekZ.k djukAvius okMZ esa iksfy;ks [kqjkd ds izfr mnklhu ifjokjks dks izsfjr djuk mUgsa ijke’kZ nsuk ,oa [kqjkd fiyokukA
vius okMZ ds izR;sd ifjokjks rd cwFk dh rkjh[k] LFkku vkfn dh lwpuk igq¡pkuk rFkk equknhdrkZ dh igpku dj mlds ek/;e ls lwpuk fnyokukAvius okMZ esaa iksfy;ks pdz dk csgrj izc/ku djuk tSls cwFk dk mfpr LFkku fu/kkZfjr djuk cwFk dk mn~?kkVu djuk] cqykok Vksyh] lh- ,e- lh- oSDlhusVj Vhe lnL; ,oa vU; lkeqnkf;d lg;ksfx;ksa dks izksRlkfgr djds muesaa m}s’; dh iwfrZ gsrq Vhe Hkkouk fodflr djukAvius okMZ ds Lrj ij iksfy;ks dk;Z dze dh izLrkfor xfrfof/k;ks ,oa mlls tqM+s gq, deZpkfj;ksa dh vuqJo.k djuk rFkk dk;Zdze dh xq.koRrk dks csgrj cukus esa lg;ksx iznku djuk vFkkZr bl ckr dh /;ku j[kuk fd lHkh cPpksa dks ljyrkiwoZd iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fey jgk gS ;k ughaApdz ds ckn izkIr ifj.kkeksa dks okMZ Lrj ij lHkh yksxksa ds chp esa ck¡Vuk ,oa iapk;r dh cSBd esa izLrqr djukApdz ds nkSjku iksfy;ks [kqjkd ihus ls NwVus okys cPpksa @ifjokjksa ij utj j[kuk ,oa Qkyksvi djukA
,u-,l-,l-@,u-lh-lh- Nk=ksa gsrq Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy
le; % 3 ?kaVsa
izf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; % bl l= ds vUr rd izfrHkkxh % tku ldsaxs fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe D;k gS tku ldsaxs fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe esa mudh D;k Hkwfedk gS iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ds mRrj tku ldsaxsA
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l
bl izf'k{k.k esa lHkh dk Lokxr djsa rFkk iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe esa muds lg;ksx ij ppkZ djsaA
fiNys pØksa esa ,u-,l-,l- o ,u-lh-lh- Nk=ksa }kjk fn, x, lg;ksx ij vkadM+ksa lfgr ppkZ djsaA
iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe esa ,u-,l-,l- o ,u-lh-lh- ds Nk=ksa dk lg;ksx lnSo gh ljkguh; jgk gSA vkids lg;ksx ls ges'kk gh cwFkij izfrjf{kr cPpksa dh la[;k esa btkQk gksrk jgk gSA ukStoku Nk=ksa esa vf/kd mRlkg gksrk gS vr% fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij vki tks'k&[kjks'k ls tqM++ ldrs gSaA
lgHkkfx;ksa dks crk;sa fd iksfy;ks mUewyu D;k gS
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk eryc gS & ekuo okrkoj.k ls iksfy;ks ok;jl dk iwjh rjg lQk;kA vius izns'k ls gh ugha] iwjh nqfu;k lsA mUewyu ds ckn iksfy;ks chekjh ds fy, [kqjkd fiykus dh t:jr ugha iM+sxhA Bhd oSls gh tSls 30 lky igys 1976 esa pspd dks Hkxk;k x;k FkkA
blds ckn lgHkkfx;ksa dh utj Hkkjr o mRrj izns'k ds vkadM+ksa ij Myok;saA
o"kZ Hkkjr esa iksfy;ks dsl
m0iz0 esa iksfy;ks dsl
2001 268 216 2002 1600 1242 2003 225 88 2004 134 82 2005 66 29 2006 674 546 2007
¼14 flrEcj rd½ 223 174
crk;sa fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ds fy, vkt pkj j.kuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS
iksfy;ks mUewyu dh pkj j.kuhfr;k¡ 1- :Vhu Vhdkdj.k 2- iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼;k ,u-vkbZ-Mh-] ,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ 3- ekWi&vi vfHk;ku 4- ,-,Q-ih- losZysal ¼;k xaHkhj ydok ds ejht+sa dh [kkst½
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l 1- :Vhu Vhdkdj.k % gj uotkr f’k’kq dks fu;fer
Vhdkdj.k ds nkSjku iksfy;ks dh 'kwU;] igyh] nwljh o rhljh [kqjkd lk<+s rhu ekg ds vanj fiyokukA iksfy;ks mUewyu ds fy, bldk nj Å¡pk gksuk pkfg,A
2- iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼;k ,u-vkbZ-Mh-] ,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % 0 ls 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks 4&6 g¶rksa ds vUrjky ij iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokukA ftlls fd okbYM iksfy;ks ok;jl dks cPps ds ’kjhj esa tkus ls jksdk tk lds vkSj cPpksa esa iksfy;ks ds fo:) yM+us dh izfrjks/kd {kerk c<+kbZ tk ldsA
us'kuy bE;wukbt+s'ku Ms ¼,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % tc iwjs ns'kesa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZ tkrh gSA lc us'kuy bE;wukbt+s'ku Ms ¼,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % tc dqN izns'k ;k mu izns'kksa ds dqN Hkkxksa esa iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZ tkrh gSA
3- ekWi&vi vfHk;ku % tc iksfy;ks ds dsl dqN gh {ks=ksa esa ik, tkrs gSa rks okbYM iksfy;ks ok;jl dks cPpksa ds 'kjhj esa izos'k djus ls jksdus ds fy, ;g xfrfof/k vks;ksftr dh tkrh gSA bl xfrfof/k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gS ml {ks= esa ok;jl feyus ds ckn tYnh ls tYnh 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokukA
4- ,-,Q-ih- losZysal ¼;k xaHkhj ydok ds ejht+ksa dh [kkst½ % ;g xfrfof/k iwjs lky pyrh jgrh gSA blds vUrxZr ,sls {ks=ksa dh igpku dh tkrh gS tgk¡ ij ok;jl ekStwn gks vkSj ogk¡ ij iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k vk;ksftr djkbZ tkrh gSA
fu;fer Vhdkdj.k rkfydk
VsVulVkDlkbM
xHkZorh efgyk dks nks VhdsA ,d xHkZ dk irk pyrs gh rFkk nwljk mlds ,d ekg cknA ¼;fn dksbZ efgyk vius fiNys izlo ds 3 o"kksZa ds Hkhrj gh nksckjk xHkZ/kkj.k dj ysa o fiNyh ckj mls Vh-Vh- ds nksuksa Vhds yxs gksa rks mls orZeku xHkkZoLFkk esa dsoy Vh-Vh- dk ,d cwLVj Vhdk gh yxk;k tkrk gS½
ch0lh0th0 tUe ds le; ¼;fn izlo vLirky esa gqvk gks½ vU;Fkk tUe ds ,d ekg ds vUnj
iksfy;ks tUe [kqjkd
tUe ls 15 fnu ds Hkhrj fiykbZ tkrh gS ¼vPNk gks ;fn tUe ds rqjUr ckn gh fiykbZ tk,] vU;Fkk 15 fnu ds Hkhrj vo';½
Mh0ih0Vh0 I,II,
& III vkSj iksfy;ks [kqjkd I,II, & III
Ms<+ ekg] <kbZ ekg o lk<+s rhu ekg]
lewg dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k dh lkekU; tkudkjh nsa
[kljk] foVkfeu ukS ekg ij
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l ,Mh0ih0Vh0 cwLVj
16&24 ekg
lewg ls iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe esa mudh Hkwfedk ij ppkZ djsaA mUgsa crk;sa fd dqN fo'ks"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds vk;kstu esa Hkh og cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA
iksfy;ks Dykl%
iksfy;ks Dykl ,d ,slk volj gS] tc ge cPpksa dks iksfy;ksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh] nsrs gSa fo'ks"kdj cwFk dojst c<+kus ds fy, rkfd muds }kjk ;gh tkudkjh xkWo@ekSgYyksa esa jgus okys cPpks ,oa muds vfHkHkkodksa rd igq¡p lds vkSj iksfy;ks mUewyu dh fn'kk esa ,d etcwr dM+h ds :i esa dke dj ldsaA iksfy;ks Dykl dk vk;kstu vki vius dSEiksa esa dj ldrs gSa ftlesa vki&
¼v½ iksfy;ksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh iznku dj ldrs gSaA
¼c½ cqyOok Vksyh dk xBu dj ldrs gSaA
¼l½ iksfy;ksa jSyh dh ;kstuk cuk ldrs gSaA
jSyh
iksfy;ks jfookj ds ,d fnu iwoZ 'kfuokj dks jSyh fudkyh tk;sA ,u-,l-,l-
o ,u-lh-lh- ds Nk=ksa dh vuq'kkflr jSyh LFkkuh; leqnk; esa cwFk dk
lans'k nsus ds lkFk&lkFk tkx:drk Hkh QSyk ldrh gSA blds lkFk gh
vki vius {ks=ksa dh Ldwy jSyh esa Hkh lg;ksx iznku dj ldrs gSaA
jSyh dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy;s fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[ksa%&
¼v½ jSyh ds iwoZ Nk=ksa dks vuq'kklu esa [kM+k djsa ,oa jSyh dk mn~?kkVu djok,¡A
¼l½ iz;kl djsa fd {ks= ds izHkko'kkyh O;fDr Nk=ksa ds lkFk jSyh esa pysaA
¼n½ jSyh {ks= ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dks vkPNkfnr djsA
¼;½ jSyh esa 'kkfey lHkh Nk= jSyh gsrq rS;kj >.Ms] lhVh] rf[r;k¡] cSuj vkfn ysdj pysaA
¼j½ jSyh ds iwoZ Nk=ksa ls ukjksa dk vH;kl vo'; djk ysa] ftlesaiksfy;ksa cwFk dk fnu] LFkku o le; vo'; 'kkfey gksA
¼y½ ;fn lEHko gks rks jSyh esa ekbZd o uxkM+s dh Hkh O;oLFkk dj ysaA
;g izekf.kr gS fd ftu LFkkuksa ij izHkko'kkyh jSyh dk vk;kstu gksrk gS] ogkW cwFk dojst c<+kus es dkQh enn feyrh gSA
cqyOok Vksyh xBu%
cqyOok Vksyh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk og lewg gS] tks cwFk ds fnu ikWp o"kZ rd ds vf/kdkf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk ij ykdj iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkdfiyokus gsrq ifjokjksa dks izsfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA cqyOok Vksyh 14 o"kZ ls T+;knk mez ds cPpksa dh cukbZ tkrh gSA cqyOok
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l Vksyh cM+s yksxksa dh Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA Nk=&Nk=k,¡ mRlkgiwoZd cwFk fnol ij lg;ksx djus dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA cqyOok Vksyh dk xBu vkSj dk;Z foHkktu iksfy;ks Dykl ds nkSjkugh fd;k tk ldrk gSA cqyOok Vksyh ds xBu ds nkSjku fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[ksa%&
¼v½ iksfy;ks Dykl ds nkSjku rst&rjkZj vkSj mRlkgh cPpksa dh igpku dj ysa tks 14 o"kZ ls de mez ds u gksaA de ld de 20 cPpksa dk p;u djsa ftlls fd 4 & 5 cyOok Vksyh rS;kj dh tk ldsaA
¼c½ izR;sd cqyOok Vksyh ds fy, ,d yhMj ;k usrk dk pquko dj ysa] tks vius lewg dks lkFk ysdj pyus ds fy, ftEesnkj gksaA
¼l½ ,u-,l-,l- o ,u-lh-lh- ds Nk= 3&5 cqyOok Vksyh dk fujh{k.k o lg;ksx cwFk fnol ij dj ldrs gSaA bldh Hkh ;kstuk iwoZ esa gh iksfy;ks Dykl esa cuk ysaA
blds vfrfjDr ,u-,l-,l- o ,u-lh-lh- ds Nk=ksa }kjk Hkh cqyOok Vksyh cukbZ tk ldrh gSA
cwFk lg;ksx%
;fn vkids dSEi ds nkSjku iksfy;ks fnol vk, rks vkids lg;ksx ls iksfy;ksa cwFk ij izfrjf{kr gksus okys cPpksa dh la[;k esa fuf'pr btkQk gksxkA cwFk ds fnu vki dk;ZØe esa fuEu izdkj ls lg;ksx dj ldrs gSa%&
¼v½ cwFk ds fnu vki dSEi esa vk, ukStokuksa }kjk izHkkr Qsjh fudkyok ldrs gSA
¼c½ iwoZ esa xfBr cqyOok Vksyh ds lnL;ksa dks vius&vius {ks= ls ikWp o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks cwFk ij ykus gsrq iz;kl djus dks dgsaA
¼l½ vius&vius fu/kkZfjr {ks= dh cqyOok Vksyh dk fujUrjfujh{k.k vkSj lg;ksx iznku djrs jgsaA
¼j½ cqyOok Vksyh ds cPpksa gsrq tyiku dh O;oLFkk LFkkuh; lg;ksx ls djokbZ tk ldrh gSA
cwFk dk fnu iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA vxj gesa dk;ZØe dks izHkkoh cukuk gS] rks ge lcdks iz;kl djuk gksxk fd xkWo@'kgj dk gj cPpk cwFk ij gh [kqjkd ih jgk gSA cwFk ds fnu gh mnklhu ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiykus dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,] ftudh lwph ;k tkudkjh izR;sd cwFk ij cwFk dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ikl miyC/k gksrh gSA
?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k%
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa ?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k dk vk;kstu mu
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l NwVs gq, cPpksa ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS tks fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls cwFk ds fnu [kqjkd ihus ls NwV x;s gkssaA ?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k ds nkSjku vkiikWp o"kZ rd ds cPpksa ds fy;s Vhe dh enn dj ldrs gSaaA vki Vhe ds vuqjks/k ij lka;dky esa rhu ls pkj cts ds chp vkukdkuh o izfrjks/k djus okys ifjokjksa dks le>kus esa lg;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djsaA
iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ds tokc
1- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ls uiqUldrk gksrh gS\ m0 ;g dksjh vQokg gSA bl [kqjkd dk uiqUldrk ls dksbZ
rkYyqd ugha gSA cfYd bl [kqjkd ls cPpksa dks fodykax gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA blh [kqjkd dk iz;ksx ikfdLrku] ckaXykns’k] vQ+xkfuLrku vkSj vjc ns'kksa esa Hkh gks jgk gSA
rduhdh igyw bl [kqjkd ls uiqaldrk ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd [kqjkd esa
,slk dksbZ inkFkZ ugha gS ftlls uiqaldrk gks ldrh gSA ;g [kqjkd 'kjhj dh iksfy;ks jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks c<+krh gSA ;g cPpksa dks fodykaxrk ls cpkrh gSA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc ¼1½ ^balku ds >wB gksus ds fy, ;g dkQh gS fd og tks
ckr lqus mls c;ku dj nsA* ¼eqfLye] eqdnek] gnhl&6½
^,s yksxksa vxj dksbZ 'kjkjrh rqEgkjs ikl [kcj ysdj vk;s rks mldh rgdhd djks* ¼gtjkr&6½
¼2½ vYykg dk gqDe gS fd vius gkFkksa dks gykdr essa MkysA
2- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd flQZ eqfLye cPpksa dks D;ksa fiyk;h tk jgh gS\
m0 [kqjkd lHkh /keZ o leqnk;ksa ds fy, ,d gh gSA ,d gh 'kh'kh ls cwFk ij vkus okys lHkh /keZ ds cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk;h tkrh gS rkfd dksbZ Hkh cPpk fodykax u gks ldsA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc
dqjku vkSj gnhl ds ;g Li"V vkns'k crkrs gSa fd ,d eqlyeku fcuk fdlh dkj.k xyr xqeku ugha dj ldrk gSA og u gh lquh&lqukbZ ckrksa dh tk¡p ls igys mu ij fo'okl djrk gS vkSj u gh tkap ls igys bu ckrksa dks nwljksa ls c;ku djrk gS] D;ksafd vYykg vkSj mlds jlwy dh utj esa ;g lcls cM+k >wB gSA
3- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ¼OPV½ ls uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
m0 ;g [kqjkd ¼OPV½ iw.kZ :i ls lqjf{kr gS A ;g Hkkjr esa 1970 ls cPpksa dks fiyk;h tk jgh gSA vkt rd dksbZ ,slh
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l ifjfLFkfr ugha vkbZ fd [kqjkd nsus ls 5 ;k 10 cPps ,d lkFk chekj iM+ x;s gksaA
,d 'kh'kh ls yxHkx 17 ls 20 cPps [kqjkd ihrs gSaA ;fn ;g uqdlku djrh rks lHkh cPps chekj iM+rsA blfy, bl [kqjkd ls dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk gSA ;g [kqjkd 0&5 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks mudh lsgr vkSj Qk;ns ds fy, nh tkrh gSA
rduhdh igyw
[kqjkd esa ,V~;wfu;sVsM ok;jl gksrs gSa tks 'kjhj esa tkus ij dksbZ uqdlku ugha igqapkrsA os taxyh fo"kk.kq ds f[kykQ+ 'kjhj esa jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk iSnk djrs gSa ,oa 'kjhj dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrsA bl [kqjkd ls cPpksa dk iksfy;ks ls cpko gksrk gSA
4 chekj cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk ldrs gSa\
m0 gka] iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd chekjh esa Hkh lqjf{kr gSA bl [kqjkd dk nwljh chekjh ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gS] ftl izdkj cq[kkj dh nok flQZ cq[kkj Bhd djrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd flQZ iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA blfy, bl [kqjkd dks gYds cq[kkj esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
5- 6 ekg rd ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ¼OPV½uqdlku djrh gSA
m0 ;g Hkzkafr gS] cfYd NksVs cPpksa dks iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA cPpk ftruk NksVk gksxk iksfy;ks dk [krjk mruk gh T;knk gksxkA vr% ;g fdlh Hkh mez oxZ ds cPpksa ¼0&5 o"kZ½ dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrh gSA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc
iSxEcj eqgEen lkgc us Qjek;k ^viuh lsgr dks etZ vkus ls igys xuher tkuksA* ¼frjfet+h] fdrkcqTtksgn] gnhl 2255½
bykt vxj lqUur gS rks ijgst okftc gS ¼gnhls&uch½A
6- iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa dks iksfy;ks D;ksa gks tkrk gS\
m0 ;g cgqr gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ckr gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa esa izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa iksfy;ks gks tkrk gSA
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l bldk eq[; dkj.k cPps dk LokLF; vkSj vklikl ds okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr gh gSA iksfy;ks ok;jl ls feyrs tqyrs vU; thok.kq Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k iksfy;ks oSDlhu lgh rjhds ls dke ugha djrhA dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh oSDlhu vxj yEcs le;rd xehZ esa j[kh tk, rks mldk vlj de gks tkrk gS rFkk cPPksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk ugha feyrhA vc vkerkSj ij ,slk ugha gksrk D;ksafd oSDlhu dks oSDlhu ok;y ekWfuVj ¼oh-oh-,e-½ }kjk tkapk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh cPpk fdlh vU; chekjh ds dkj.k Hkh ydokxLr gks lrk gSA
vr% ekrk&firk ls vuqjks/k gS fd vius cPps dk Vhdkdj.k vo'; djk,a ftlls ge laØe.k dks jksd dj cPpksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku dj ldsaA
;kn j[ksa % vxj ge vius leqnk; ds 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks oSDlhu dh [kqjkd nsaxs rHkh ;g iksfy;ks ok;jl ges'kk ds fy, 'kkar gks ik,xkA
vUr esa bu 'kCnksa ds lkFk l= dk lekiu djsa &
bl izdkj iksfy;ks mUewyu ds egku y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;s ,u-,l-,l- o ,u-lh-lh- ds Nk=ksaa dk lg;ksx ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxkA
VhplZ Vªsfuax ekWM~;wy le; % 3 ?kaVsa
izf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; % bl l= ds vUr rd izfrHkkxh % tku ldsaxs fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe D;k gS tku ldsaxs fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe esa fo|ky;ksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ds mRrj tku ldsaxsA
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l
bl l= esa lHkh dk Lokxr djsa rFkk iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe esa fo|ky;ksa ds lg;ksx ij ppkZ djsaA
fiNys pØksa esa fo|ky;ksa }kjk fn, x, lg;ksx ij vkadM+ksa lfgr ppkZ djsaA
iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe esa fo|ky;ksa dk lg;ksx lnSo gh ljkguh; jgk gSA fo|ky; og QSDVjh gksrh gSa] tgka gekjsns'k dk Hkfo"; fuf'pr gksrk gSA bl laLFkk esa cPpksa dksKkuoku o laLdkjoku cuk;k tkrk gSA gekjs ns'k esa xq: dh efgek dk c[kku lnSo ls gksrk jgk gSA ,dyO; xq: nzks.k dh pj.k/kwfy ysdj gh egku rhjankt cuk FkkA fo|ky; cPpksa esa Ldwyh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFk lkekftd ljksdkjksa dh Hkkouk Hkh iSnk djrs gSaA cPpksa esa ns'k vkSj lekt ls tqM+s eqíksa dh le> cukus esa fo|ky; egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkk ldrs gSaA
lgHkkfx;ksa dks crk;sa fd iksfy;ks mUewyu D;k gS
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk eryc gS & ekuo okrkoj.k ls iksfy;ks ok;jl dk iwjh rjg lQk;kA vius izns'k ls gh ugha] iwjh nqfu;k lsA mUewyu ds ckn iksfy;ks chekjh ds fy, [kqjkd fiykus dh t:jr ugha iM+sxhA Bhd oSls gh tSls 30 lky igys 1976 esa pspd dks Hkxk;k x;k FkkA
blds ckn lgHkkfx;ksa dh utj Hkkjr o mRrj izns'k ds vkadM+ksa ij Myok;saA
o"kZ Hkkjr esa iksfy;ks dsl
m0iz0 esa iksfy;ks dsl
2001 268 216 2002 1600 1242 2003 225 88 2004 134 82 2005 66 29 2006 674 546 2007
¼14 flrEcj rd½ 223 174
crk;sa fd iksfy;ks muewyu dk;ZØe dh lQyrk ds fy, vkt pkj j.kuhfr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgk gS
iksfy;ks mUewyu dh pkj j.kuhfr;k¡ 1- :Vhu Vhdkdj.k 2- iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼;k ,u-vkbZ-Mh-] ,l-,u-
vkbZ-Mh-½3- ekWi&vi vfHk;ku 4- ,-,Q-ih- losZysal ¼;k xaHkhj ydok ds ejht+sa dh [kkst½
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l
1- :Vhu Vhdkdj.k % gj uotkr f’k’kq dks fu;fer Vhdkdj.k ds nkSjku iksfy;ks dh 'kwU;] igyh] nwljh o rhljh [kqjkd lk<+s rhu ekg ds vanj fiyokukA iksfy;ks mUewyu ds fy, bldk nj Å¡pk gksuk pkfg,A
2- iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k;k¡ ¼;k ,u-vkbZ-Mh-] ,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % 0 ls 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks 4&6 g¶rksa ds vUrjky ij iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokukA ftlls fd okbYM iksfy;ks ok;jl dks cPps ds ’kjhj esa tkus ls jksdk tk lds vkSj cPpksa esa iksfy;ks ds fo:) yM+us dh izfrjks/kd {kerk c<+kbZ tk ldsA
us'kuy bE;wukbt+s'ku Ms ¼,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % tc iwjs ns'k esa cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZ tkrh gSA lc us'kuy bE;wukbt+s'ku Ms ¼,l-,u-vkbZ-Mh-½ % tc dqN izns'k ;k mu izns'kksa ds dqN Hkkxksa esa iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZ tkrh gSA
3- ekWi&vi vfHk;ku % tc iksfy;ks ds dsl dqN gh {ks=ksa esa ik, tkrs gSa rks okbYM iksfy;ks ok;jl dks cPpksa ds 'kjhj esa izos'k djus ls jksdus ds fy, ;g xfrfof/k vks;ksftr dh tkrh gSA bl xfrfof/k dk eq[; mn~ns'; gS ml {ks= esa ok;jl feyus ds ckn tYnh ls tYnh 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokukA
4- ,-,Q-ih- losZysal ¼;k xaHkhj ydok ds ejht+ksa dh [kkst½ % ;g xfrfof/k iwjs lky pyrh jgrh gSA blds vUrxZr ,sls {ks=ksa dh igpku dh tkrh gS tgk¡ ij ok;jl ekStwn gks vkSj ogk¡ ij iwjd Vhdkdj.k xfrfof/k vk;ksftr djkbZ tkrh gSA
ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, iwNsa fd bl dk;ZØe esa fo|ky; dk lg;ksx dSls mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrk gSA
iksfy;ksa mUewyu dk;ZØe esa fo|ky;ksa dk lg;ksx fuEu dkj.kksa ls mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrk gS%&
1- v/;kidksa dks lekt esa lokZf/kd izfr"Bk izkIr gSA mudh ckrksa dks yksx lEekuiwoZd xzg.k djrs gSaA
2- cPpksa ds ek/;e ls lwpuk@lans'kksa dk izlkj vR;Ur gh vklkuh vkSj rsth ls gks ldrk gSA
3- cPpksa esa vf/kd mRlkg gksrk gSA fdlh Hkh fo"k; ij og tks'k&[kjks'k ls tqM++ ldrs gSaA
4- cPpksa dh la[;k cy dk lg;ksx ;fn jSyh] cwFk lg;ksx vkSj nqfo/kkxzLr ifjokjksa gsrq fy;k tk;s rks iksfy;ksa mUewyu dh fn'kk esa cM+k lg;ksx izkIr gksxkA
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l 5- izR;sd xzke@'kgjh {ks= esa fo|ky;ksa dk l?ku tky
fcNk gqvk gSA
6- f'k{kk foHkkx dk laLFkkxr <kWpk tuin ls xzke Lrj rd vR;Ur etcwr vkSj O;ofLFkr gSA tuin Lrj ij ch0,l0,0@Mh0vkj0lh0] Cykd Lrj ij ,0ch0,l0,0 o ch0vkj0lh0] U;k; iapk;r Lrj ij ,u0ih0vkj0lh0 rFkk xzke Lrj ij iz/kkuk/;kid] lgk;d v/;kidksa o f'k{kk fe=ksa dk etcwr rU= miyC/k gSA
ppkZ dks vkxs c<+krs gq, lewg dks crk,a fd iksfy;ks mUuewyu dk;ZØe esa dqN fo'ks"k xfrfof/k;ksa ds vk;kstu esa Hkh fo|ky; cgqr cM+k ;ksxnku ns ldrs gSaA
iksfy;ks Dykl%
iksfy;ks Dykl ,d ,slk volj gS] tc ge cPpksa dks iksfy;ksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh] nsrs gSa fo'ks"kdj cwFk dojst c<+kus ds fy, rkfd muds }kjk ;gh tkudkjh xkWo@ekSgYyksa esa jgusokys cPpks ,oa muds vfHkHkkodksa rd igq¡p lds vkSj iksfy;ks mUewyu dh fn'kk esa ,d etcwr dM+h ds :i esa dke dj ldsaA iksfy;ks Dykl dk vk;kstu izR;sd lIrkg fu/kkZfjr fnol ¼tSls 'kqØokj½ ij fd;k tk ldrk gS] ftlesa v/;kid&
¼v½ cPpksa dks ikfy;ksa dh lkekU; tkudkjh iznku dj ldrs gSaA
¼c½ cqyOok Vksyh dk xBu dj ldrs gSaA
¼l½ ,0,u0,e0] vk¡xuckM+h dk;ZdrkZ] izkbZosV MkWDVj] xzke iapk;r fodkl vf/kdkjh] iz/kku] ys[kiky] dksVsnkj] lHkkln] beke vkfn dks vkefU=r dj iksfy;ksa ij lans'k ns ldrs gSaA mUgsa Hkh tkudkjh jgsa fd Nk=&Nk=k,¡ Hkh iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa lfØ; ;ksxnku ns jgs gSaA
¼;½ iksfy;ksa jSyh dh ;kstuk cuk ldrs gSaA
ijUrq /;ku jgs fd iksfy;ks pØ ds iwoZ dk vfUre iksfy;ks Dykl dsoy iksfy;ks jfookj gsrq cqyOok Vksyh ds xfrfof/k fu;kstu ,oa iksfy;ks jSyh ij dsfUnzr gksA
iksfy;ks Dykl esa lg;ksx gsrq Cykd ds v/kh{kd@izHkkjh fpfdRlkf/kdkjh@ fpfdRlkf/kdkjh vFkok lks'ky eksfcykbts'ku usVodZ ¼;wfulsQ½ ds ch0,e0lh0 ls lEidZ fd;k tk ldrk gSA
Ldwy jSyh
iksfy;ks jfookj ds ,d fnu iwoZ 'kfuokj dks Ldwy ls jSyh fudkyh tk;sA Ldwy ls cPpksa dh vuq'kkflr jSyh LFkkuh; leqnk; esa cwFk dk lans'k nsus ds lkFk&lkFk tkx:drk Hkh
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l QSykrh gSA Ldwy jSyh dks izHkko'kkyh cukus ds fy;s fuEu ckrksa dk /;ku j[ksa%&
¼v½ jSyh ds fnu izkr%@lka; fo|ky; ds iz/kkukpk;Z@v/;kid xkWo@ekSgYys ds lHkh ekfuUnksa dks vkefU=r djsa] tSls iz/kku] xzke iapk;r fodkl vf/kdkjh] MkWDVj] ,0,u0,e0] vk¡xuckM+h dk;Zd=hZ@lgkf;dk] ys[kiky] dksVsnkj] lHkkln] beke rFkk vU; izHkko'kkyh O;fDrA
¼c½ jSyh ds iwoZ cPpksa dks vuq'kklu esa [kM+k djsa ,oa jSyh dk mn~?kkVu djok,¡A
¼l½ iz;kl djsa fd lHkh izHkko'kkyh O;fDr cPpksa ds lkFk jSyh esa pysaA
¼n½ jSyh {ks= ds lHkh egRoiw.kZ LFkkuksa dks vkPNkfnr djsA
¼;½ jSyh esa 'kkfey lHkh cPps jSyh gsrq rS;kj >.Ms] lhVh] rf[r;k¡] cSuj vkfn ysdj pysaA
¼j½ jSyh ds iwoZ cPpksa ls ukjksa dk vH;kl vo'; djk ysa] ftlesa iksfy;ksa cwFk dk fnu] LFkku o le; vo'; 'kkfey gksA
¼y½ ;fn lEHko gks rks jSyh esa ekbZd o uxkM+s dh Hkh O;oLFkk dj ysaA
¼p½ jSyh ds fnu gh cPpksa dks crk nsa fd vxys fnu iksfy;ksa jfookj dks Ldwy [kqyk gS vkSj blh tks'k&[kjks'k ls cPpksa dks cwFk dojst c<+kus esa ;ksxnku nsuk gSA
¼N½ ;fn jSyh okys fnu vodk'k gks] rks iz/kkuk/;kid Ñi;k oSdfYid O;oLFkk dj ysaA
;g izekf.kr gS fd ftu LFkkuksa ij izHkko'kkyh jSyh dk vk;kstu gksrk gS] ogkW cwFk dojst c<+kus es dkQh enn feyrh gSA
cqyOok Vksyh xBu%
cqyOok Vksyh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dk og lewg gS] tks cwFk ds fnu ikWp o"kZ rd ds vf/kdkf/kd cPpksa dks cwFk ij ykdj iksfy;ksa dh [kqjkd fiyokus gsrq ifjokjksa dks izsfjr djus dk dk;Z djrh gSA cqyOok Vksyh 14 o"kZ ls T+;knk mez ds cPpksa dh cukbZ tkrh gSA cqyOok Vksyh cM+s yksxksa dh Hkh rS;kj dh tk ldrh gSA Nk=&Nk=k,¡ mRlkgiwoZd cwFk fnol ij lg;ksx djus dk dk;Z dj ldrs gSaA cqyOok Vksyh dk xBu vkSj dk;Z foHkktu iksfy;ks Dykl ds nkSjku gh fd;k tk ldrk
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l gSA cqyOok Vksyh ds xBu ds nkSjku fuEufyf[kr fcUnqvksa dk /;ku j[ksa%&
¼v½ iksfy;ks Dykl ds nkSjku rst&rjkZj vkSj mRlkgh cPpksa dh igpku dj ysa tks 14 o"kZ ls de mez ds u gksaA de ld de 20 cPpksa dk p;u djsa ftlls fd 4 & 5 cyOok Vksyh rS;kj dh tk ldsaA
¼c½ izR;sd cqyOok Vksyh ds fy, ,d yhMj ;k usrk dk pquko dj ysa] tks vius lewg dks lkFk ysdj pyus ds fy, ftEesnkj gksaA
¼l½ izR;sd v/;kid] f'k{kk fe= 3&5 cqyOok Vksyh dk fujh{k.k o lg;ksx cwFk fnol ij dj ldrs gSaA bldh Hkh ;kstuk iwoZ esa gh iksfy;ks Dykl esa cuk ysaA
cwFk lg;ksx%
v/;kidksa ds lg;ksx ls iksfy;ksa cwFk ij izfrjf{kr gksus okys cPpksa dh la[;k esa fuf'pr btkQk gksxkA cwFk ds fnu v/;kid dk;ZØe esa fuEu izdkj ls lg;ksx dj ldrs gSa%&
¼v½ cwFk ds fnu fo|ky; ls cPpksa }kjk izHkkr Qsjh fudkyh tk ldrh gSA
¼c½ iwoZ esa xfBr cqyOok Vksyh ds lnL;ksa dks vius&vius {ks= ls ikWp o"kZ rd ds cPpksa dks cwFk ij ykus gsrq iz;kl djus dks dgsaA
¼l½ v/;kid vkSj f'k{kk fe= vius&vius fu/kkZfjr {ks= dh cqyOok Vksyh dk fujUrj fujh{k.k vkSj lg;ksx iznku djrs jgsaA
¼j½ cqyOok Vksyh ds cPpksa gsrq tyiku dh O;oLFkk LFkkuh; lg;ksx ls djokbZ tk ldrh gSA
¼y½ cwFk lg;ksx esa ljkguh; izn'kZu djus okyh cqyOok Vksfy;ksa dks fo|ky; esa lEekfur djk;k tk ldrk gSA
cwFk dk fnu iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe dk lcls egRoiw.kZ vax gksrk gSA vxj gesa dk;ZØe dks izHkkoh cukuk gS] rks ge lcdks iz;kl djuk gksxk fd xkWo@'kgj dk gj cPpk cwFk ij gh [kqjkd ih jgk gSA cwFk ds fnu gh mnklhu ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiykus dh Hkjiwj dksf'k'k djuh pkfg,] ftudh lwph ;k tkudkjh izR;sd cwFk ij cwFk dk;ZdrkZvksa ds ikl miyC/k gksrh gSA
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l ?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k%
iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;ZØe esa ?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k dk vk;kstu mu NwVs gq, cPpksa ds fy;s fd;k tkrk gS tks fdlh Hkh dkj.k ls cwFk ds fnu [kqjkd ihus ls NwV x;s gkssaA ?kj&?kj Vhe Hkze.k ds nkSjku v/;kid ikWp o"kZ rd ds cPpksa ds fy;s Vhe dh enn dj ldrs gSa] tks fo|ky; esa i<+rs gSaA lkFk gh Vhe ds vuqjks/k ij lka;dky esa rhu ls pkj cts ds chp vkukdkuh o izfrjks/k djus okys ifjokjksa dks le>kus esa lg;ksx dj ldrs gSaA
iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ij ppkZ djsaA
iksfy;ks ij vDlj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa ds tokc
1- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ls uiqUldrk gksrh gS\ m0 ;g dksjh vQokg gSA bl [kqjkd dk uiqUldrk ls
dksbZ rkYyqd ugha gSA cfYd bl [kqjkd ls cPpksa dks fodykax gksus ls cpk;k tk ldrk gSA blh [kqjkd dk iz;ksx ikfdLrku] ckaXykns’k] vQ+xkfuLrku vkSj vjc ns'kksa esa Hkh gks jgk gSA
rduhdh igywbl [kqjkd ls uiqaldrk ugha gks ldrh D;ksafd [kqjkd esa ,slk dksbZ inkFkZ ugha gS ftlls uiqaldrk gks ldrh gSA ;g [kqjkd 'kjhj dh iksfy;ks jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk dks c<+krh gSA ;g cPpksa dks fodykaxrk ls cpkrh gSA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc ¼1½ ^balku ds >wB gksus ds fy, ;g dkQh gS fd
og tks ckr lqus mls c;ku dj nsA* ¼eqfLye] eqdnek] gnhl&6½
^,s yksxksa vxj dksbZ 'kjkjrh rqEgkjs ikl [kcj ysdj vk;s rks mldh rgdhd djks* ¼gtjkr&6½
¼2½ vYykg dk gqDe gS fd vius gkFkksa dks gykdr essa MkysA
2- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd flQZ eqfLye cPpksa dks D;ksa fiyk;h tk jgh gS\
m0 [kqjkd lHkh /keZ o leqnk;ksa ds fy, ,d gh gSA ,d gh 'kh'kh ls cwFk ij vkus okys lHkh /keZ ds cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk;h tkrh gS rkfd dksbZ Hkh cPpk fodykax u gks ldsA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc
dqjku vkSj gnhl ds ;g Li"V vkns'k crkrs gSa fd ,d eqlyeku fcuk fdlh dkj.k xyr xqeku ugha dj
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l ldrk gSA og u gh lquh&lqukbZ ckrksa dh tk¡p ls igys mu ij fo'okl djrk gS vkSj u gh tkap ls igys bu ckrksa dks nwljksa ls c;ku djrk gS] D;ksafdvYykg vkSj mlds jlwy dh utj esa ;g lcls cM+k >wB gSA
3- iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ¼OPV½ ls uqdlku gks ldrk gSA
m0 ;g [kqjkd ¼OPV½ iw.kZ :i ls lqjf{kr gS A ;g Hkkjr esa 1970 ls cPpksa dks fiyk;h tk jgh gSA vkt rd dksbZ ,slh ifjfLFkfr ugha vkbZ fd [kqjkd nsus ls 5 ;k 10 cPps ,d lkFk chekj iM+ x;s gksaA
,d 'kh'kh ls yxHkx 17 ls 20 cPps [kqjkd ihrs gSaA ;fn ;g uqdlku djrh rks lHkh cPps chekj iM+rsA blfy, bl [kqjkd ls dksbZ uqdlku ugha gksrk gSA ;g [kqjkd 0&5 o"kZ ds cPpksa dks mudh lsgr vkSj Qk;ns ds fy, nh tkrh gSA
rduhdh igyw
[kqjkd esa ,V~;wfu;sVsM ok;jl gksrs gSa tks 'kjhj esa tkus ij dksbZ uqdlku ugha igqapkrsA os taxyh fo"kk.kq ds f[kykQ+ 'kjhj esa jksx izfrjks/kd {kerk iSnk djrs gSa ,oa 'kjhj dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrsA bl [kqjkd ls cPpksa dk iksfy;ks ls cpko gksrk gSA
4 chekj cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk ldrs gSa\
m0 gka] iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd chekjh esa Hkh lqjf{kr gSA bl [kqjkd dk nwljh chekjh ls dksbZ lEcU/k ugha gS] ftl izdkj cq[kkj dh nok flQZ cq[kkj Bhd djrh gS] Bhd mlh izdkj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd flQZ iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA blfy, bl [kqjkd dks gYds cq[kkj esa fn;k tk ldrk gSA
5- 6 ekg rd ds cPpksa dks iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ¼OPV½ uqdlku djrh gSA
m0 ;g Hkzkafr gS] cfYd NksVs cPpksa dks iksfy;ks gksus ls cpkrh gSA cPpk ftruk NksVk gksxk iksfy;ks dk [krjk mruk gh T;knk gksxkA vr% ;g fdlh Hkh mez oxZ ds cPpksa ¼0&5 o"kZ½ dks uqdlku ugha igqapkrh gSA
etgch jks'kuh esa tokc
iSxEcj eqgEen lkgc us Qjek;k ^viuh lsgr dks etZ vkus ls igys xuher tkuksA* ¼frjfet+h]
izf'k{k.k fof/k izf'k{kd ds uksV~l fdrkcqTtksgn] gnhl 2255½
bykt vxj lqUur gS rks ijgst okftc gS¼gnhls&uch½A
6- iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa dks iksfy;ks D;ksa gks tkrk gS\
m0 ;g cgqr gh nqHkkZX;iw.kZ ckr gS fd dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh dbZ [kqjkd ysus ds ckn Hkh dqN cPpksa esa izfrjks/kd {kerk mRiUu ugha gksrh vkSj mUgsa iksfy;ks gks tkrk gSA
bldk eq[; dkj.k cPps dk LokLF; vkSj vklikl ds okrkoj.k dh fLFkfr gh gSA iksfy;ks ok;jl ls feyrs tqyrs vU; thok.kq Hkh vf/kd ek=k esa okrkoj.k esa mifLFkr gksrs gSa ftuds dkj.k iksfy;ks oSDlhu lgh rjhds ls dke ugha djrhA dqN ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa iksfy;ks dh oSDlhu vxj yEcs le; rd xehZ esa j[kh tk, rks mldk vlj de gks tkrk gS rFkk cPPksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk ugha feyrhA vc vkerkSj ij ,slk ugha gksrk D;ksafd oSDlhu dks oSDlhu ok;y ekWfuVj ¼oh-oh-,e-½ }kjk tkapk tk ldrk gSA dHkh&dHkh cPpk fdlh vU; chekjh ds dkj.k Hkh ydokxLr gks lrk gSA
vr% ekrk&firk ls vuqjks/k gS fd vius cPps dk Vhdkdj.k vo'; djk,a ftlls ge laØe.k dks jksd dj cPpksa dks iw.kZ lqj{kk iznku dj ldsaA
;kn j[ksa % vxj ge vius leqnk; ds 5 o"kZ rd ds lHkh cPpksa dks iksfy;ks oSDlhu dh [kqjkd nsaxs rHkh ;g iksfy;ks ok;jl ges'kk ds fy, 'kkar gks ik,xkA
vUr esa bu 'kCnksa ds lkFk l= dk lekiu djsa &
bl izdkj iksfy;ks mUewyu ds egku y{; dks gkfly djus ds fy;s fo|ky;ksa dk lg;ksx ,d ehy dk iRFkj lkfcr gksxkA
iqjkus lh-,e-lh- dk vkbZ-ih-lh-ij fo'ks"k fjÝs'kj izf'k{k.k
vUnj ds iUuks ijlh-,e-lh- dh {kerk fuekZ.k ls eqf'dy dke gqvk vklku leL;kxzLr {ks= ls vkadMs+ ,d= djus gsrq izi= vko';d fn'kkfunsZ'k ,oa izf'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; izf'k{k.k dh :ijs[kk ,oa izfØ;k iwoZ ,oa i'pkr ewY;kadu izi= dsl LVMh ¼;gka ij dsl LVMh ds dqN mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSa ijUrq vki vius {ks= o mldh leL;kvksa ds vuqlkj ubZ dsl LVMh dk iz;ksx djsa½leqnk; ds lokyksa dk uewuk ¼iz'uksRrjh ds [ksy esa iz;ksx djus gsrq½ leqnk; ds lokyksa ds rdZiw.kZ tokc
789
680
278
421
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
May
07
July 07
Xr generation
remaining Xr
lh-,e-lh- dh {kerk fuekZ.k ls eqf'dy dke gqvk vklku
;g ?kVuk tuin okjk.klh ls lacaf/kr gS ftls ,d mnkgj.k ds :i esa vkids chp j[kk tk jgk gSA njvly] okjk.klh tuin esa iksfy;ks [kqjkd ds izfr mnklhu@euk djus okys ifjokjksa dh la[;k esa vpkud dkQh o`f) gks xbZ ftlds ifj.kke Lo:i blds dkj.kks dh ryk'k djus ,oa mls /;ku esa j[krs gq, lh-,e-lh- dh vkbZ-ih-lh- ij {kerk o`f) djus gsrq ,d fo'ks"k izf'k{k.k iSdst rS;kj fd;k x;kA mls fØ;kfUor fd;k x;k ,oa izf'k{k.k ds i'pkr mlds ifj.kkeksa dks QhYM esa ekik x;k rks ;g ckr fudy dj vkbZ fd euk djus okys ifjokjksa dh la[;k fiNys pØ dh vis{kk dkQh de gks xbZ gSA
blds fy, okjk.klh uxj ds 5 Cykd ( tudY;k.k] Hksyqiqj] VkmugkWy] pkSdk?kkV rFkk flxjk)ds 10 lh-,e-lh- {ks=ksa ds 20 ifjokjks ls vkadM+s ,d= fd, x,A vkdaM+k ,d= djus ds nkSjku mu ifjokjksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k tks fd dbZ ckj ls vius cPpksa dks nok ugha fiyok jgs FksA bu 20 ifjokjksa ls vkadM+s ,d= djus ds vykok bUgha {ks=ksa ds vU; ifjokjksa ij vkbZ-ih-lh- dk voyksdu Hkh fd;k x;k ftlds vk/kkj ij lh-,e-lh- dh {kerk ds lEca/k esa tkudkjh izkIr gqbZA vkdM+ksa dks ,d= djus ds ckn lEcaf/kr {ks= ds ch-,e-lh- rFkk ,l-,e-lh- ds lkFk Hkh ckrphr dj vkdM+ksa ij ppkZ dh x;h rFkk muds vuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij Hkh vkadM+ksa dks ij[kk x;kA blds ckn vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k dj lh-,e-lh- ds {kerko`f) ls tqM+s fo"k;ksa dks fpfUgr dj mlds vk/kkj ij ekM~;wy fodflr fd;k x;kA
ekM~;wy fodflr djus ds i'pkr mUgh lh-,e-lh- dks izf'k{k.k esa vkeaf=r fd;k x;k tgka ls vkadM+sa ,d= fd, x, Fks rFkk mUgsa ftuds {ks= esa Hkh leku ifjfLFkfr;kWa gksrh FkhaA bl izf'k{k.k esa dqy 26 lh-,e-lh- us izfrHkkfxrk fuHkkbZA izf'k{k.k ds ,d fnu i'pkr mu lHkh lh-,e-lh- ds ch-,e-lh- dks crk;k x;k fd izf'k{k.k esa mUgs D;k crk;k x;k gS rFkk vc mUgsa vius {ks= esa fdl izdkj dk lg;ksx pkfg, gksxkA lHkh ch-,e-lh- us mlh vk/kkj ij QkyksvWi fu;ksftr fd;kA blds ckn ds jkm.M esa lHkh lh-,e-lh- us izf'k{k.k esa izkIr tkudkjh o lh[kh n{krk ds vk/kkj ij dk;Z fd;kA lkFk gh lkFk vU; eksfcykbZts'ku xfrfof/k;kWa Hkh vk;ksftr dh x;h tks fd iwoZ esa Hkh vk;ksftr dh tkrh jgha FkhaA izf'k{k.k ds ckn ds jkm.M esa tks ifj.kke vk;k oks lHkh dks mRlkfgr djus okyk FkkA (xzkQ ns[ksa)
vr% bl iz;kl dks ,d lcd ds :i esa nLrkosthd`r djds lHkh ,l-vkj-lh- ,oa ,l-vkj-Vh-lh- dks Hkstk tk jgk gSA ;fn okjk.klh dh rjg ;k mlls feyrh tqyrh leL;k,a vkids lc jhtu ds fdlh tuin esa vkrh gS rks vki bl izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy esa vko';drkuqlkj Qsjcny djrs gq, viuh lh-,e-lh- dh {kerk esa o`f) dj visf{kr ifj.kke gkfly dj ldrs gSaA
bl izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dks fØ;kfUor djus ls iwoZ fuEukafdr izfØ;k,a viukbZ xbZ FkhaA
izf'k{k.k ls iwoZ izf'k{k.k vko';drk dk vkadyu
izf'k{k.k vko';drk ds vkadyu gsrq fuEukafdr iz;kl fd, x, % iz'ukoyh fuekZ.k ,oa mldh QhYM VsfLVax {ks= dk p;u lwpuk laxzg leL;k fo'ys"k.k nLrkosthdj.k
izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy fuekZ.k izf'k{k.k gsrq iBu lkexzh ,oa iwoZ rFkk i'pkr izf'k{k.k ewY;kadu izi= fuekZ.k lanHkZ O;fDr dk p;u izfrHkkfx;ksa dh lwph fuekZ.k izf'k{k.k dh frfFk rFkk izf'k{k.k LFky dk fu/kkZj.k ,oa izfrHkkfx;ks dks vkea=.k
izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku izf'k{k.k ekWM~;wy ds vuqlkj izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk fØ;kUo;u o QSflfyVs'ku HkkSfrd O;oLFkkvksa dh ekWfuVfjax izf'k{k.k dk;ZØe dk ewY;kadu
izf'k{k.k ds i'pkr izf'k{k.k ds QkWyksvi ds lkFk lkFk izf'kf{kr lh-,e-lh- ds {ks= ls ,l-vkbZ-,- vkadM+ksa dk laxzg vkadM+ksa dk fo'ys"k.k ,oa fiNys pØksa ls rqyuk ifj.kke dk nLrkosthdj.k lHkh leku fopkj/kkjk okys fgrHkkfx;ksa ds chp izLrqfrdj.k
vkbZ-ih-lh- gsrq izf'k{k.k vko’;drk vk¡dyu izi=
uksV % d`i;k lk{kkRdkjdrkZ ;gka voyksdu ,oa lk{kkRdkj nksuksa gh fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx djsaA ¼bl izi= ds pkj Hkkx gSaA Hkkx v dh tkudkjh vki lh ,e lh ls fiNys ckj ds X ifjokjrFkk bl ckj ds Hkh laHkkfor X ifjokj ds fy, igys ls ys ysaA Hkkx c esa ml ifjokj ij Vhe ds igqWapus ij lh-,e-lh- dh vkbZ-ih-lh- dk voyksdu dj ds Hkjsa rFkk Hkkx l dk mi;ksx vki ml ifjokj ls Vhe ds tkus ds ckn Lo;a ml ifjokj ls ckrphr dj ds djsaaA Hkkx n dk iz;ksx vkidks vUr esa xfrfof/k ds mijkUr djuk gSA½
v- ifjokj ds ckjs esa tkudkjh ¼;g tkudkjh lh-,e-lh- ls QhYMcqd ds vk/kkj ij
ysa½
ifjokj ds eqf[k;k dk uke@irk % ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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/keZ % -------------------------------------------- tkfr@mitkfr % -----------------------------------------------------------
O;olk; % ------------------------------------------------------ fyax % -----------------------------------------------------
f'k{kk % ------------------------------------------ lkekftd vkfFkZd fLFkfr % -----------------------------------------
¼fuEu oxhZ;] fuEu e/;e oxhZ;] mPp e/;e oxhZ;½
ifjokj X dk izdkj D;k gS ¼fu'kku yxk;sa½
XR XS XH XV XL
lh-,e-lh- ds eqrkfcd ifjokj dh mnklhurk dk eq[; dkj.k
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iksfy;ks Vhe vFkok lh-,e-lh- }kjk duot+Zu gsrq fd;k x;k dksbZ iz;kl rFkk bl
ifjokj ij fdu vf/kdkfj;ksa dk Hkze.k gks pqdk gS\
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fd, x, iz;klksa ds ckn ml jkm.M esa ?kj dh fLFkfr (X/P) -----------------------------------------
ifjokj ds eu esa mRiUu HkzkfUr;ka dc ls gSa --------------------------------------------------------------------------
c- lh-,e-lh- dk voyksdu djsa
D;k ckrphr ds nkSjku lh-,e-lh- dh vka[kksa dk lEidZ ,oa
'kjhj dh Hkko Hkafxek lgh Fkh
gk¡ ugha
D;k lh-,e-lh- us ifjokj dks leL;k crkus@loky iwNus
dk ekSdk fn;k
gk¡ ugha
D;k lh-,e-lh- us ifjokj }kjk mBkbZ xbZ leL;k ds lh/ks
fujkdj.k ij ckr dh
gk¡ ugha
D;k lh-,e-lh- }kjk ifjokj dks fn;k x;k tokc rduhdh
rkSj ij lVhd Fkk
gk¡ ugha
D;k lh-,e-lh- us ifjokj ds loky dk tokc nsrs le;
LFkkuh; mnkgj.kksa@/kkfeZd mfDr;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k
gk¡ ugha
D;k lh-,e-lh- us ifjokj ls ckrphr ds nkSjku f¶yicqd
;k vU; lkexzh dk mi;ksx fd;k
gk¡ ugha
l- fuEu iz’u ifjokj ls djsa ( ij bl QkWesZV dks ifjokj ds le{k ,d psdfyLV
dh rjg mi;ksx djsa rFkk vkadM+s ogkWa ls gVus ds i'pkr Hkjsa )
vki vius cPps dks [kqjkd D;ksa ugha fiykrha@fiykrs gSa \
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;fn fdlh jkm.M esa ifjokj us cPps dks [kqjkd fiyok nh Fkh rks muls iwNsa fd mUgksuas
cPps dks [kqjkd D;ksa fiykbZ Fkh\
v- ncko esa vkdj c- Vh-oh-@jsfM;ks }kjk tkudkjh gksus ij
l- lh-,e-lh- ds le>kus ij n- vM+ksl&iM+ksl dks ns[kdj
/k- izHkko'kkyh O;fDr ds le>kus ij
D;k lh-,e-lh- us dHkh vkidks dqN fp= vkfn fn[kkdj Hkh vkils ckr dh gS \
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vkids ?kj lh-,e-lh- ds lkFk tks yksx cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiykus vkrs gSa ¼Vhe½, mudk
O;ogkj vkids lkFk dSls gksrk gS] D;k dHkh mUgksaus vkils ,slh dksbZ ckr rks ugha dgh
ftlls vkidks nq[k gqvk gks \
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n- voyksdudrkZ dk fo'ys"k.k
fo'ys"k.k ds {ks= (Area of Analysis) voyksdu fcUnw
izfrjks/k dk eq[; dkj.k
X – P esa ifjorZu ds fy, lgk;d
dkjd
ifjokj dh vko';drkuqlkj lh-,e-
lh- esa visf{kr dkS'ky ,oa Kku
lh-,e-lh- ds fy, dksbZ izf'k{k.k
vko';drk
lkeqnkf;d izsjdksa (CMCs) gsrq nks fnolh; izf’k{k.k dk;Zdze dk ekM~;wy
vko';d fn'kkfunsZ'k % bl izf'k{k.k dks vius ;gkW djus ls iwoZ vkidks vius ;gkW dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa dk v/;;u djuk gksxk] fd vkids lh-,e-lh- ds le{k ifjokj esa tkus ij fdl izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr mRiUu gksrh gSaA bu ifjfLFkfr;ks aesa ls mudks tks fd vf/kd ls vf/kd CMCs ds le{k vkrh gSa vkidks dsl LVMh dks rS;kj djuk gksxkA dsl LVMh dks rS;kj djus esa vki BMCs dk lg;ksx vo'; ysaA blh izdkj ls vkidks vkids {ks= esa lcls vf/kd iwNs tkus okys iz”uksa ,ao muds mRrjksa dh lgh tkudjh gksuh pkfg,A vkids {ks= esa fdl izdkj ds lg;ksxh gSa rFkk dkSu ls lg;ksxh ,sls gSa ftuds lkFk CMC dks dk;Z djus esa fnDdr gksrh gS bldk Hkh vkidks Kku gksuk vko';d gSA CMCs dh la[;k dks ns[krs gq, vki iwoZ esa gh dsl LVMh rFkk ckj ckj iwNs tkus okys iz'uksa dks rS;kj dj ysaA ckj & ckj iwNs tkus okys iz”uks dks vki CMCs ds lkeus vius ;gkWa dh LFkkuh; cksy pky dh Hkk"kk esa gh j[ksaxsaA
izf’k{k.k ds mn~ns’; % CMCs dks bUdkj djus okys ifjokjksa ds ifjfLFkfr fo”ys"k.k djus dh le> fodflr gksxhA CMCs dks iksfy;ks mUewyu dk;Zdze esa lg;ksxh;ksa dh igpku o mudh Hkwfedk ij Li"V le> cusxhA CMCs ckj& ckj iwNs tkus okys lokyksa dk csgrj tokc ns ik,axh rFkk mudh IPC djus dh {kerk dk fodkl gksxkA
izf'k{k.k dh :ijs[kk ,oa izfØ;k
izFke fnol le; fo"k; oLrq i}fr @ izf’k{kd gsrq funsZ’k 10%00 & 10%30 iathdj.k o izh&VsLV 10%30 & 11%00 ifjp;] vis{kkvksa dk vkdyu
,oa mn~ns”;ksa dk fu/kkZj.k nks ds tksM+s esa [ksy }kjk %
lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nks&nks ds tksMksa esa ckWaV dj mUgs ,d nwljs dk ifjp; izkIr djus dks dgsa rFkk lkFk gh bl izf”k{k.k ls mudh vis{kkvksa dks tkuus ds fy, dgsaA blds i”pkr mUgs ,d&nwljs dk ifjp; lHkh yksxksa dks nsus dks dgsaA ifjp; ds lkFk tc lHkh viuh vis{kkvksa dks crk,a rks izf”k{kd mls pkVZ isij ij fy[k ysaA lHkh vis{kk,a fy[k ysusa ds ckn mlds vk/kkj ij izf”k{k.k ds mn~ns”;ksa dks r; dj izfrHkkfx;ksa ds lkFk ml ij ppkZ djsa
11%00 & 11%30 iksfy;ks rFkk ge (SMNet)
orZeku ifjn`”; O;k[;ku i)fr ls
bl l= ds fy, ;fn laHko gks rks NPSP ds SMO dks vkeaaf=r djsa bl l= esa iksfy;ksa dslksa dh orZeku ifjfLFkfr o vkids ftys esa SMNet ds le{k orZeku esa tks pqukSfr;kWa gSa mu ij ppkZ djsa ( tSls cukjl esa Xr ifjokj ] vyx & vyx elyd ds ekuus okyksa ds chp dk;Z djuk rFkk efLtn ls ,syku djokuk ,d cM+h pqukSrh gS)
11%30 & 11%45 pk; vodk”k 11%45 & 01%00 bUdkj djus okys ifjokjksa ds
ifjizs{; esa ifjfLFkfr fo”ys”k.k
NksVs lewgksa esa dsl LVMh ds ek/;e ls vH;kl bl l= ds fy, igys izfrHkkfx;ksa dks vko”;drkuqlkj NksVs lewgksa esa ckaV ysa] mlds ckn vkids ftys dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dsl LVMh;ksa dks muesa ckaV dj mlesa fn, x, iz”uksa dks loZlEefr ls gy djus dk funsZ”k nsaA bl dk;Z dk izLrqrhdj.k fd;k tkuk gS vr% mUgs blds fy, pkVZ isij dk iz;ksx djus dk funZs”k nsaA izR;sd lewg dk ppkZ ds nkSjku voyksdu djsa rFkk ;fn lewg dks fdlh izdkj dh “kadk gks rks mudh lgk;rk djsaA
01%00 & 01%45 Hkkstukodk”k 01%45 & 02%00 ,utkZbtj izf”k{kd ekgkSy dks ns[krs gq, Lo;a fu.kZ; ysa dh
mUgs fdl izdkj dk [ksy djkuk gS 02%00 & 03%45 vH;kl dk izLrqrhdj.k o
lesdu tc lHkh lewgksa ds izLrqrhdj.k rS;kj gks tk,a rks ,d &,d dj lHkh dks vkeaf=r djsaA izR;sd izLrqrhdj.k ds i”pkr vU; izfrHkkfx;ksa ls ml ij muds fopkj vkeaf=r djsa A lHkh ds fopkjksa dks ;FkklaHko lekfgr djrs gq,
muds le{k gj ifjfLFkfr ds fy, vkn”kZ tokc j[ksaA vkidh dksf”k”k gksuh pkfg, dh ;fn dksbZ izfrHkkxh dsl LVMh ls vyx fdlh ifjfLFkfr ij ppkZ djs rks mls Hkh ppkZ esa vo”; “kkfey djsaA
03%45 & 04%00 pk; vodk”k 04%00 & 05%30 lg;ksxh rFkk iksfy;ks mUewyu
esa mudh Hkwfedk cM+s lewg esa ppkZ izfrHkkfx;ksa ls igys iwNs dh oks lg;ksxh ls D;k le>rs gSa rFkk gekjs dk;kZsa esa mudh D;k Hkwfedk gS\fiNys l= esa iz;ksx dh x;h dsl LVMh ds fy,lg;ksfx;ksa dk p;u djus ds fy, Hkh dgk x;k FkkA vc mUghs lg;ksxh;ksa ds vk/kkj ij ppkZ djsa dh dkSu lk lg;ksxh fdl ifjfLFkfr o fdl ifjokj ds fy, mi;qDr gksxkA izR;sd lg;ksxh rFkk mlls lEcaf/kr fooj.k dks pkVZ isij ij fy[krs tka, o l= lekiu ds iwoZ ,d ckj mls nksgjk,aA
f)rh; fnol le; fo"k; oLrq i)fr 09%30 & 10%00 izkFkZuk rFkk izFke fnol dk
iqukZoyksdubl l= ds fy, izFke fnol ge ,d NksVs lewg dk xBu dj ldrs gSa tks fd xr fnol ds izeq[k lh[kksa dks lHkh ds lkeus izLrqr djsA
10%00 & 11%15 ckj & ckj i`Ns tkus okys iz”u rFkk ifjfLFkfr ds vuqlkj muds mRrj
iz”uksRrjh dk [ksy bl [ksy ds fy, ftrus izfrHkkxh gksa mlls 2 vf?kd ,sls iz”u NksVs dkMksZ ij fy[k ysa tks fd vDlj ifjokjksa }kjk iwNs tkrs gSaa [ksy “kq: djus ls iwoZ lHkh izfrHkkfx;ksa dks nks cjkcj la[;k okys lewgksa esa ckWaV nsaA bl [ksy ds fy, izf”k{kdksa esa ls nks dks tt fu;qDr djsa o ,d izf”k{kd [ksy dks djk,A lHkh iz”uksa dks izf”k{k.k d{k ds chpks chp j[k dj nksuks lewgks dks vkeus lkeusa cSBk,aA ckjh ckjh ls izR;sd lewg ls ,d izfrHkkxh vk,xk rFkk ,d dkMZ mVkdj mlij fy[ks iz”u dk mRrj nsxkA bl mRrj ds vk/kkj ij tt mUgs 10 esa ls dksbZ vad nsaxaA bl izdkj var esa ftl Vhe dk Ldksj vf/kd gksxk mls fot;h ?kksf"kr fd;k tk,xkA bls vkSj jkspd cukus ds fy, vki bles ykbQykbu vkfn fu;eksa dk lekos”k dj ldrs gSa tSls fdUgha rhu iz”uksa ds fy, dksbZ nwljk lkFkh vkdj enn djsxk vkfn tc [ksy lekIr gks tk, rks tt dh Hkwfedk fuHkk jgs izf”k{kd izR;sd iz”u dk lgh mRrj izfrHkkfx;ks ads le{k j[ksa o crk,a fd mUgksus vad D;ksa de ;k vf/kd fn;k rFkk iwjs 10 vad
izkIr djus ds fy, dkSu lk mRrj lVhd gksrkAlkFk gh lkFk izfrHkkxh ds gko& Hkko] ckr djus ds ygts vkfn ij Hkh mUgs QhMcSd nsaA
11%15 & 11%30 pk; vodk”k 11%30 & 01%00 mijksDr l= tkjh 01%00 & 01%45 Hkkstukodk”k 01%45 & 02%00 ,utkZbtj 02%00 & 03%45 cwFk Ms ds fy, fd, tkuh okyh
xfrfof/k;kW rFkk mudh mi;ksfxrk
cwFk Ms ds fy, IPC
cqYykSok Vksyh cwFk eksfcykbZts”ku Iyku
cM+s lewg esa ppkZ izf”k{kd izfrHkkfx;ksa ls bu xfrfof/k;ksa dh mi;ksfxrk rFkk mldks djus ds mn~ns”;ksa ij ppkZ djus ds i”pkr bu xfrfof/k;ksa dks fdl izdkj fd;k tkuk pkfg, bl ij ppkZ djsA
03%45 & 04%00 pk; vodk”k 04%00 & 05%00 lh- ,e- lh ds dk;kZsa ls
lEcfU/kr vU; dfBukb;ksa o “kadkvksa ds fuokj.k gsrq [kqyk l=
bl l= esa izf”k{kd lh ,e lh ls mlds dk;Z {ks= esa vkus okys fdlh izdkj dh leL;k ij ppkZ ds fy, vkeaf=r djs] D;ksafd vHkh rd ,slk ekgSy cu pqdk gksrk gS fd lh ,e lh cxSj fdlh fgpd ds viuh lHkh ckrksa dks dg ldrh gSA
05%00 & 05%30 iksLV VsLV rFkk izf”k{k.k dk lekiu
iqjkus lh-,e-lh- dk vkbZ- ih- lh ij fo’ks"k fjQzs’kj izf'k{k.k izf’k{k.k iwoZ ewY;kadu izi= ¼izh&VsLV½
iw.kkZad & 16
1. iksfy;ks mUewyu vfHk;ku pykus ls iwoZ Hkkjr esa izR;sd o"kZ yxHkx 3 yk[k 50 gtkj cPps iksfy;ks ls vikfgt gksrs Fks] vki crk,a dh fiNys o"kZ 2006 esa m0iz0 esa fdrus cPps iksfy;ks ls vikfgt gq, \ ¼1½
¼1½ 440 ¼2½ 357 ¼3½ 674 ¼4½ 546
2. iksfy;ks chekjh fdu cPpksa esa vf/kd ik;h tkrh gS \ ¼1½
¼1½ tks 5 o’kZ ls de mez ds gSa ¼2½ tks iksfy;ks [kqjkd gj ckj ugha ihrs gSa ¼3½ xjhc cPpksa esa ¼4½ 1 rFkk 2 lgh gSa (5 ) eqfLye cPpksa esa
3. ftu ifjokjksa ds cPpksa dks nok ugha feyh gS mudks dkSu ls ifjokj cqykrs gSa\ ¼1½
¼1½ Xr ¼2½ Xs ¼3½ X ¼4½ Xv (5) XL
4. iYl iksfy;ks cqFk dh vkus okyh frfFk crk;s rFkk fiNys jkm.M esa ftu yksxksa us vius cPpksa dks nok ugha fiyk;h Fkh muds fy, vki D;k djsaxha\ ¼2½
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
5. leL;k rFkk lg;ksxh dks feyk,a A ¼3½
MkDVj vYykg dh nsu gS iksfy;ks gksuk gS rks gks tk,xk ekSykuk @ beke cPpk chekj gks tkrk gS Ckkth esjh ethZ ge ugha fiyk,axs dksVsnkj ?kj dh vkSjrsa nok fiykus ls euk djrh gSa ljnkj @egrks gesa [kkus dks ugha feyrk igys dkMZ cuokvks /keZxq:vksa dh vihy cPpk uiqlad gks tkrk gS
6. fdu cPpksa dks nok ugha fiyk;h tk ldrh gS \ ¼1½
¼1½ chekj cPps dks ¼2½ uotkr cPps dks - ¼3½ eUur ds ckn iSnk gq, cPps dks ¼4½ esgekuh esa vk, ;k xksn fy, cPps dks (5) bu lHkh dks fiyk ldrs gSa
7. uiqladrk ds Mj okys X ifjokj esa vki dkSu lk rdZ nsaxh \ ¼1½
¼1½ bl nok dks fiykus ls rkdr vkrh gS ¼2½ ;s lc csodwQh dh ckrsa gSa vki dh tkudkjh xyr gS ¼3½ vxj ;s ckr lgh agksrh rks mu ns”kksa esa yksxksa dks larkus ugha gksrh tgka ls ;s chekjh blh nok ds tfj, [kRe dh tk pqdh gS ¼4½ gekjs ij fo”okl djks lc yksx rks fiyk jgs gSaA
8. Xr ifjokj dg jgk gS fd essjk cPpk esjh ethZ ge fiyk,a ;k ugha] ml ifjokj ds fy, vki fdl lg;ksxh dk lg;ksx ysaxh \ ¼1½
¼1½ MkDVj ¼2½ nksLr ¼3½ /kkfeZd xq: ¼4½ ml ifjokj ds fudV laEc/kh
9. ckj&ckj [kqjkd nsus ls D;k Qk;nk gS bldk rdZ D;k gksxk \ ¼1½
¼1½ cPps chekj ugha iM+rs ¼2½ gj chekjh ls cpko gksrk gS ¼3½ blls iksfy;ks dh chekjh ij dkcw ik;k tk ldrk gS ¼4½ iksfy;ks ds f[kykQ cpko {kerk ,d ckj dh [kqjkd ls ges”kk ds fy, ugha iSnk dh tk ldrh ¼5½ 3 vkSj 4 Bhd gS
10. [kqjkd fiykus ls yksx euk djrs gS D;ksfd& ¼1½
¼1½ os fuj{kj gS ¼2½ oSfDlu /keZ@vkLFkk ds f[kykQ gS ¼3½[kqjkd fiykus ls dqN cPpksa dks uqdlku gqvk gS ¼4½ lgh otg dk irk muls feydj yxk;saxsaA
11. cwFk dks izksRlkfgr djus ds fy;s ekrk&firk ls D;k dgsaxsa \ ¼1½
¼1½ cwFk ij oSfDlu rkth gksrh gS ¼2½ gks ldrk gS fd tc Vhe ?kj ij vk, ml fnu vki fdlh t:jh dke ls ckgj gksa vkSj vkidk cPpk nok ysus ls eg:e jg tk, ¼3½ cwFk fnol dk LFkku] le; ,d lIrkg igys crk;sxsa ¼4½ dksbZ Qk;nk ugh ¼5½ 2 vkSj 3 Bhd gS
12.iksfy;ks Dykl dk vk;kstu dgka djuk pkfg, \ ¼1½
¼1½ izkFkfed fo|ky; esa ¼2½ enjlk esa ¼3½ eksgYys dh ekSykuh@ ckth+ ds ?kj ¼4½ eksgYys ds cPpsa tgka Hkh bDB~Bs fey tk,a ¼5½ mijksDr lHkh
13. cwFk eksfcykbts”ku Iyku D;ksa cukrs gSa\ ¼1½
¼1½ SRC ] SMC rFkk BMC dks fn[kkus ds fy, ¼2½ lg;ksxh dks fn[kkus ds fy,a ¼3½ cwFk lTtk ds fy, t:jh ¼4½ utj j[kus ds fy, dh dksbZ cPpk NwV rks ugha jgk gS ¼5½ cwFk ij vf/kd ls vf/kd cPpks dks nok fiykus esa enn feyrh gS ¼6½ 4 vkSj 5 Bhd gS lh-,e-lh dk uke % ------------------------------------------------------------------------dk;Z {ks= % -------------------------------------------------------------------------dc ls dk;Z dj jgha gSa % ------------------------------------------------------------------------vkidh f”k{kk dgka rd gqbZ gS -------------------------------------------------------------------------
iw.kkZad & 20
iqjkus lh-,e-lh- dk vkbZ- ih- lh ij fo’ks"k fjQzs’kj izf'k{k.k izf'k{k.k i’pkr ewY;kadu izi= ¼iksLV&VsLV½
1- iksfy;ks ok;jl dk dkSu lk izdkj vc lekIr gks pqdk gS \ (1)
¼1½ P1 ¼2½ P2
¼3½ P3 ¼5½ P1 rFkk P3A
2- lh- ,e- lh izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa dks dc larq’r dj ldrh gS \ (1)
¼1½ tc oks muds fu;fer lEidZ esa jgsxh ¼2½ tc izfrjks/kh ifjokjksa dh leL;k dks le> dj muds lokyksa dk lVhd tokc nsxh ¼3½ tc og izfrjks/kh ifjokj ds ;gkWa tkdj mUgs lqfo/kk,a nsxh ¼4½ 1 rFkk 2 lgh gSa
3- ;fn ifjokj ;g dgs fd cPpk ufugky esa vk;k gS ] blfy, ge nok ughsa fiyk,axsa rks vki D;k tokc nsaxh\ (1)
¼1½ cPpk ufugky esa gh ugha vkidh ftEesnkjh esa Hkh vk;k gSA ¼2½ nksuksa txgksa ij ,d gh nok fiyk;h tkrh gSA ¼3½ vxj cPps dks pksV yx tkrh gS rks D;k vki bykt ds fy, mlds ?kj Hkst nasxh;k
mldk bykt ;gha ij djok,axh] tjklhe rks ;g ugha ns[krk fd cPpk ufugky esa gS ;k dgha vkSj
¼4½ cgqr ls cPps ufugky esa vk,a gS oks rks nok ih jgs gSaA
4- ;fn ifjokj ;g dgs fd cPpk eUur dk gS blfy, [kqjkd ugha fiyk,axsa rks vki D;k tokc nsaxh \ (1)
¼1½ bl nok ls lsgr curh gS ¼2½ esjs ij fo”okl djds nok fiyk yks ¼3½ nok vkSj nqvk ,d lkFk nksuksa djuh pkfg, ¼4½ bldh iSjoh lTtknkulhau Hkh djrs gSa] ftudh nqvk ds ckn vkidks cPpk feyk gSA
5- leL;k rFkk lg;ksxh dks feyk,a A (5)
Ckkth nokbZ ij Hkjkslk ugha gSMkDVj efgykvksa dks le>kuk gS ekSykuk @ beke cPpk eUur dk gS lTtknkulhau nok xSj eqfLye gS lHkkln lM+d @ [kM+atk D;ksa ugha cuokrs
6- ;fn ifjokj ;g dgs fd ge fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa nok fiykrs gSa rks vki D;k tokc nsxha \ (1)¼1½ nksuksa nok t:jh gS ¼2½ iksfy;ks dh ;g [kqjkd vfrfjDr [kqjkd gS ;g cPpksa esa iksfy;ks ds f[kykQ rkdr iSnk djds ok;jl dks Qsyus ls jksdrh gS ¼3½ D;ksafd iksfy;ks ds [kkRes ds fy, ;g t:jh gS ¼4½ D;ksafd ,slk MkDVj dgrs gSa bl fy, fiyk yks
7- cwFk ij nok fiykuk D;ksa t:jh gS \ (1)
¼1½ cwFk ij nok rkth gksrh gS ¼2½ cwFk ij nok vf/kd vljnkj gksrh gS ¼3½ D;ksafd lHkh cPps ,d lkFk izfrjksf/kr gks tk,axs vkSj ok;jl dks iuius dk dgha Hkh LFkku ugha feysxk ¼4½ tokc lgh gSaA
8- vkids {ks= esa ,d O;fDr gS tks dHkh vius cPpksa dks ikfy;ks dh [kqjkd ugha fiyokrk gS tc vki mlds ?kj tk,axh rks ckrphr dh “kq:vkr dSls djsaxh \ (4)
++&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
9- ;fn fdlh us vkils ;g iwNk fd iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ls uiqladrk gksrh gS rks vki mls dkSu lk rdZ nsaxh\ (4)
&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&
10- ckj & ckj iksfy;ks [kqjkd fiykuk D;ksa t:jh gS\- (1)
¼1½ blls cPpksa esa lHkh fcekfj;ksa ls yM+us dh rkdr c<+rh gS ¼2½ gj nok fd fuf”pr [kqjkdsa gksrh gSa blfy, gj [kqjkd nsuk t:jh gS ¼3½ ,slk djds ge tjklhe dks [kre dj ldrs gSa ¼4½ 1 o 2 lgh gSasaA
lh-,e-lh dk uke % ------------------------------------------------------------------------dk;Z {ks= % -------------------------------------------------------------------------
izf'k{k.k ds nkSjku mi;ksx dh tkus okyh dsl LVMh¼;gka ij dsl LVMh ds dqN mnkgj.k fn, tk jgs gSa ijUrq vki vius {ks= o mldh leL;kvksa ds vuqlkj ubZ dsl LVMh dk iz;ksx djsa½
(1)
cukjl ds enuiqjk eksgYys esa lyhe HkkbZ jgrs gSaA lyhe HkkbZ ?kj es gh nqdku [kksy dj js”keh ?kkxksa dks cspus dk dke djrs gSaA lyhe HkkbZ dh “kknh 8 lky igys gq;h Fkh] budks nks yM+ds rFkk ,d yM+dh g]S ftlesa ls ,d yM+dk 6 o’kZ dk gS rFkk nwljk 3 o’kZ dk rFkk yM+dh dh mez 1 o’kZ gSA lyhe HkkbZ dk dkjksckj vPNk pyrk gS mudks jgus&[kkus dh dksbZ leL;k ugha gSA lyhe HkkbZ vius cPpksa dk fu;fer Vhdkdj.k izkbosV MkDVj ds ;gka djkrs gSa ij lyhe HkkbZ iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ij fo”okl ugha djrs gSa mudk dguk gS fd ;fn cM+s yM+dss dks ugha gqvk rks NksVksa dks dSls gks tk,xkA tc cwFk yxrk gS rks Hkys gh muds ikl dksbZ dke u gks rc Hkh oks vius cPpksa dks nok fiykus ugha ys tkrs gSaA tc Vhe ?kj ij nok fiykus tkrh gS rks oks Vhe dks ;g dg dj Hkxk nsrs gSa fd ge cPpksa dks vPNh nok fiykrs gsS gedks rqEgkjs MCcs dh nok ij fo”okl ugha gSA gj ckj oks Vhe dks ;gh dg dj Hkxk nsrs gSa fd ge ughsa fiyk,axsaA
dk;Z % vc vki lHkh dks lewg esa cSBdj fuEu ckrksa dk tokc nsuk gS vxj vki lHkh lyhe HkkbZ ds ?kj tk,axh rks mudks le>kus ds fy, dkSu lh ckrsa ( rdZ )djsaxhA ( rdZ ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA )
vxj vki dh ckr ls lyhe HkkbZ ugha ekurs gSa rks vki buds ?kj ij fdl lg;ksxh dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ bl dsl ds fy, vki vius fdl ofj’B lkFkh dh enn ysaxh rFkk mlls ckr djus ds igys vkids ikl bl ifjokj dh dkSu&dkSu lh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A mudh lwph cuk,aA
(2)
cukjl ds tSriqjk Fkkuk {ks= ds cVyksfg;k eksgYys esa cqudj HkkbZ yksx T;knk jgrs gSaA ;gha ij dYyw xks”r okys ds cxy esa eksgEen vkfjQ jgrs gSaA budh “kknh dsk rhu lky gks x,A “kknh ds nks lky ckn Hkh tc buds ?kj vkSykn iSnk ugha gqbZ rks vkfjQ HkkbZ us viuh csxe vk,”kk ds lkFk eks0 dS”kj ckck ds etkj ij tkdj eUur ekaxh fd gesa vkSykn fnyk nks tc rd cPpk lky Hkj dk ugha gks tk,xk rc rd cPps dks dq,a dk ikuh vkSj eka ds nw/k ds vykok dqN Hkh ugha fiyk,axsA vYykg ds dje~ ls nks ekg igys muds ?kj ,d [kwclwjr ls csVs us tUe fy;k A eUur dh otg~ ls mUgksus cPps dks dksbZ Vhdk ugha yxok;kA 21 ebZ 2007 dks tc iksfy;ks Vhe muds cPps dks nok fiykus ds fy, muds ?kj igaqph rks mUgksus Vhe ds lnL;ksa dks Hkyk cqjk dgk vSkj Hkxk fn;kArc ls eksgYys esa dk;Zjr lh-,e-lh muds ?kj cjkcj tk dj dksf”k”k djrh gS] ij oks fdlh Hkh izdkj ls rS;kj ugha gksrs gSaA
dk;Z % vc vki lHkh dks lewg esa cSBdj fuEu ckrksa dk tokc nsuk gS
vxj vki lHkh vkfjQ HkkbZ ds ?kj tk,axh rks mudks le>kus ds fy, dkSu lh ckrsa ( rdZ )djsaxhA ( rdZ ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA )
vxj vki dh ckr ls vkfjQ HkkbZ ugha ekurs gSa rks vki buds ?kj ij fdl lg;ksxh dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ bl dsl ds fy, vki vius fdl ofj”B lkFkh dh enn ysaxh rFkk mlls ckr djus ds igys vkids ikl bl ifjokj dh dkSu&dkSu lh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A mudh lwph cuk,aA
(3)
tykyhiqjk jsyos ykbu ds fdukjs] tks eqfLye cqudjksa dk {ks= gSA ;gha ij efLtn ds ikl dYyw ekLVj dk ?kj gS tks vius ifjokj ds lkFk jgrs gSaA ekLVj lkgc dks 3 yM+ds gS vkSj ,d 9 ekg dh ,d yM+dh gSA ekLVj lkgc us vius cPpksa dks dHkh nok ugha fiykbZA 22 ebZ 2007 dks ekLVj ds iM+kslh “kQhd HkkbZ ds ?kj tc Vhe igqaph rks ekLVj HkM+d x, vkSj cksys dh rqe yksx bl xyh ls fudy tkvks ojuk Bhd ugha gksxkA rHkh “kQhd HkkbZ vk x, vkSj cksys dh vjs ekLVj esjs cPpksa dks rks nok [kqjkd fiykus nks] ;s yksx rks Hkys ds fy, vkrs gSaA bl ij ekLVj fpYykrs gq, cksys & Hkys ds fy, bu yksxksa us rks iSls ds fy, viuk bZeku&/keZ lc csp fn;k gSA rHkh “kQhd HkkbZ us ckr dkVrs gq, dgk fd pyks eku ysrs gSa fd ;g yksx xyr gSa ysfdu gekjs “kgj ds brus cM+s&cM+s vkfye o eqQ~Qrh Hkh rks vihy dj jgs gSa rHkh ekLVj fpYykrs gq, HkM+d dj cksys og lc rks vkSj cM+s pksj gSa] beku /keZ csp fn;k gSA lc ds lc vesjhdk ds xqyke gks x, gSaA bu lcksa dk fglkc&fdrkc rks vYykg&ikd djssxsaA
dk;Z % vc vki lHkh dks lewg esa cSBdj fuEu ckrksa dk tokc nsuk gS vxj vki lHkh dYyw ekLVj ds ?kj tk,axh rks mudks le>kus ds fy, dkSu lh ckrsa ( rdZ )djsaxhA ( rdZ ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA )
vxj vki dh ckr ls dYyw ekLVj ugha ekurs gSa rks vki buds ?kj ij fdl lg;ksxh dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ bl dsl ds fy, vki vius fdl ofj”B lkFkh dh enn ysaxh rFkk mlls ckr djus ds igys vkids ikl bl ifjokj dh dkSu&dkSu lh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A mudh lwph cuk,aA
(4)
tekyqn~~nhu vius ekrk&firk vkSj nsk NksVh cguksa ds lkFk eqfxZ;k Vksyk esa jgrk gSA mldk ifjokj ikap oDr dh uekt vdhnr ds lkFk iM+rk gSA tekyqn~nhu ds nks cPps gSa mlus nksuksa cPpksa dks dHkh Hkh dksbZ Vhdk ugha yxok;k vkSj ugha dHkh iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd fiyokbZA tc Hkh dksbZ cPpk chekj gksrk Fkk rks mldh vEeh nqvk&rkcht djk nsrh FkhaA “kcue lh-,e-lh pdz ls nks lIrkg igys vius lkFkh lh-,e-lh ds lkFk xzqi vkbZ-ih-lh ds fy, igqpha rks cqM+h vEek us rqjUr dgka vk x;h cPpksa dh nq”eu rqe yksxksa dks dksbZ vkSj dke ugha viuk beku csp fn;k gS D;k\ gedks [kqnk ij Hkjkslk gS oks tks djrk gS lc Bhd djrk gSA rHkh lkFkh lh-,e-lh egt+cha vkjk us dgk nknh crkvks rks nokbZ dkgs ugha fiykrh gks] lc yksx rks fiykrs gSaA nknh vkSj mudh cgq ,d lkFk cksy iM+h rqe yksxksa ij [kqnk dk dgj VwVsxkA rqe yksx eqlyeku gks dj Hkh ;s dke djrh gksA rqedks uLy dks [kjkc djus dk iSlk feyrk gS rqe yksx xyh&xyh] tgj ckaVrh fQjrh gksA lc yksx dgrs gSa nok [kjkc gS fudy tkvks vkSj nqckjk vkuk Hkh ugha] ykgkSy fcykdqOor !
dk;Z % vc vki lHkh dks lewg esa cSBdj fuEu ckrksa dk tokc nsuk gS vxj vki lHkh tekyqn~nhu ds ?kj tk,axh rks muds ?kj okyksa dks le>kus ds fy, dkSu lh ckrsa ( rdZ )djsaxhA ( rdZ ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA )
vxj vki dh ckr ls oks yksx ugha ekurss gSa rks vki buds ?kj ij fdl lg;ksxh dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ bl dsl ds fy, vki vius fdl ofj”B lkFkh dh enn ysaxh rFkk mlls ckr djus ds igys vkids ikl bl ifjokj dh dkSu&dkSu lh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A mudh lwph cuk,aA
(5)
yYykiqjk esa “kjkQr HkkbZ dk lkM+h dk dkjksckj gSA “kjkQr HkkbZ vius ?kj esa lcls cM+s gSaA muds nks yM+ds gSa nksuksa dh “kknh gks pqdh gS vkSj nksuksa ds nks&nsk cPps Hkh gSaA “kjkQr HkkbZ iksfy;ks dk uke lqurs gh HkM+d tkrs gSa vkSj vius ukrh&iskrksa dks nok ugha fiykus nsrsA tc Hkh Vhe muds ?kj nok ysdj tkrh gS rks oks mldks MkaV QVdkj dj Hkxk nsrs gSA oks nok u fiykus dh dksbZ otg~ Hkh ugha crkrs dgrs gSa esjh ethZ ge fiyok,a ;k u fiyok,aA muds nksuks yM+ds o cgq cPpksa dsk nok fiykuk pkgrh gSa ij vius vCck ds Mj ls nok ugha fiykrsA vkl&ikl ij ckr djus ij irk pyk dh “kjkQr HkkbZ us dgha ls vQokg lquh gS fd bl nok ds tfj, eqlyekuksa dh vkcknh de djus dh lkft”k gks jgh agS bl nok ls cPps ukenZ gks tk,axsa] ij “kjkQr HkkbZ dHkh Hkh Vhe ds lkeus bl “kadk dks ugha j[krs gSaA
dk;Z % vc vki lHkh dks lewg esa cSBdj fuEu ckrksa dk tokc nsuk gS
vxj vki lHkh “kjkQr HkkbZ ds ?kj tk,axh rks muds ?kj okyksa dks le>kus ds fy, dkSu lh ckrsa ( rdZ )djsaxhA ( rdZ ,d ls vf/kd Hkh gks ldrs gSaA )
vxj vki dh ckr ls oks yksx ugha ekurss gSa rks vki buds ?kj ij fdl lg;ksxh dks ys tk ldrs gSa vkSj D;ksa \ bl dsl ds fy, vki vius fdl ofj”B lkFkh dh enn ysaxh rFkk mlls ckr djus ds igys vkids ikl bl ifjokj dh dkSu&dkSu lh tkudkjh gksuh pkfg,A mudh lwph cuk,aA
leqnk; ds lokyksa dk uewuk ¼iz'uksRrjh ds [ksy esa iz;ksx djus gsrq½
flQZ iksfy;ks gh D;ksa gekjh vkSj Hkh rks fnDdrsa gSa mUgs nwj D;ksa ugha djrh\tc Hkh nok fiykrh gks cPpk chekj iM+ tkrk gS rc rks ,d ckj Hkh iwNus ugha vkrh gks!ge flQZ Vhdkdj.k esa fiyokrs gSa!;s nok gedks ugha lgrh gS ge ugha fiyk,axs!ckj ckj nok fiykuk D;ksa t:jh gS\MkDVj euk fd, gSa cPps dk bZykt py jgk gS nks vyx&vyx nok;h ,d lkFk yM+ tk,xhAgekjs cM+s cPps dks rks ikfy;ks ugha gqvk oks Hkh rks nok ugha fi, gS rks NksVs dks dSls gks tk,xkAnks cwan nks cwan dg dj vHkh rd nks yhVj fiyk pqdh gks rqEgkjk dksbZ flLVe gS fd ugha tc ns[kks pyh vkrh gksAftruh ckj fiykuk Fkk fiyk fy;k vc ugha fiyk,axsAcwFk ij D;ksa vk,a rqe ?kj ?kj rks vkvksxh rc fiyk ysxsaAesj cPpk eUur dk gS 6 eghus rd ge bldks dqN ugha fiyk,axsaArqe iSls ds fy, bZeku csp nh gks vkSj uLy [kRe djus dh nok fiykus pyh vkrh gksA egxkabZ bruh c<+ x;h gS bruh xjhch gS] ePNj gSa bldks Hkh Bhd djksA vjs iksfy;ks ls cpkvksxs esjk cPpk Hkw[k ls eysfj;k ls Hkh rks ej ldrk gSA vkfn
leqnk; ds lokyksa ds rdZiw.kZ tokc
iYl iksfy;ks vfHk;ku ds nkSjku leqnk; }kjk vDlj iwNs tkus okys loky ,oa tokc ds :i esa iz;ksx fd, tk ldus okys rdZ
1. nok fiykus ls esjk cPpk chekj gks tkrk gS ge nok ugha fiyk,axs!
tokc %
lcls igys rks ;g nok ugha gS ,d izdkj dk Vhdk gS ftlds tjh, vkids cPps dh iksfy;ks ls j{kk gks ldrh gS D;ksafd nok chekj gksus ds ckn nh tkrh gS vkSj Vhdk chekjh ls cpko ds fy, nh tkrh gS A bl Vhds ds ,d ok;y ls 18 ls 20 cPps [kqjkd ihrs gSa] vxj Vhds esa dksbZ [kjkch gksrhs rks lHkh cPpksa dh rch;r [kjkc gksrh vkSj oks lHkh cPps vki ds iM+ksl ds gh gksrs D;ksafd ,d ok;y ls gh vki ds vkl ikl ds yxHkx 20 cPpksa dks [kqjkd fiyk;h tkrh gSA vkids cPps ds chekj iM+us dh otg iksfy;ks dk Vhdk fiykuk ugha gks ldrkA
vki bldks bl rjhds ls lef>, dh dHkh&dHkh gekjs ?kj esa lHkh yksx ,d gh [kkuk [kkrs gSa ij lnL;ksa esa ls fdlh dh rch;r [kjkc gks tkrh gS rks D;k ge yksx ;g eku ysrs gSa fd ?kj dk [kkuk [kkus ls mldh rch;r [kjkc gqbZ gSA rch;r [kjkc gksus ;k chekj gksus dk dkj.k dqN vkSj gks ldrk gS uk fd iksfy;ks ls cpko djkus okyh nks [kqjkdA
fdlh Hkh chekjh dk y{k.k rqjar rks fn[kk;h ugha nsrk vxj gesa dksbZ chekjh yxrh gS rks mldk vlj gesa dqN le; ckn fn[krk gS tSls vxj ge “kke ;k jkr esa Hkhx tkrs gS rks tq[kke vxys fnu “kq: gksrk gS ;k vxj ge dqN [kjkc [kkuk [kk ysrs gSa rks 5 ls 6 ?kaVs ckn gedks isV esa nnZ ;k vU; dksbZ y{k.k fn[krk gSA tc vkids cPps dks iksfy;ks [kqjkd nh x;h gks rks gks ldrk gS fd vki ds cPps dks igys l dksbZ leL;k jgh gks ij D;ksafd [kqjkd nsus ds rqjar ckn cPps esa chekjh ds y{k.k fn[ks rks vkidks yx jgk gS fd cPpk iksfy;ks dk Vhdk fiykus ls chekj gqvkA ,slk laHko ugha gS vxj vki pkgsa rks fdlh Hkh MkDVj ls lEidZ dj ldrh gSa vkSj mlls iwN ldrh gSaA
ge ;k vki cM+s gSa rks D;k ge chekj ugha iM+rs \ ge rks Vhds okyh [kqjkd ugha ysrs gSaA lHkh cPps pkgs mUgksus iksfy;ks [kqjkd yh gks ;k ugha chekj rks iM+rs gh gSa ij vxj dksbZ cPpk iksfy;ks [kqjkd ysus ds ckn chekj iM+ tk, rks ;g eku fy;k tkrk gS fd oks rks iksfy;ks fd [kqjkd ihus ls chekj iM+k gSA
2. iksfy;ks ij bruk tksj D;ksa \ nqfu;k esa vkSj Hkh rks chekfj;kaW vkSj ijs�kkfu;kaWa gSa !
tokc %
iksfy;ks ij bruk tksj bl fy, gS fd vkSj lHkh chekfj;kas dk bykt rks lHkao gS ij ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tkus ij cPpk thou Hkj ds fy, vikfgt gks tkrk gS bldk nqfu;k esa dgha Hkh bykt ugha gks ldrkA ,d ckr vkSj vkSj Hkh dbZ chekfj;kW gS ftudk bykt ugha gS ij ;g laHko ugha fd bu chekfj;ksa dks gksus ls iwjh rjg ls jksdk tk lds ij iksfy;ks dks nqfu;k ls [kRe fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj cgqr lkjs ns”kksa us vius ;gkWa ls bl chekjh dks [kRe fd;k gS muds ;gkW ls iksfy;ks dk ok;jl @ tjklhe [kRe fd;k tk pwdk gSA ge Hkh ;fn gj ckj gj cPps rd ;g Vhdk igqWapk ldsa rks bl tjklhe dk ukeksfu”kku feVk ldrs gSaA
vU; dksbZ chekjh gksrh gS rks iwjh rjg ;k dqN gn rd mldk bykt fd;k tk ldrk gS ij ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tkus ij cPpk thou Hkj ds fy, vikftg gks tkrk gSA ,d ckj vxj fdlh dh chekjh ls ekSr gks tk, rks dqN le; ds ckn yksx /khjs&/khjs ml xe ls nnZ ls mcj tkrs gS ij ;fn ,d ckj iksfy;ks gks tk, rks oks cPpk ;k cM+k vkids lkeus ges”kk
jgsxk vkSj ges”kk vkidks ;g ,glkl djkrk jgsxk fd vxj geus le; ls cPkko dk jkLrk viuk;k gksrk rks vkt ;g cPpk Hkh vkSjksa dh rjg vkjke ls viuh ftanxh th jgk gksrkA
ge ekurs gSa fd vkSj Hkh ijs”kkfu;kWa gSa vkSj mudk gy gksuk t:jh gS ij bl [krjukd chekjh dks utjvankt ugha fd;k tk ldrkA lksfp, fd gj xyh] gj eksgYys dh lM+d [kwc “kkunkj gks tk, ij ml ij pyus okys 10 cPpksa esa ls 6 cPps vikfgt gksa rks D;k blls cM+h ijs”kkuh dksbZ vkSj gks ldrh gSA vkt vki ns[k jgs gSa fd /khjs&/khjs iksfy;ks ls xzflr cPps vkidks de fn[kk;h nsrs gS ,slk blhfy, laHko gqvk gS D;ksafd bl chekjh dh xaHkhjrk dk vanktk le; ls yxk fy;k x;k vkSj mlds vk/kkj ij vfHk;ku “kq: dj fn;k x;kA gekjk mn~ns”; gS fd bl chekjh dks tM+ ls [kRe fd;k tk ldsA
3. ckj & ckj [kqjkd D;ksa fiyk;h tkrh gS vkSj dc rd bl rjg nok fiyk;h tkrh jgsxhA
tokc %
iksfy;ks dks tM+ ls [kRe djus ds fy, t:jh gS fd lHkh cPpksa dks ,d lkFk yxHkx ,d gh le; esa iksfy;ks ls yM+us okys Vhds dh [kqjkd ihyk;h tk,A cnfdLerh ls gekjs ns”k esa ,d gh fnu ( iksfy;ks jfookj ds fnu ) flQZ 50 ls 60 izfr”kr cPpksa dks gh ;g [kqjkd nh tk ikrh gS D;skfd lHkh yksx vius cPpksa dks cwFk ij ugha ys vkrs gSaA tks cPps [kqjkd ugha ih ikrs gSa mu rd ;g muds ?kj rd ys tkdj nh tkrh gS mlds ckn Hkh djhc 10 izfr”kr cPps gj ckj NwV tkrs gSaA tc rd ge lHkh cPpksa dks ,d lkFk ,d ckj esa rhu ;k pkj jkm.M vfHk;ku pyk dj iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ugha ns ikrs rc rd ;g vfHk;ku pyrk jgsxkA
iksfy;ks ds tjklhe dh vknr gksrh gS fd oks viuh tku cpkus ds fy, cPpksa dh vkarks es tkdj Nqi tkrk gS D;ksafd [kqyh gok esa ;g dsoy 48 ?kaVs ghs ftank jg ldrk gSA bl vfHk;ku ds tjh, ge pkgrs gSa fd bl tjklhe dks Nqius ds fy, fdlh cPps dh vkar ulhc uk gks vkSj etcwju bls 48 ?kaVs [kqys esa jguk iM+s vkSj ge bls [kRe dj nsaA tks cPps nok ihrs gS mudh vkarks esa Hkh ;g :d ugha ldrk vkSj [kRe gks tkrk gSA
cnfdLerh ls gj ckj bl tjklhe dks fdlh uk fdlh cPps dh vkar fey tkrh gS ftlesa ;g Nqi tkrk gS vkSj 30 fnuksa ds ckn tc Vhds dk vlj /khjs&/khjs de gksus yxrk gS rks ;g nwljs cPpksa esa QSyus yxrk gSA bl fy, gesa yxHkx gj 30 fnu ds Hkhrj cPpksa dh vkarksa dks lqjf{kr djuk iM+rk gSA
ftl izdkj ls tc dHkh ge chekj gksrs gSa rks MkDVj ,d gh nok dh dbZ [kqjkd gesa rc rd nsrk jgrk gS tc rd dh ge iwjh rjg ls Bhd ugha gks tkrs gSaA mlh rjg ;g [kqjkd rc rd nh tkrh jgsxh tc rd dh ge bl chekjh ij iwjh rjg dkcw ugha ik ysrsA
4. ge flQZ fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa nok fiykrs gSaA ge vkidh nh gqbZ nok ugha fiyk,axs!
tokc %
;g vfHk;ku ,d [kkl j.kuhfr ds lkFk pyk;k tk jgk gSA tSlk fd vki tkurs gSa iksfy;ks ds ok;jl rhu izdkj ds gksrs gSa] P1, P2 vkSj P3 A blesa ls vius ns”k esa P2 ok;jl dks [kRe fd;k tk pqdk gSA bl vfHk;ku esa gj iksfy;ks pdz pykus ds igys ;g r; fd;k tkrk gS fd bl ckj fdl ok;jl ds izfr tksjnkj geyk djuk gSA dHkh dHkh nksuksa cps ok;jlksa ds fy, [kqjkd nh tkrh gS rks dHkh flQZ P1 ds fy, ;k flQZZ P3 ds fy,A bl rjg ls ;g iksfy;ks [kqjkd fu;fer Vhdkdj.k esa nh tkuh okyh [kqjkd ls vyx vkSj vf/kd vljnkj gksrh gS vkSj vkids cPps ds fy, t:jh gksrh gSA vki pkgsa rks vius fu;fer MkDVj ls bl lEca/k esa jk; ys ldrs gSaA
fu;fer Vhdkdj.k flQZ ,d lky rd ds cPpksa dks gh gksrk gS] ftlls cPpk 5 tkuysok fcekfj;ksa ls lqjf{kr gks tkrk gS ij iksfy;ks dh chekjh ls lqjf{kr jgus ds fy, ikap lky rd cPps dks fu;fer iksfy;ks [kqjkd nh tkuh pkfg,A
5. iksfy;ks dh nok ge ugha fiyk,axsa D;ksafd ;g ljdkj dh pky gS vkcknh dks de djus dhA bl nok ls oks gekjs cPpksa dks uiqlad cuk jgha gSA blls gekjs cPps 20 lky ckn uiqlad gks tk,axsaA
tokc %
vxj ljdkj dh uh;r bl [kqjkd ls vkcknh de dj jgh gksrh rks oks blds fy, ?kj&?kj tkdj nok ugha fiyk jgh gksrh cfYd ihus ds ikuh dh Vadh esa nok feykdj lHkh ?kjksa esa igqpkW nsrh mlesa brus yksx Hkh ugha yxrs ;k [kkus dh phtksa tSls ued vkfn esa feykdj yksxksa rd igqapk nsrhA
;g nok rdjhcu lu~ 1960 ls fiyk;h tk jgh gS vkSj vLirky esa iSnk gksus okys gj cPps dks fiyk;h tkrh jgh gS vki vkSj ge lHkh us ;g nok ih gSA igys flQZ iksfy;ks ls cpus ds fy, [kqjkd nh tkrh Fkh ij tc ge bl ij dkcw ugha dj ik, rks 1995 ls vfHk;ku ds tfj, bldks tM+ ls feVkus dh dksf”k”k dh tk jgh gSA vxj bl nok ls uiqladrk gksrh rks vc rd vk/kh ls vf/kd vkcknh uiqlad gks x;h gksrh D;ksafd brus yksx ;g [kqjkd ys pqds gSaA
;gh [kqjkd fiyk dj lÅnh vjc ls iksfy;ks 18& 20 lky igys [kRe fd;k x;k ogkW rks vkt gj 20 lky dk yM+dk ;k yM+dh cPpk iSnk ugha dj ikrk A blds myV vc gt djus tkus okyksa dks pkgs oks cM+s gks ;k cPps iksfy;ks dh [kqjkd ysdj tkuk t:jh gS ojuk mUgs vjc esa ?kqlus ugha fn;k tkrk gSA
,d feuV ds fy, eku fy;k tk, fd vkcknh de djus ds fy, bldks fiyk;k tk jgk gS rks tc ,d eksgYys ds 100 esa ls dsoy 5 yksx nok ugha fiykrs gS vkSj lHkh fiykrs gS rks ge vkcknh dks fdruk c<+k ldrs gSaA
vki rks vius csVs ;k csVh dks bl fy, nok ugha fiyk jgs fd mldks cPpk ugha gksxk ij D;k vki bl ckr dh xkjaVh ys ldrs gSa fd ftlls mldh cM+s gksus ij “kknh gksxh mlus cpiu esa ;g [kqjkd ugha ih gksxh] ;fn mlus [kqjkd ih gksxh rks vki mldk D;k gy fudkysaxsaA ;g lc dksjh vQokgsa gSa vki fdlh Hkh MkDVj ls ;k vius /keZxq:vksa ls jk; ys ldrs gSaA
6. cPpk esgekuh esa vk;k gS] bldks ge nok ugha fiyk ldrs A
tokc %
cPpk esgekuh esa gh ugha vkidh ftEesnkjh esa Hkh vk;k gS] [kqnk u djs vxj vkids ;gkWa cPps dks dksbZ ijs”kkuh vk tk, ;k chekjh gks tk, rks D;k vki ;s lksp ds nok ugha nsxsa dh cPpk esgekuh esa vk;k gSA
iksfy;ks ls yM+us ds fy, ,d gh Vhdk lkjh nqfu;k esa fiyk;k tkrk gS cPpk vius ?kj gksrk rks Hkh mls ;gh nok fiyk;h tkrhA iksfy;ks dk tjklhe dsoy fcuk Vhds okyh vkar [kkstrk gS mls ugha irk gksrk dh cPpk vius ?kj gS ;k esgekuh esa vk;k gSA
(;fn cPpk vius ufugky esa vk;k gS rks ) tgka rd ge tkurs gSa fd vYyk ds jlwy vius nksuksa uokls yksxksa dk cgqr [;ky j[krs FksA bl ckr ls rks yxrk gS fd tc cPpk ufugky esa gks rks vkidh ftEesnkjh c<+ tkrh gS vkSj fdlh chekjh dk dksbZ fuf”pr le; ugha gksrk ;s dHkh Hkh gks ldrh gS blfy, gesa pkfg, dh ge ftruk tYnh gks vius cPps dks lqjf{kr dj ysaA