laser induced damage of grazing incidence metal mirrors mark s. tillack t. k. mau mofreh zaghloul...
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Laser Induced Damage ofGrazing Incidence Metal Mirrors
Mark S. TillackT. K. Mau
Mofreh Zaghloul
High Average Power Laser Program WorkshopNov. 13-14, 2001Livermore, CA
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Statement of purposeOur research seeks to develop improved understanding of damage mechanisms
and to demonstrate acceptable performance of grazing incidence metal mirrors, with an emphasis on the most critical concerns for laser fusion. Through both experimen-tation and modeling we will demonstrate the limitations on the operation of reflective optics for IFE chambers under prototypical environmental conditions.
Deliverables:
Measure LIDT at grazing incidence with smooth surfaces. Sept. 1, 2001
Model reflectivity and wavefront changes of smooth surfaces. Sept. 1, 2001
Measure effects of defects and surface contaminants on reflectivity, LIDT and wavefront. April 1, 2002
Model reflectivity and wavefront changes due to defects and April 1, 2002contamination.
Statement of Purpose and Deliverables
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Accomplishments for this period of performance
Compare damage on 99.999% Al with Al-1100 done
Perform tests at 5 J/cm2 done
Perform sub-threshold irradiation of amorphous Al ongoingto explore recrystallization
Establish methods for creating contaminated surfaces done
Obtain samples for neutron irradiation • multi-layer dielectric mirror done
• Al mirror deferred
Exercise ZEMAX to assess wavefront degradation delayed
StatusGoal
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Testing up to 180 J/cm2 has been completed by focusing the beam
fluence
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• Damage occurs at a higher fluence compared with normal incidence
• Silicide occlusions in Al 6061 preferentially absorb light, causing explosive ejection and melting
• Fe impurities appear unaffected
Several shots at 80˚, 1 J/cm2 peak
Damage to Al 6061 at grazing angle (review)
Fe
Fe MgSi
1000x
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Damage Regimes for Al-1100 (0.1% Cu, Fe)
1 J/cm2
4kX
1kX
20 J/cm2
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Damage Mechanisms for Al-1100
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Damage Estimates for Melting and Yielding
1. Estimate of energy required to melt:
T - To = (2q”/k) sqrt(tt/)e = q”t/[(1-R) cos]
T-To = 640˚Ct = 10 ns, =85˚e = 143 J/cm2
2. Estimate of energy required to cause plastic deformation:
y = E To/(1–) fully-constrainedE = 75 GPa, = 25x10–6 y = 13-24 ksi (100-150 MPa) T ~ 35˚Ce ~ 8-10 J/cm2
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Damage Regimes for 99.999% pure Al
130X
180 J/cm2
104 shots
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4 Distinct Regions Are Observed at 104 Shots
I
II IIIIV
Region I Region IV
Nikon EpiPhot
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The Zone Adjacent to the Melted Area Exhibits Effects of Stress
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Why Does the Surface Survive Above 10 J/cm2?
• Something about grazing incidence irradiation stabilizes the mechanical instability?
• Al2O3 capping layer stabilizes the interface?
What we plan to do to explain this:
• Perform additional studies on diamond-turned Al in the range of 10–50 J/cm2.
• Implement beam smoothing to help interpret the results
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Methods of Controlled Surface Contamination
• Many material optionsoxides, metals, carbides, carbon10 nm – 1 m size
• Many vendorsNanoscale Materials Inc. (Nantek)Nanophase Technolgies Corp.Reade Advanced MaterialsAltair Technologies
• Cheap~$1/g
(1) Nanopowders
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Methods of Controlled Surface Contamination
• AerosolUltrasonic atomizersMean droplet size as low as 2–10 mMisonix Inc.*, Sonics and Materials
• Condensed vaporNonvolatile liquid residueUniform coating using spray atomizer
(2) Aerosol and Condensibles
*$1300
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Specularly reflected intensity is degradedby induced mirror surface roughness (review)
Isc=I0e−g+Id
e.g., at 1 = 80o, = 0.1, e-g = 0.97
• The effect of induced surface roughness on beam quality was investigated by Kirchhoff wave scattering theory.
• For cumulative laser-induced and thermomechanical damages, we assume Gaussian surface height statistics with rms height .
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
1 = 80o
70o
60o
Inte
nsi
t y D
e gr a
da t
ion
, e–g
• Grazing incidence is less affected by surface roughness
• To avoid loss of laser beam intensity, < 0.01
12
Isc
Io : reflected intensity from smooth surfaceId : scattered incoherent intensityg : (4 cos1/)2
Iinc
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Laser Scattering from Anisotropic Defects
• Laser induced mirror damages can be spatially anisotropic and may have multiple scale lengths. The surface height statistics may be non-Gaussian.
• We plan to use Kirchhoff theory to determine the loss of specularly reflected intensity due to realistic mirror defects, and compare with experimental measurements.
• The total scattered scalar field is evaluated by the integral expression
where SM is the mirror surface, h(xo,yo) is the measured height distribution, F, A, B, and C are functions of the surface reflectivity, and the incident and reflected angles from which intensity profile distortion can be deduced. • Kirchhoff theory in vector form can be used to include induced depolarization effects on mirror reflectivity.
ψsc(r r ) =−ikeikr
4πrF exp[ik(Axo
SM
∫ +Byo +Ch(xo,yo)]dxodyo
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Goals for next period of performance
• Try to understand/explain why pure Al survives beyond 10 J/cm2
• Perform tests with contaminated surfaces, acquire damage curves
• Perform tests on Al coated surfaces– Damage limits vs. coating technique and degree of attachment– Sub-threshold irradiation of amorphous Al
• Plan testing of MER mirrors
• Ray tracing analysis to determine deformation limits
• Kirchhoff analysis of correlated defects
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Normal incidence reflectivity of several metals