laryngopharyngeal reflux
TRANSCRIPT
1
LaryngoPharyngeal Reflux (LPR)
Prepared by: Nibal Shawabkeh
Supervised by: Dr. Adel Adwan
2 Introduction
The term REFLUX comes from the Greek word meaning “backflow,” usually referring to the contents of the stomach
GERD: an abnormal amount of reflux up through the lower sphincters and into the esophagus.
LPRD: when the reflux passes all the way through the upper sphincter reaching the larynx and pharynx without belching or vomiting
3 Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)
LPRD refers to retrograde flow of gastric contents to the upper aero-digestive
tract, which causes a variety of symptoms
Contributes up to 50% of laryngeal complaints
The injurious agents in the refluxed stomach contents are primarily acid and activated pepsin.
The damage caused by these materials can be extensive.
Specific findings include: laryngeal hyperemia, posterior commissure hypertrophy, pseudosulcus vocalis, and thick endolaryngeal mucus.
4 Synonyms for Laryngopharyngeal Reflux (LPR)
Atypical reflux
Extraesophageal reflux
Gastropharyngeal reflux
Laryngeal reflux
Pharyngoesophageal reflux
Reflux laryngitis
“Silent” reflux
5 Epidemiology
Incidence 4%-10% in various studies
No racial predilection
Common in age > 40 yrs
Up to 70% with hoarseness *
75% - with subglottic stenosis
20%-45%-shows Heartburn, Regurgitation and indigestion
6 Relevant anatomy and physiology
LowerVarious mechanisms acts 3 cm in length
UpperCricopharyngeus + circular muscle fibers of esophagus3 cm in length
7 Pathophysiology
Gastric contents (acid & pepsin)
LES Backflows UES
Laryngeal mucosa (post glottis)
Persistent and chronic Inflammation
Mucosal changes
8 Etiologic factors
Decreased lower esophageal sphincter pressure
Abnormal esophageal motility
Abnormal or reduced mucosal resistance
Delayed gastric emptying
Increased intra abdominal pressure
Gastric hyper secretion of acid or pepsin
9 CLASSIFICATION OF REFLUX
1. Physiologic Asymptomatic
Postprandial
No abnormal findings
2. Functional Asymptomatic
Positive pH study
3. Pathologic Local symptoms
Secondary manifestations of LPR
10 Patterns and Mechanism of LPR and GERD
LPRNo heartburnDaytime (“upright”) refluxersNormal esophageal motilityNormal acid clearanceMajority without esophagitis1 defect - UESClinical presentations
GERDHeartburnNocturnal (“supine”) refluxersEsophageal dysmotilityProlonged acid clearanceCan present with esophagitis1 defect – LESClinical presentations
11 Presentation/Symptoms
Hoarseness – 70%
Voice fatigue, breaking of the voice
Cough – 50%
Globus pharyngeus – 47%
Frequent throat clearing, dysphagia, sore throat, wheezing, laryngospasm, halitosis
12 Secondary problems
LARYNGEAL Benign vocal cord lesions Functional voice disorders Leukoplakia, Ca Larynx Subglottic stenosis Laryngeal Stenosis Laryngospasm Laryngomalacia Delays healing following Post intubation injury
13 Secondary Problems
PHARYNGEALGlobus pharyngeus, Chronic sore throat, Dysphagia, Zenker’s diverticulum
PULMONARYAsthmaBronchieactasisChronic bronchitisPneumoniaCarcinomaFibrosis
MISCELLANEOUS
• Chronic rhinosinusitis• Otitis media in children•Dental erosions
14
15 Diagnosis
Why is diagnosis of LPR often missed??
Low index of suspicion
Patients often don’t have heartburn (esophagitis)
Variable / unrecognized findings
Chronic intermittent nature of LPR leads to decreased sensitivity of pH monitoring
Inadequate duration &/or dosage of PPI
16 Diagnosis
Symptom questionnaire
Laryngeal examination / Laryngoscopy
Therapeutic trial
Endoscopy – limited utility
Ambulatory 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring
17 Symptom Questionnaire:Reflux Symptom Index
18 Diagnosis
Symptom questionnaire
Laryngeal examination / Laryngoscopy
Therapeutic trial
Endoscopy – limited utility
Ambulatory 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring
19 reflux findings score (RFS)
Total severity score: 0 to 26Score greater than 7 suggests positive dual-probe pH study
20 Supraesophageal complications of reflux disease
Normal Larynx Interarytenoid edema
21
Erythema Ventricular obliteration
Pseudosulcus vocalis
22
Ventricular obliteration
Posterior commissure hypertrophy
Thick endo-laryngeal mucus
Ventricular obliteration
23 Erythema/Hyperemia
Erythema
Vocal fold edema
24 Laryngeal Edema
Granuloma
25 Diagnosis
Symptom questionnaire
Laryngeal examination / Laryngoscopy
Therapeutic trial
Endoscopy – limited utility
Ambulatory 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring
26 Therapeutic Trial for SERD
H2 receptor blockers Work great for GERD Generally don’t work for SERD (even high/double doses)
Proton pump inhibitors Generally work for SERD often require double dosing Must use double dose PPI for therapeutic trial Duration: 2 weeks – 6 months (one month should be
sufficient to see improvement May still fail…
Remember: Non-acid reflux!
27 Diagnosis
Symptom questionnaire
Laryngeal examination / Laryngoscopy
Therapeutic trial
Endoscopy – limited utility
Ambulatory 24-hr esophageal pH monitoring Distal esophageal
Proximal esophageal
Dual
Pharyngeal
Oropharyngeal
28 Ambulatory pH Monitoring
Pharyngeal probe– 2 cm above UESProximal esoph. probe- below UESDistal esoph. probe–5 cm above LES
Gold std to diagnose LPR
Criteria'spH < 4Pharyngeal pH drop – oesophageal acid exposurepH drop rapid & sharp
For this diagnostic test a small catheter is placed through the nose into the throat and esophagus for a 24 hour period. The catheter has multiple sensors on it to detect the presence of acid in the esophagus and throat (drop in pH < 4). The patient wears the catheter with a small computer recording device on his/her waist home and comes back to the office the next day to have the readings interpreted and the catheter removed
29 Treatment
Antireflux therapy
Phase I : Lifestyle-dietary modification
Antacid therapy
Phase II : Prokinetic
H2-blockers, PPI
Phase III : Antireflux surgery
30 Lifestyle modifications
Stop smoking
Elevate the head of the bed on blocks(15-20cm)
Reduce body weight
Avoid tight-fitting clothing
Avoid lying down after meals
31 Dietary modification
Avoid fat, caffeine, chocolate, mints,
carbonated drinks, fat, mints chocolate, milk product, onion, cucumber
Avoid alcohol
Avoid overeating
Avoid ingestion of food and drink 2 hours before bed time
32 PHARMACOLOGICAL
DRUGS
ANTACIDS Mixture of Al
hydroxide & Mg trisilicate
ANTISECRETORYH2 Blockers
PPI’sMucosal protective
PROKINETICMetoclopramide
DomperidoneCisapride
33 Drug therapy
Antisecretory H2 Blockers
Ranitidine, Famotidine,
Reversibly reduces acid secretion, not helps in healing
PPI’s
Near total acid suppression, promotes healing
Omeprazole (20-40mg OD)
Mucosal protective Sucralfate, alginic acid
34 Drug therapy
Antacids Immediate relief of symptoms Reduces acidity Not helps in healing Antacid mixture
Prokinetic Symptomatic relief, not helps in healing Increases gastric emptying Metoclopramide (5-10mg tds), Domperidone
(10-20mg tds)
35
36 Surgery
Laparoscopic Nissen Fundoplication
Indications
Failed drug treatment
Complications
Goal
Restore natural integrity of LES & maintain normal deglutition
37
End of Lecture
March 2014