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APPROVAL SHEET

The complete report of anatomy and physiology of human experiment with

title Reflex movement created by:

Name : Mujahidah

Reg.No : 071404184

Group : IV (Fourth)

Have been checked and consulted by Assistant and Assistant Coordinator and this

report is accepted.

Makassar, November 2009

Assistant Coordinator, Assistant,

Farida kasna NurhikmahReg. no. 061404042 Reg. no. 061404055

Known by:

Lecturer of responsibility

Dr. A. Mushawwir Taiyeb, M. Kes

Nip. 197404052000032002


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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. BackgroundAnatomy and physiology is study toward the structure and function of

human body. The human body consist of some level of structure, start from the

formed compound like atom, that become to big and become to difficult until

become to cell, tissue, organ and system that arrange all body organism. One of

them that study in anatomy and physiology is nerve system. Every day, we are

doing thousand of thing, start from when we open our eye and wake up from the

sleep. Every day, we also think many thing, like home work, friends and soon. All

of them, thinking, feeling, and activity was control by a part of body, that is nerve

system. All stimulus, from inner or outer, received and continue through the nerve

to the brain and medulla spinals, placed the massage to analyze, collected,

compared, and coordinated by process that is called integration. At the nerve

system there movement that not aware, that is called nerve system.

Reflex movement is movement that not to aware, that appear because thereis have stimulus. The reflex movement any that monosinapse and also

polysinapse. The impulse line , beside through the arrange of river nerve, also

include in the central nerve. The reflex movement also have some kinds. Some of

them is knee reflex, heel reflex, bicep reflex, triceps reflex, wink reflex, stomach

skin reflex, light reflex, and withdrawal reflex. Reflex movement work not in the

awareness and feeling of some one. At the reflex movement, impulse through to

the short line or blocked away, that is start from the receptor that receive the

stimulus, then continue by sensory nerve to the central nerve, receive be

connection nerve (association) without the process in the brain, direct to sent the

response to the motorist nerve to arrived to the effectors, that is muscle gland. To

know more about the reflex movement, so we are doing this practicum.


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B. PurposeThe purpose of this practicum is to know or understand the meaning of reflex

movement, and to know the different between monosinapse and polysinapse.

C. BenefitThe benefit of this practicum is the student can know or understand the

meaning of reflex movement, and to know the different between monosinapse and

polysinapse.


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CHAPTER II

PREVIEW OF LITERATURE

The human nervous system represents the product of millions of years of

evolution, particularly in the degree of encephalization or brain complexity. It can be

divided into central and peripheral parts for descriptive purposes, although there is

both anatomical and functional continuity between the two parts. The central nervous

system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is not

so clearly subdivided, but its anatomical parts are: (1) the spinal nerves; (2) the

cranial nerves; and (3) the autonomic nervous system (Anonyma, 2009)

Reflex movement is part from the protection mechanism at the body and

happen fasten than the aware movement, example to closed the eye when it hit the

dust, pull up the hand when it hit the hot thing. This reflection movement cam be

inhibit by aware condition, example not only to pull up the hand from the hot thing,

but with aware to touch the surface of the hot thing. Reflex depend on the present of

reflex arcus that consist of sensory organ and nerve fiber that bring the impulse to the

muscle. This reflex happen from the direct sensory stimulus to ward the motorist waywithout through the brain . For happen the reflex movement needed the structure as to

sensory organ that is skin, sensory nerve fiber, bone marrow, motorist nerve cell and

motorist organ that doing the movement because stimulate by impulse of motorist

nerve (Setiadi, 2007).

Reflex movement mechanism is a movement that happen with in out of our

awareness. Flex or reflex is pull up again the hand. With reflex way from the stimulus

that dangerous is a protection reaction. Extensor reflex (polysinapse), stimulus from

periphery receptor that start from flexi at the body and also connect with extension of

the body. Reflex movement is a part from the protection mechanism at the body and

happen fasten than the aware movement. For example closed the eye when it hit with

dust. To happen the reflex movement, so needed the structure as: the sensory organ


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that receive the impulse for example skin . The sensory nerve fiber that accompany

the impulse to ward the posterior radix ganglion cells and continue the cells fiber will

continue the impulse toward the substansion at the medulla spinals corm posterior.

Bone marrow connected between impulse toward the medulla spinals corm anterior.

The motorist nerve cell receive impulse and accompany this impulse through the

motorist fiber. The motorist organ doing the movement because it is stimulate by

motorist nerve impulse (Syaifuddin, 2006).

Automatic response and fast toward the environment that happen without

join the brain is called reflex. We born is completed with reflex. Reflex is involuntary

character. Most of reflex maintain our from destroy. For example cough and sneeze isreflex that helped to release the object from the esophagus and breath way. Wink is a

reflex that mean to protect the eye. Reflex may be observed when our doing healthy

check up. Knee jerk is a general test to determine what the nerve is good way. If the

knee was to knock, the under leg was react with pull at above. This involuntary pull

at is called reflex action. When the bending of the knee the top of nerve continue the

impulse or massage through the sensory neuron through the medulla spinals. In here,

impulse continued through a interneuron to the motorist neuron. Motorist neuron at

the time continue the impulse as long the axon to the leg muscle that strength to move

the foot. Strip that attack of impulse during the reflex action is called reflex curve.

Reflex curve is the simple response pattern in the body. The response like that, not

include the brain, only coordination between sensory neuron and motorist. Because

the reflex not way in the brain, so it is fasten way (Tambayong, 2001).

Reflex movement is movement that not to aware, that appear because there is

have stimulus. The reflex movement any that monosinapse and also polysinapse. The

impulse line , beside through the arrange of river nerve, also include in the central

nerve. The reflex movement also have some kinds. Some of them is knee reflex, heel

reflex, bicep reflex, triceps reflex, wink reflex, stomach skin reflex, light reflex, and

withdrawal reflex (Taiyeb, 2006).


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Reflex movement work not in the awareness and feeling of some one. At the

reflex movement, impulse through to the short line or blocked away, that is start from

the receptor that receive the stimulus, then continue by sensory nerve to the central

nerve, receive be connection nerve (association) without the process in the brain,

direct to sent the response to the motorist nerve to arrived to the effectors, that is

muscle gland. This blocked way is called reflex curve. Reflex movement can be

different between brain reflex if the connection nerve (association) have in the brain,

example wink ,movement, or narrow the pupil if there are light and bone marrow

reflex if pair of connection nerve found in the bone marrow example reflex on the

knee. Reflex movement is movement that result by nerve line that very simple. Thisnerve line form be sensor neuron secuen, interneuron, and motor neuron. Reflex

movement caused by certain stimulus that usually startle and hurt (Anonymb, 2009).


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CHAPTER III

PRACTICUM METHODE

A. Time and PlaceDay / Date : Monday / November 16th 2009

Time : At 10.00 am until 12.00 pm

Place : Laboratory of Biology Department floor II west part

FMIPA Makassar state university (UNM)

B. Tools and Materials1. Tools:

a. Martialb. Needlec. Flashlight

2. Materialsa. Probandusb. Cottonc.

Aquades

C. Work Procedure1. Knee reflex

Firstly, the probandus sit with overlap foot (the right foot in above) and

move the attend to around. Then, the examiner hit the patella ligament with

reflex martial. And then, observed the reflex that happen.

2. Heel reflexFirstly, the probandus stand with the left foot was crocked and placed on

the chair. Then, the probandus moved the attend to around. After that, the

examiner hit the tendon archiles of left foot with using reflex martial. Then,

observed the reflex that happen.


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3. Biceps reflexFirstly, straight the probandus hand, with passive and placed on the table.

Then, the examiner hit the hand with martial reflex. After that, observed the

reflex that happens.

4. Triceps reflexFirstly, crocked the left hand of probandus with passive. Then, the

examiner hit the tendon triceps brakii with used reflex martial. After that,

observed the reflex that happens.

5. Wink reflexFirstly, the probandus open her/his eye, and looking the far place. Then,

the examiner touches the cornea surface with using the top of cotton that have

to give aquades. Afterr that, observed the reflex that happens.

6. Stomach skin reflexFirstly, the probandus relax strength with the both of hand straight beside

the body. After that, Scratch the skin in the abdomen area from the lateral to

the umbilicus. Then, observed the responses that happen.

7. Light reflexFirstly, the light of flashlight fall in the pupil at one of eye of the

probandus. Then, observe the responses that happen.

8. Withdrawal reflexFirstly, took the needle and touched in the hand of probandus when her/his

attend to around. Then, observed the responses that happen.


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CHAPTER IV

OBSERVATION RESULT AND DISCUSSION

A. Observation Result

NoKinds of

reflex

ResponseAvoid Approach Note

Any No

1 Knee reflex - -- Polosinaps reflex- Scream andmovement

2 Heel reflex - -- Polosinaps reflex- Scream andmovement

3 Biceps reflex - -- Polosinaps reflex- Scream andmovement

4 Triceps reflex - - -- Monosinapsreflex

- movement

5 Wink reflex - -- Monosinapsreflex

- Wink /blink

6 Light reflex - - -- Polisinaps reflex- wink and releasedof tears

7Skin stomachreflex - -

- Polisinaps reflex- Amused andtighten

8Withdrawalreflex

- -- Polisinaps reflex- Scream andmovement


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B. DISCUSSION1. Knee reflex

In this observation, we observed the reflex movement that happens

when we hit the knee. At this observation, we used the martial reflex to hit the

knee of probandus that have to sit with overlap foot (the right foot in above)

and move the attend to around. When, after we hit the knee, the probandus

give responses like to avoid the stimulus. At the knee reflex, we also found

the polysinapse reflex that is scream and movement to avoid the stimulus that

happens at the probandus.

According to Soewolo (2005), according to sum of synapse in thereflex hole, reflex different become to monosynaptic reflex (include one

synapse) and polysynaptic reflex (include more synapse). Withdrawal reflex

and all the other reflex include in polysynaptic reflex, caused this reflex

include many synapse. Only one reflex that simple than the withdrawal reflex

that is stretch reflex. Stretch reflex include in monosynaptic reflex, because in

the reflex hole there are one synapse that is between afferent neuron and

efferent neuron. Example of monosynaptic reflex is patella reflex. According

to explanation above, so the reflexes that happen at the probandus is false, or

not match with the theory. This is caused, may be the people that hit the

patella with marital so hard, so the probandus become to sick and scream.

2. Heel reflexIn this observation, we observed the reflex that happen in the heel when

we hit the heel with used reflex martial. In this observation, we hit the heel of

probandus that have to stand with the left foot was crocked and placed on the

chair. The probandus moved the attend to around. From what we are doing,

there is looking the responses, that avoid the stimulus. At this heel reflex, we

also found the polysinapse reflex that is scream and movement to avoid the

stimuli that happen at the probandus.


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According to Soewolo (2005), according to sum of synapse in the

reflex hole, reflex different become to monosynaptic reflex (include one








not match with the theory. This is caused, may be the people that hit thetendon Achilles with marital so hard, so the probandus become to sick and

scream.

3. Biceps reflexIn this observation, we observed the reflex that happen in the hand

when we straight the probandus hand, with passive and placed on the table. In

this observation, we hit the hand of probandus that have to straight with

passive and placed on the table. The probandus moved the attend to around.

From what we are doing, there is looking the responses, that avoid the

stimulus. At this biceps reflex, we also found the polysinapse reflex that is

scream and movement to avoid the stimuli that happen at the probandus.










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to explanation above, so the reflexes that happen at the probandus is true, or

match with the theory.

4. Triceps reflexIn this observation, we observed the reflex that happen in the hand

when we hit the tendon triceps brakii with used reflex martial the crocked left

hand of probandus with passive. In this observation, we hit the hand of

probandus that have to crock with passive and placed on the table. The

probandus moved the attend to around. From what we are doing, there is

looking the responses, that avoid the stimulus. At this triceps reflex, we found

the monosinapse reflex that is just movement to avoid the stimuli that happenat the probandus.











5. Wink reflexIn this observation, we observed the reflex that happen in the eye

(wink reflex) when the probandus open her/his eye, and looking the far place.

In this observation, we touches the cornea surface with using the top of cotton

that have to give aquades. From what we are doing, there is looking the

responses, that avoid the stimulus. At this wink reflex, we found the

monosinapse reflex that is just wink/blink that happen at the probandus.


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not match with the theory.6. Light reflex

In this observation, we observed the reflex that happen in the eye (light

reflex) when the probandus open her/his eye, and looking the far place. In this

observation, we used the flash light when flashlights fall in the pupil at one of

eye of the probandus. From what we are doing, there is looking the responses,

that avoid the stimulus. At this light reflex, we found the polysinapse reflex

that is wink/blink and release the tears that happen at the probandus.












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7. Skin stomach reflexIn this observation, we observed the reflex movement that happen when

we scratch the skin in the abdomen area from the lateral to the umbilicus of

probandus. At this observation, we used the martil reflex to Scratch the skin in

the abdomen area from the lateral to the umbilicus when, the probandus relax

strength with the both of hand straight beside the body. After we scratch the

skin, the probandus give responses like to avoid the stimulus. At the stomach

skin reflex, we also found the polysinapse reflex, that is amused and tighten to

avoid the stimulus, that happen at the probandus.

According to Soewolo (2005), according to sum of synapse in thereflex hole, reflex different become to monosynaptic reflex (include one









8. Withdrawal reflexIn this observation, we observed the withdrawal reflex that happen in

the hand when we touched the hand with used needle. In this observation, we

touched the hand of probandus that have to relax condition and the probandus

moved the attend to around with the needle. From what we are doing, there is

looking the responses, that avoid the stimulus. At this withdrawal reflex, we

also found the polysinapse reflex that is scream and movement to avoid the

stimuli that happen at the probandus.




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CHAPTER V

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. ConclusionFrom this experiment, we can know or understand the meaning of reflex

movement and the kinds of reflex movement. That is the reflex movement is

movement that not to aware, that appear because there is have stimulus. The kinds

of reflex movement are knee reflex, heel reflex, bicep reflex, triceps reflex, wink

reflex, stomach skin reflex, light reflex, and withdrawal reflex. The reflex

movement any that monosinapse and also polysinapse. When a reflex arc consists

of only two neurons in an animal (one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron), it

is defined as monosynaptic. Monosynaptic refers to the presence of a single

chemical synapse. In the case of peripheral muscle reflexes (patellar reflex,

Achilles reflex), brief stimulation to the muscle spindle results in contraction of

the agonist or effectors muscle. By contrast, in polysynaptic reflex pathways, one

or more interneuron connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals. All

but the most simple reflexes are polysynaptic, allowing processing or inhibition ofpolysynaptic reflexes within the spinal cord.

B. Suggestion1. The practicant must be serious and discipline to doing this practicum, so that

there is not happen mistake and observation result will be better.

2. The tools and materials that to prepare by laboratory must be better.3. The assistant must be attend to the practicant, so there is no happened mistake

to doing the observation.


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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Anonyma. 2009. Nervous System .http://encyclopedia.farlex.com. Accessed atNovember 20th 2009.

Anonymb. 2009.Gerak Reflex .http://www.wikipedia.com . Accessed at November20th 2009.

Anonymc. 2009. Reflex .http://www.answers.com . Accessed at November 20th 2009.

Setiadi. 2007.Anatomi dan Fisiologi Manusia. Graha Ilmu: Yogyakarta.

Soewolo. 2005. Fisiologi manusia. Penerbit Universitas Negeri Malang: Malang.

Syaifuddin. 2006. AnatomiFisiologi untuk Mahasiswa Keperawatan Edisi 3. EGC:Jakarta.

Taiyeb, Mushawwir. 2006.Anatomy dan Fisiologi Manusia. Jurusan Biologi UNM:Makassar.

Tambayong, Jan. 2001.Anatomi & Fisiologi untuk keperawatan. EGC: Jakarta


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nervous systemSystem of interconnected nerve cells of most invertebrates and all vertebrates. It iscomposed of the central and autonomic nervous systems. It may be as simple as the

nerve net of coelenterates (for example, jellyfishes) or as complex as the mammalian

nervous system, with a central nervous system comprisingbrain and spinal cord and a

peripheral nervous system connecting up with sensory organs, muscles, and glands.

In a nervous system, specialized cells called nerve cells or neurones carry messages

as nerve impulses quickly from one part of the body to another. These impulses may

be carrying information about the outside world (stimuli) which allows the body to

respond quickly to them. However, much of the information being carried around is

to do with organizing processes inside the body (nervous coordination).

In mammals, some examples of processes regulated by the nervous system are

changes in heart rate, changes in ventilation rate (breathing rate), the movement of

food along the alimentary canal, and changes in the size of the iris which alter the

amount of light entering the eye.

The nervous system includes the brain, the area in which collected information isused to make decisions and from where responses are initiated. Information is

collected from all over the body, including from specialized sense organs such as the

eye. The rest of the nervous system includes the spinal cord and nerve cells carrying

information to and from the brain. For example, responses to stimuli involve nerve

impulses which are carried along nerve cells from the brain, through part of the spinal

cord, and then to muscles or other cells of the body.

Human nervous system

The human nervous system represents the product of millions of years of evolution,

particularly in the degree ofencephalization or brain complexity. It can be divided

into central and peripheral parts for descriptive purposes, although there is both

anatomical and functional continuity between the two parts. The central nervous


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system consists of the brain and the spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is not

so clearly subdivided, but its anatomical parts are: (1) the spinal nerves; (2) the

cranial nerves; and (3) the autonomic nervous system.

Positioning of the nervous system

In the simplest nervous system, found in the coelenterates, certain sensory cells on

the surface send signals to deeper muscle cells or glands either directly or via a

diffuse network of interconnected nerve cells. A diffuse nervous system lying quite

superficially is common to all coelenterates, and it is only in the flatworms that a

head ganglion develops which receives information from specialized rather than non-

specific sensory cells. In the higher invertebrates, the diffuse nerve net becomescondensed into longitudinal pathways which lead to the head ganglion. In addition

the nervous system retreats from its superficial plane and comes to lie beneath the

body musculature; this evolutionary migration of the nervous system is reflected in

the development of the human nervous system which is derived from ectodermal

(skin) layers of the embryo. In higher animals the sensory cells themselves come to

lie close to the central nerve cord and maintain their connection with the skin by

fibres with specialized nerve endings. In vertebrates, the cephalic or head end of the

nervous system undergoes relative expansion to form the brain, which integrates the

information received from the multitude of sensory cells via the dorsal nervous trunk

or spinal cord.

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