GO AD

LASER TELEMETER PGR AIR GUN APPLICATION

-Task Report-

m

by L. M. Vallese M. W. Wallace

JULY 1967

Picatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey 0780I

Contract DA 28-017-AMC-3^55(A)

-Task 1-

ITT Federal Laboratories Nutley, N.J. 07110

HOC

"*•' ' "I ; tiOYSl 1967 ■!,

Reproduced by the CLEARINGHOUSE

for Federal Scientific & Technical Information Springfield Va 22151 15

LASER TELEMETER POR AIR GUN APPLICATION

Task Report

L. M. Vallese H. W. Wallace

JULY 1967

Plcatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey O780I

Contract DA 28-017-AMC-3l»55(A) Taak 1

ITT Federal Laboratories, Nut ley, N.J. 07110

4

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

SUMMARY

The work of design and fabrication of three Laser Telemeter Units having 18 channels of IRIG telemetry and using a PPM GaAs Laser is described. After a general discussion of the principles of telemetry and of the signal-to-noise enhancement properties of FM, PPM, and PCM systems, a detailed discussion of the electrical and of the mechanical design Is presented.

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FOREWORD

The work of design and development of the Laser Telemeter for air gun was conducted under Task 1, Contract DA 23-017-AMC*3^55(A)> Picatinny Arsenal, Dover, New Jersey, The Connect Project Officer was Mr. Lawrence Ouellette. The personnel who conducted the work at ITT Federal Laboratories'Nutley, New Jersey consisted of Dr. L. M. Vallese, Mr. Milner W. Wallace, Mr. Richard Lachenauer.

The authors have considered it a privilege to work with Mr. Ouellette, who was the original creator of the concept of Laser Telemeter and who maintained cognizance of the effort throughout the program. Thanks are expressed to Mrs. J. Smith for her enthusiastic assistance in the secretarial work connected with this oroject.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

2.1 Teleaetry Technique« 1

2.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of Various Modulation Techniques k

2.3 Data-Transmission Capacity 7

3. ELECTRICAL DESIGN OP THE LASER TELEMETER 9

k. MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE LASER TELEMETER 13

5. CONCLUSIONS 16

FIGURES and TABLES APPENDIX - DETAILED MECHANICAL DRAWINGS

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V

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PIG. 1 Frequency Multiplexing in EM/FA Telemetry

2 Time-Division Multiplexing in FM'FM Telemetry

3 Example of 8-Channel Multiplexer

k Example of Supercommutation and of Subconrautation

5 Theoretical Error Rate for Binary System

6 Idealized Waveform of Sensor Output Signals

7 Fourier Spectrum of Rectangular Waveform of Fig. 6

8 Block Diagram of Laser Telemeter Circuit

9 LT-18-357 Circuit

10 Output Pulse Across 0.9-Ohm Resistor (Fig. 9)

11 Pulse Waveform at Point B (Fig. 9)

12 Waveform at Point C of Fig. 9

13 waveform at Point D of Fig. 9

Ik Waveform at Point E of Fig. 9 ,.

15 General View of Laser Telemeter £*« PfrPPffN bi K^T/S^ST)

16 Unit Terminal Identification List

17 Operating Jumper Plug

18 Battery Charging Plug

19 Side View of User Telemeter LT-18-357

20 Top View of Laser Telemeter LT-18-357

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1. INTRODUCTION

In the following report, the work of design and fabrication of

three 18-charmel Laser Telemeter units for air-gun application devel-

oped under Contract DA 28-017-AMC-3^55(A) • Task 1 - is presented.

The design was initiated on November 29, I966; the telemeter units were

fabricated and were delivered to Plcatlnny Arsenal, New Jersey, on

1 May I967.

The laser telemeter was first conceived at Picatlnny Arsenal by

Mr. Lawrence Ouellette, who also built an initial five-channel experi-

mental model. Starting from this basic design, ITT Pederal Laboratories

developed an 18-channel model, fully operable in an air gun. The

telemeter has been designated Type LT-18-357.

In the following, after a brief review of the basic techniques of

telemetry and a comparison of the slgesl-to-nolse ratios and data-

transmission capacity of various modulation systems, a detailed descrip-

tion of the electrical and of the mechanical design is presented.

Finally, a report on the successful performance of the Laser Telemeter

in experiments conducted with an air gun at Frankford Arsenal is given.

f 2. THEORETICAL PRINCIPLES

I 2»1 Telemetry Techniques f I The study of the variation with time of stresses, strains,

temperatures, accelerations, etc., occurring during the operation of

mie-uifs and projectiles is extremely Important for the design and

I development of the modern highly sophisticated weapons. Telemetry per«

I mlts the realisation of real-time monitoring; however, In the case of f

$■ projectiles, the extremely high values of acceleration and temperature I I encountered, as well ma the short times of flight, make the design of

I telemetry packages rather difficult.

In gtntml, various telemetry techniques are available; these

utilise frequency Modulation of continuous carriers or modulation of

pulse carriers (PAM, PPM, FDM, PCM) and combinations of the two methods.

The PM/FM technique utilises a number of standard subcarrler oscil-

lators (see Table 1) which are frequency-nodulated with deviation ratio

five by the data signals provided by the sensors. The over-all band of

ths various channels ranges from 400 c/e (Channel 1) to 70 Kc/s

(Channel 18 or Channel E), and the selection and »adulation of the

various channels Is made so as to avoid frequency overlapping. Thus,

the channels may be added together (linear operation - designated "mix-

ing") and constitute a frequency-multiplexing system, which can be

demultiplexed readily by means of a suitable bank of filters. In the

PM/PM technique, the multiplexed signal is utilised to frequency-

modulate an RF carrier selected In the ranges 216 - 260 mc/s , or

1435 - 1535 «c/e , or 2200 - 230O mc/s (Fig. 1).

A modification of the above technique is obtained by introduction

of time-division multiplexing. As shown in Fig. 2, a number of the data

channels may be connected at the inputs of a commutator, which samples

each of them at a rate of F times per sec and provides at its output

a sequence of pulses which are utilised to frequency-modulate one of the

subcarrler oscillators. It is well known that, in order that sampling

may preserve the information carried in each channel, it is necessary

that the sampling frequency be at leaat twice the highest frequency con-

tained In the spectrum of the channel signal. The output of the commu-

tator consists of a sequence of pulses from various channels which are

Interleaved and which possess a resultant PRF equal to the product of

the number of channels sampled by the rate of sampling. Therefore, If

N channels are commutated, and if the maximum spectral frequency in any

one channel is f , the sampling r*te must be F > 2f and the over-all

prf at the commutator output is NF > 2 Nf . The subcarrler oscillator

which is to be frequency-modulated with the latter output slgnel must be

selected so that its total frequency deviation is 10 NF or larger.

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The combination of tine multiplexing with frequency Multiplexing

just described allows the utilisation of the large data-frequency-

response capability of the subcarriar oscillator (NF) to transmit a

nunber of low data-rate channcIs (?) , and thus results in a greater

economy of the design, although, of course, the over-all information

capacity is not changed.

In the above-described technique, the data signals from the

various channels frequency-modulate continuous subcarrier oscillators.

Alternatively, the data signals may be made to modulate pulse carriers;

for this purpose, the techniques of PAM (pulse-amplitude modulation),

PDM (pulse-duration modulation), PPM (pulse-position modulation ), or PCM (pulse-code modulation) may be used. If a single data channel is

present, and if its maximum spectral frequency is f , the output may

be made to modulate directly a sequence of pulses, having prf equal

2f or larger. In the case of PCM, each pulse is modulated digitally,

resulting in a group of shorter digits (bits) where the prf of the

group of bits is 2f or larger. Finally, Che modulated pulse sequence

may be made to frequency- or phase-modulate the RF transmitter carrier.

Thus, these techniques may be designated respectively PAM/FM, PDM/FM,

PFM/FM, PCM/FM.

In genetal, more than one data channel is present; in order to

utilise the above-described pulse-modulation techniques, a commutator

is used, so that the outputs of the various data channels are time-

multiplexed and appear as a resultant sequence of samples or pulses

with prf NF (if N is the number of channels and F Is the commu-

tator rate). Clearly, in this case the basic prf of the carrier

pulses to be modulated must be 2Kf or larger. An example of time-

multiplexing of eight data channels in connection with a PAM technique

is shown in Fig. 3; la this case, a master clock triggers a chain of

flip-flops which, through a diode logic matrix, provide enabling

pulses to the gates of the multiplexer. The multiplexed sampled data

t:

i

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are further gated through a "duty cycle gate" which allows only the

alddle 50it of each sample, In order to remove transients and facili-

tate separation between channels and synchronisation at the receiving

end. For synchronisation purposes, one portion of the transmitted

"frame" is reserved for a sync pulse, which ensures the proper reset-

ting of the demultiplexer binary divider chain; in addition, continu-

ous control of the frequency and phase of the demultiplexer master

clock is provided, so that the latter remains closely synchronised with

the multiplexer master clock, even though frequency and phase shifts

due to doppler effects or to other phenomena may occur.

A very important property of the multiplexer is its versatility

in permitting an increase of the data-rate capability of a channel by

supercoanutation (by combining the inputs of two multiplexer gates

together, obtaining the sum of the individual bandwidths); for example,

in the case of Fig. k, Channels 1 and % 2 and 6, 3 *°d 7 may be con-

nected in parallel, because they divide the frame into equal time per*

iods and thus result in samples taken at uniform intervals. For example,

if the prf is 20 Kc, each channel of thp eight channel multiplexers

would have a sampling rate of 2500 c/s ; combining 1 and 5 in parallel

gives a sampling rate of 5,000 c/s for the resulting data channel.

Another useful property is the ability to apportion a given band-

width among a number of channels by subcommutatlon. For example, in the

case of Fig. k, if one of the multiplexer Inputs at 2500-c sampling

rate is connected to the output of another multiplexer, having (say)

l6 channels, each of the input channels of the latter would have a sam-

pling rate of about I56 c/s .

2.2 Signal-to-Wolse Ratio of Various Modulation Techniques

Study of the values of the signal-to-noise ratio after detec-

tion (S /N ) for various modulation techniques shows that, in certain

cases, this ratio may be made larger than the corresponding signal-to-

noise ratio before detection (S /N ) . For example, neglecting the

noli« contributions within the receiver, it is found that, for FM

systems, the following relations exist:

FM

where ß - AB/CD IS the modulation index; the latter relation is valid

provided S /N is above a threshold value which, for large B , is

generally taken as 20:1 (i.e., 13 db). In amplitude-modulated systems,

the signal-to-noise ratio after detection cannot be Increased above the

value S /N . This property of FM systems permits the efficient exchange

of bandwidth for power; for example, if ß • 5 , the FM output S/ü is

75 times that of an equivalent AM system. Alternatively, for the same

S/N at the output of both FM and AM detectors, the required power of the

FM carrier is 1/75 that of the AM carrier.

Consider now the technique of pulse-position modulation. In this

case, one finds the following relationship:

i - 2 t 2 ß2 J£ No ° P Nc

where t is the maximum modulation displacement in any one direction

away from the unmodulated position of the pulse, and ß is the system

bandwidth. Thus, for a given value of the bandwidth, the signal-to-

noise ratio may be enhanced provided a suitable maximum modulation dis-

placement is realised. Vice versa, for a given modulation displacement,

the enhancement is obtained by increasing the system bandwidth. As an

example, if t - lusec and B ■ 3.3 mc/s ; one has:

S S -° - 22 -£

o c

an improvement of 13 db .

In the case of PCM systems, the signal-to-noise ratio varies expo-

nentially with the bandwidth. In fact, assume that the PCM is a binary

(i.e., that it transmits two amplitudes only, such as 1, 0 or 1, -1);

if there are m bits per group, the total number of quantleed levels is

s • 2 . In addition, if the sampling rate is 2f , the number of bits

per level is m , the number of pulses transmitted is 2 mf , and the

channel bandwidth is ß • mf .

At the receiver end, the pulses are reshaped, removing noise and

distortion adfed in transmission. When the signal-to-noise ratio is

above a threshold on the order of 20 db , the probability of error at

detection becomes very small (Fig. 5). The information capacity of the

PCM system for double-polarity digit pulses is written es follows:

2 S C - m f logg (1 + -2« )

* k N

where S Is the average signal power and k is the ratio between

voltage quantisation step and rms noise voltage N . In an ideal

communication system of bandwidth mi, one has:

C - ■ f log- (1 + -SÄ) ; N

thus, it is noted that the capacity of PCM systems is closely related

to the maximum ideal value and that it is proportional to the bandwidth;

furthermore, power and bandwidth are exchanged on a logarithmic basis.

For a given bandwidth, the theoretical value of the capacity is obtained 2

using e power k /12 times larger than the theoretical value; at thresh-

old, this is about 8 times . Finally, the ratio S /N at the decoder o o

output varies linearly with m ; I.e.,

(~) - 10.8 + 6

°db

Recapitulating, PCM offers a greater improvement of S/N than other

modulation systems, in addition, because of the possibility of regen-

erating the individual bit pulses, the s/N ratio is not affected by

fluctuation noise in transmission, provided the S/N IS abovs threshold.

In the ITTFL design of the Laser Telemeter, a PPM technique was

utilized, as explained later; the maximum modulation displacement was

on the order of lu*ec or higher. The system bandwidth, which Includes

the bandwidth of the receiver, has not been determined.

2.3 Data-Transmissl on Capacity

Theoretically, the Information capacity of a channel (i.e.,

the maximum rate of transmitting Information) is proportional to the

system bandwidth and depends upon the number of different symbols to be

transmitted and upon their probability of occurrence; for example, in

an ideal communication system,

S C - ß logg (1 + -22S )

Consider a telemetry channel of given bandwidth. If the modulation

technique is FM (i.e., if the data signals are made to modulate a contin-

uous subcarrler oscillator), the ratio between the maximum frequency

deviation of the subcarrler oscillator and the corresponding modulation

frequency Is the modulation index ß - AD/<D . For IRIG standards, this

ratio is taken as $ , in order that wideband FM be obtained. In gen-

eral, the critical value ß - TT/2 is taken es representing the transi-

tion between narrowband FM (spectral energy concentrated at the carrier)

and wideband FM (spectral energy spread over a wide frequency range).

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Thus, the data capacity of the various FM IRIG channels Is given approxi-

mately by AJ/5 • It haa values of 110 c/s for Channel 11 ; kJQ c/s for

Channel 15 ; 1050 c/s for Channel 18 ; 2100 c/s for Channel E ; etc.

The data rates expected in the case of projectiles are in general

within these ranges. The notion of the projectile within the gun is

analysed by the science of "interior ballistics". In general, a force,

expressed as the product of the pressure tines the cross-section of the

projectile or gun barrel, is applied abruptly at the start and Imparts

an acceleration depending upon the nass of the projectile; aa an example:

xM - F/n - a

Assuming that the notion is only trenalational, and neglecting friction

and resistance of air, one finds that, during a time interval 0 , T ,

the projectile receives increments in velocity and position given by:

m

at 2 m

where F is the mean value of the force in the 0,T time interval .

In the case of the air gun, the phenomena are complicated by the effect

of air resistance as the projectile Dears the end of the peth.

Flight times for air-gun lengths on the order of 50 to 100 ft

are on the order of 10-20 msec , depending upon the mass of the pro-

jectile.

In order to evaluate the corresponding data bandwidth, assume that

the sensor output waveform possesses a rectangular shape, with duration

T and amplitude V (Fig. 6). The Fourier transform of this signal is

(Fig. 7):

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„ ,, . „_ ate (COT/2)

The corresponding bandwidth may be taken a« Af - l/T ; this value

represents an approximation, but Is acceptable since the bandwidth is

not critically dependent upon the waveform of the sensor output. In

fact, If oae assumes that the latter waveform has a triangular shape,

the Fourier transform Is expressed as follows:

F(jco) - VT sin (Q3T/2)

iax/2

and the effective bandwidth Is still approximately £f - 1/T .

Thus, it is seen that, using FM telemetry Channel 18, with fre-

quency response 1050 c/s , a data rate corresponding to a flight time

as short as 1 millisecond may be transmitted usefully. In practice, it

is expected that the applicable d* a rates are much smaller than the

above value.

3. ELECTRICAL DESIGN OF THE LASER TELEMETER

The selection of the optimum modulation technique for the design of

a laser telemeter is made on the basis of considerations of modulation

properties of the laser. A laser telemeter differs basically from an

RF telemeter because its output carrier is emitted as a highly collimated

beam, instead of as an Isotropie radiation pattern; thus, the use of a

laser requires radically different system design. The high direction-

ality of the emitted carrier is useful in the case of projectiles and

missiles to provide trajectory and velocity information. In the case of

application to the air gun, the trajectory is a straight line contained

In a dark cylinder, at the end of which the antenna of the receiver is

located. Thus, the laser carrier lenvls Itself very conveniently to this

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particular application and providas a highly intent* radiation field

and a large slgnal-to-nolse ratio because of its beaa-colllaation

properties.

The GaAs laser is best suited for the design of the telemeter

because it operates with high efficiency and requires unsophisticated

•adulators. However, the power-dissipation properties oust be taken

into account in determining the actual capabilities of the design.

The laser diode is generally built on a small support of molybdenum,

whose length (2-3 «ila) keeps the junction away from the basic thermal

sink and thus results in a limitation of the cooling and an increase

of the Junction temperature under high current drive.

In general, if it is assumed that the junction temperature is

maintained constant at an equilibrium value, there exists a threshold

of input current (and of input power) in correspondence of which laser

action occurs. As an example, at room temperature, the laser diode

RCA TA2628 has a typical current threshold of *v 10A--i.e., an input

power threshold of r^ 15 watts (taking into account the Input resist-

ance of "v.15 ohm , As the junction temperature T is decreased, the

threshold current varies with the power T . Assuming that the laser

is driven with pulses of peak power P , of duration t , and of

repetition frequency f , the average power input is calculated as

follows:

P ■ P Tf ave p

For a given thermal dissipation design, the values of P and of

P are prescribed; on the other hand, the frequency f mist be

selected in accordance with the sampling theorem (i.e., about twice

the maximum frequency of the spectral distribution of the data signals).

There remains the parameter T which must be made as small as possible,

consistent with the response characteristics of the laser diode. In

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practice, pulses as narrow as 5 nanoseconds have been used for the

laser telemeter design; the frequency f has been selected as 150 Kc/s

and thus the ratio P /F has been made approximately 750 x 10 .

A further decrease of the power dissipation if the laser telemeter

has been realized by operating the unit intermittently--!.e., with pulse

trains of duration T* and repetition frequency f. In practical

realization, the values of T* and of V have been selected as

^45 msecs and <^0.5 c/sec respectively. The reduced power dissipa-

tion has been found helpful in improving the operation of the laser as

well as that of the avalanche driver stages, and has permitted the util-

ization of a smaller-sire dc-dc converter; on the other hand, the

intermittent mode of operation of the laser does not interfere with Its

utilization since the flight time in the air gun is expected to be on

the order of 10-20 milliseconds.

A block diagram of the design of the laser telemeter is shown In

Fig. 8. The laser utilises an FM/PPM-modulation technique; eighteen

separate input data channels are available and are used to frequency-

modulate a corresponding number of standard IRIG subcarrler oscillators

Channels 1 to 16. The outputs of the latter are added together ("mixed")

with application of preemphasis and are finally added linearly to a

150-Kc sinusoidal carrier, generated by a local oscillator. The result-

ing voltage is converted into a pulse sequence with positive-going pulses

occurring in correspondence of the zero crossings of the wave; this is

obtained by means of amplification, limiting, differentiation, clipping.

The sequence carries information by a pulse-position-modulation tech-

nique. Finally, the pulses are utilized to trigger avalanche stages,

which in turn drive the GaAs laser.

The intermittent pulse-train operation is obtained by recourse to

a gating transistor, controlled by a signal generated in a dissymmetric

multivibrator (the wave form is a rectangular pulse with duration

•v 45 msec , rep rate A/ 0.5/sec) . The avalanche stages utilize 2N3507

transistors; these have been selected After careful examination of a

number of units. As an example, in Table 2 there are summarized the

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experimental data obtained coopering the amplitudes of the output

pulses, the corresponding time durations, the minimum collector ava-

lanche voltages, the maximum permissible collector voltages for a

number of transistors—Typ« 2N303fc, 2N3035, and 2N3507. The avalanche

stages are supplied from a dc-dc converter; however, since the current

drain of the avalanche transistors Is very high during the OH state, two

largo storage capacitors (50uF) have been added to supply additional

power at the peak of the demand.

A detailed clr At diagram of the laser telemeter is shown in

Fig. 9 i among the details of design of interest we note the use of a

clamping diode at the base of first transistor 2N3507, to raise the

trigger pulse above ground; the use of diode FDlOO to provide a return

path for the charging current of the capacitors in the avalanche stages;

the use of a voltage divider to provide stable and accurate supply volt-

ages for the drive and final avalanche stages; the use of two parallel-

connected output avalanche stages. Waveforms of the signals appearing

at various points of the system have been taken and are shown in

Figs. 10 to Ik. in Fig. 10 is shown the output pulse obtained by replac-

ing the laser diode with a 0.9-ohm resistor; the visual observation was

made using Tektronix Scopes Mod 5^5A and Mod 585, which have respectively

15-uaec and h.5-nsec rise time; the iraasurement of the pulse duration

is~15 n»«c with Mod 5^5A and ~ >nsec with Mod 585; the peak current

is fj 7.5A .

The shape of the output pulse train is shown also in Fig. 10. In

this case, the pulse-train duration was k2 milliseconds; the train rep

rate was 0.^5/sec ; the pulse rep rate was 150 Kc/s ; the peak current

was initially 7« 5A and dropped to 5A at the pulse end.

In Fig. 11, the waveform of the pulses driving the final avalanche

stages is shown. It is seen that the peak voltaga varies from 6V at

the beginning of the pulse train to 5V at the end of the train; thus,

a smaller droop than that shown at the final stage is present.

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In Flg. 12, the waveshape of the pulses driving the first *r»'alancha

stege Is shown in the case of no modulation; these pulses have a peak

of kv and a duration of about 6.2 usec . When telemetry signals are

applied, a periodic back-and-forth shift ("Jitter") of the said pulses

about their "no-modulation" position occurs.

In Fig. 13, the waveshape of the signals consisting of the 150 Kc/s

carrier with and without superimposed telemetry signals Is shown.

In Fig. 11*, the envelope of the pulse train (gate pulse) is pre-

sented; this has a magnitude of 8 - 10V , a duration of 42 msec ,

and a rep rate of 1 per 2.2 sec .

k. MECHANICAL DESIGN OF THE USER TELEMETER

A genera1, view of the Laser Telemetry Unit is shown in Fig. 15.

The over-all weight is 7 lbs. Since it is comprised of several more-

or-less discrete elements or subassemblies, a brief description of each

can be given.

Recessed in the base plate is a Winchester Connector, to which all

external connections nay be made for both operation of the Telemeter

and recharging of the batteries. Internal connections to this unit

terminal are listed in Fig. 16. The mating external connector must pro-

vide jumper connections as shown in Fig. 17 for operation of the unit or

as shown in Fig. Id for recharging the batteries.

To the inside of this base plate is screwed the special mount con-

taining the 18 »ubcarrier oscillators plus a mixer-amplifier. This

mount also has a similar terminal to that of the entire unit so that it

plugs into the prewired socket when the base plat« is screwed to the

rather Intricate aluminum block that carries the DC-DC converter. No

attempt has been made to show the many wires that exist in the Junction

box which can be located on the drawing by its cover, Item 7.0. These

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wires, the back of the terminals to which they are connected, —id the

DC-DC converter all are encapsulated with High Taap Resin or Dow-Corning

Sllastlc.

The next assembly Is the Battery Block of aluminum In which are

potted the batteries, their Interconnections, and a socket through which

the mixed signal and DC voltages are connected to the two layers of

encapsulated circuits indicated as Item 5.

The circuits contained in the first layer are the carrier oscilla-

tor and the multivibrator which gates the unit on periodically. The

second layer contains the remainder of the circuit stages. Bach of

these layers uses cordwood construction between 1 '32-in.-thick fiberglass

disks. Many connections were made by soldering as sound resistances welds

were not obtained on the leads of many of the available components. All

of these soldered connections were made mechanically by binding and crimp-

ing the leads so the* the circuits were complete before soldering. Each

layer contains four bi ss bushings, with those of lower layer threaded to

receive No. 6-32 screws. This system makes the two layers into a single

unit with the screws and bushings providing more dimensional stability

than the potting resin alone can achieve. The six interconnections be-

tween layers are clinched and soldered near the outer diameter of the

interface and are covered with Sllastlc.

To provide the very short pulses (about ^-nanottcond duration), the

final avalanche transistor stage is located centrally just beneath the

transistor socket Into which the GaAs laser is plugged. Plugglng-ln

rather than solidly wiring-in the laser was chosen to facilitate replace-

ment of the latter. However, if solid wiring connection is used, it may

be possible to decrease further the duration of the laser pulses, thus

Improving the over-all thermal performance.

The laser used is the type RCA-TA2628. Though this laser can be

operated at room temperature, the current required Is 10-1? Amperes,

and the laser still must be cooled to maintain it at room te-nperature.

-1U-

During the course of work on this contract, it has been found that these

lasers can be operated with 5-nsee puls.* at 150,000 pulses per

second at any temperature below -30°C when the driving circuit has only

one of the two transistors operating. The second avalanche transistor

doubles the current to assure above-threshold lasing. It was also found

that, cooling with dry ice in the annular channel «if Item 4.00, about

30 minutes of operation could be obtained. Since this tiae Interval

coincides with the permissible discharge time of the batteries, it is

considered adequate.

Cooling of the laser is obtained by clamping it in s brass collar

with an annular channel In which a doughnut of dry ice is placed. Since

the case of the laser is above ground, the collar is mounted on a 3'16-inr

thick disk of fiber glass. Thus, the laser is held in the collar with a

brass jam nut, and its 1'2-in.-long leads (one insulated with teflon

sleeving) pass through individual holes in the bottom of the collar,

then through a common clearance hjle in the fiberglass and into the

transistor socket in the circuit deck.

The battery block, DC-DC converter block, and the subcarrier oscil-

lator base plate all are mounted together with stainless-steel screws;

on the other hand, the circuit deck assembly and laser head are plugged

in, and must be held with an outer stainles .-steel case, Item 3*00, and

the nose piece, Item 1.00. Because of the usual slight out-of-round of

stainless-steel tubing and slight misalignment of the several assemblies

within the unit, the case is a very snug fit. Three set screws, Item

2.00, are used to hold the nose piece to the case. This arrangement

holds the unit together only adequately for handling; but when it is

loaded into the vehicle of an air gun and a jam nut run down against the

shoulder of the nose piece, everything is made se<~ ,i(,

Colllmatlon of the laser beam is obtained by means of a lens sup-

ported in a brass holder and secured with a stainless-steel jam nut in

th» aluminum nose piece. Finally, photographs of the completed Laser

Telemeter Unit are shown in Figs. 19 and 20.

-15- » I

5. CONCLUSIONS

The work of d«iign and fabrication of th« Laser Telemeter Unit

waa completed successfully. The performance of the laser diode

exceeded the original hopes, and the circuits of pulse generation,

avalanche, modulation, etc., were also brought to a high degree of

refinement. A judicious compromise between thermal and electrical

design was achieved.

Preliminary tests conducted at Prankford Arsenal in a 70-ft

air gun have shown that the Laser Units withstand very well the accel-

erations and the stresses produced in this type of experimentation.

No damage to any components, including the laser diode, was noted.

Information data placed on Channel 17, 52.5 Kc/s and consisting of

a 100-c's sinewave, was recovered from the tape ^cording made dur-

ing the test.

It is expected that further advances of design will be possible

on the basis of the results obtained with the present Telemeter. In

particular, the duration of the pulses and their duty cycle may be

increased, thus extending the range of applicability of the device.

Additional improvements in weight may be obtained by more-extensive

recourse to Integrated circuits.

•16-

TABLE I

SUBCARRIER OSCILLATOR FREQUENCIES

AND

CENTEL PREQ. (cpa)

4oo

LOWER LIMIT (cp«)

370

UPPER LIMIT

430

DEVIATION (i)

FREQUENCY RESPONSE

(cps)

1 ±7.5 6

2 56O 518 602 n 8.4

3 730 675 785 tt 11

4 960 888 1,032 it 14

5 1,300 1,202 1,398 n 20

6 1,700 1,572 1,828 it 25

7 2,300 2,127 2,473 11 35

8 3,000 2,775 3,225 it 45

9 3,900 3,607 4,193 11 59

10 5,400 4,995 5,805 tt 81

11 7,350 6,799 7,901 it 110

12 10,500 9,712 11,288 it 160

13 14,500 13,412 15,588 it 220

11* 22,000 20,350 23,650 1» 330

15 30,000 27,750 32,250 11 450

16 to,ooo 37,000 43,000 tt 600

17 52,500 48,560 56,44o 11 790

18 70,000 64,750 75,250 11 1,050

A 22,000 18,700 25,300 ±15 660

B 30,000 25,500 34,500 11 900

C 1*0,000 34,000 46,000 11 1,200

D 52,500 44,620 60,380 11 1,600

E 70,000 59,500 80,500 it 2,100

TABLE II

TESTS OP AVALANCHE TRANSISTORS

TRANSISTOR SIGNAL S3 [GNAL MIN. AVALANCHE SELP-AVALANCHE TYPE HO.

2 e

INPUT OUTPITT

20V lUNS

VOLTAGE VOLTAGE

3507 > V 20NS 120V Not Aval. 130V 303U A 1 L.2V 20NS >20V 5NS 85V " 9OV 3507 31 1 1.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 95V 155V 3507 1 * > V 20NS 18V IONS 100V " 110V 303U B 3 L.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 87V 92V 3507 5 I ̂ V 20NS lfV 15NS 95V Not Aval. 100V 3507 9 » 1 V 20NS 17V 13NS 100V " 105V 3507 7 » * V 20NS I8v 12NS 100V " 110V 3507 8 1 * V 20NS 20V 12NS 105V " 120V 3507 u I * V 20NS 17V 15NS 120V " lUOV 3507 6 l \- V 2CNS 19V 12NS 115V rt 125V 3507 3 » * V 20NS 19V lUNS 120V " I3OV 303* c L.Uv 20NS 17V 5NS 70V 75V 303* D 1 1.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 8CV 90V 303U E ] L.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 80V 92V 303U P 1 L.2V 20NS >20V 5NS 82V 92V 303U G ] L.2V 20NS >20V 5NS 85V 90V 303* H 3 L.2V 20NS 20V 5NS 76V 9Uv 303U 1 1 L2V 20NS I8v 5NS 70V 85V 3035 1 3 1.2V 20NS lUv 5NS 65V 67V 3035 2 1 1.2V 20NS 10V 7NS 70V 72V 3035 3 3 L.2V 20NS 15V 5NS 60V 78V 3035 U 1 L.Uv 20NS 9V 8NS 60V 6ov 3035 5 1 L.2V 20NS 11V 5NS 55V 57V 3035 6 1 1.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 80V Very Unstable 6ov 3035 7 1 L.2V 20NS lUv 5NS 58V 78v 3035 8 3 I. IV 20NS 13V 5NS 65V 68v 3035 9 Doesn't Avalanche Uov 3035 10 ] L2V 20NS 9V IONS 70V 70V 3507 1 3 L.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 95V 1U3V 3507 2 3 L.Uv 20NS >20V 5NS 100V l6ov 3507 3 1 L.2V 20NS l6v 5HS 95V Very unstable 75V 3507 U 1 IM 20NS >20V 5NS 100V 150V 3507 5 l L.UV 20NS >20V 5NS 105V 130V 3507 6 1 L.UV 20NS >20V 5NS 105V l6ov 3507 8 3 L.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 95V 105V 3507 9 Doesn't Avalanche at all 8ov 3507 10 3 L.UV 20NS >20V 5NS 105V 155V 3507 11 3 L.Uv 20NS >20V 5NS 105V 1U5V 3507 12 1 L.2V 20NS >20V 5NS 100V loov 3507 13 1 L.3V 20NS >20V 5NS 115V 170V 3507 lU 3 l.Uv 20NS >20V 5NS 105V l6ov 3507 15 1 L.UV 20NS >20V 5NS 95V 1U5V

r

DISTRIBUTION LIST

Commanding Officer Picatinny Arsenal Dover, New Jersey

Attn* Director, Production end Procurement Directorate, SMUPA-PA12

Defense Documentation Center for Scientific and Technical Information

Cameron Station Alexandria, Virginia

20

1 400 c's

(6.0 c't)

560 c'» ■ — m 2 «-• (8.4 c't) L-

Mix«r -

m

i

i

t

i

i

70 Kc't 18 (i050 c'sj "

V

FM Modul. Transm,-

F1G. 1 - FREQUENCY MULTIPLEXING IN FM'FM TELEMETRY

V

18

I ^ Transri

N Channel Commutator

i

FIG. 2 - TTME-DIVISTON MULTIPLEXING IN FM'FM TELEMETRY

F'F,

Logic Matria

JL

I £

/ JL

F'F„ - 2

n JL /_.

± __>.

F'F,

JU I.'

From Logic Matrix

Gate

4 at

Matter Clock

zn 3 U

- 5 6

- — 7 - 8

Aux. Funct ion

To Gate Con- trols

(enable pulses)

To Trans«.

Modulation

-Ö-

« m o

:* o

■*

[i|-

Ö {§-

td 4-) a) O

C/5

c

«

FIG. 3 - EXAMPLE OF fl-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER

p/p Ttl __ Maater Clock r r

I6-CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER

i H

PRF 20 Kc

16

To Tran«

Moaulator

156 c'a

FIG. k - EXAMPLE OF SUPERCOMMUTATION AND OF SUBCOMMUTATION

t

5

u V)

t/1

C

S u o

? ^

M K

t< 0

M

O

4J OJ

U o

I

O

(0 •H

I I I

SQ o N *o 5

(V?) £fc/^ SP/O// CU 7(///!?/S

f

\f

i

FIG. 6 - IDEALIZED WAVEFORM OF SENSOR OUTPUT SIGNALS

^-V/ -tr -AiK T r V

--*- UJ

FIG. 7 - FOURIEF SPECTRUM OF RECTANGULAR WAVEFORM OF FIG. 6

XT12

\JtcroH

rinn

11

i'

ILL //V/y MM. Sotktr AHthttt

LOW fit. K V0TCK

t/SO

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/« INPUTS /6K\

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■JJ02

IUK

/.0

^ I.XK

680

\

¥JK JioK 13.JK

\

_|( /yw\-

■ StlH

.«o/X

EXCEPT A« MAY ■( OTHERWISE PROVIDED BY CON- TRACT. THtil DRAWINGS AND SPECIFNATIONS ARC THE PROPERTY OF ITT FEOERAL LABORATORIES. *RI ISSUED IN STRICT CONFIDENCE. AKO SHALL NOT BE REPRODUCED OR COPIED. OR USED AS THE BASIS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR SALE OF APPARATUS WITHOUT PERMISSION

DR *$Wki/f*t*r

CKfcC

APPI ma^ »■!■«

DATE

DATE

ROVED/By, . , DA ATE AM

OOli.» I ««•». INC . •■OORLVM IT. N. Y »IFftOVd NO. 440M T

iLi i ON

■JOAAO

TZ2626

/* /K

pois

RDUM AH* R OUTPUT ARE A8**ir I6K ANJb /<># Bur

ARE Cuts**/ F*K Tvr 7b*T/cuiAt

2//34~07*S UUP JH EACH ö*cu,r,

freute 9 LT-/8 -3S7 CittuiT

\f DATE

. .. , DATE t i n T i I.

TTT ****** LABORATORIES A MVIMOM Of MTERNATIONAI. TELEPHONE AMD TELEtRAPH CORPORATION

SIZE

B CODE IDENT. NO.

90348 [ SCALE SHEET / o^3

k2 mate 4

FIG. 10 - OUTPUT PULSE ACROSS 0.9-0hm RESISTOR (AA* of Pig. 9)

"P «*^5 o »«c (•«• text)

1 6v

L 0.75V 6v

J Hi MM|B-

FIG. 11 - PULSE WAVEFORM AT POINT B (Fig. 9;

T 5V

PIG. 12 - WAVEFORM AT POINT C OP PIG. 9

(No telemetry signal applied)

1 0.5V

f*~6.2 iieeCi PIG. 13 - WAVEFORM AT POINT D OF PIG. 9

(No telemetry signal applied)

• 2.2 sec

PIG. 1* - WAVEFORM AT POINT E OP PIG. 9

A- -.026 DIA. SOLDER CUP

Male UNIT TERMINAL IDENTIFICATION LIST

(ITT Federal Labs)

Female

A +27.5V to Vector Unit B +27.5V From Battery C Chassis Ground (through Vector Unit) D Battery & System Ground E +15.6 to Pin No.1 Potted Circuit F +27.5V to DC-DC Converter H +15.6V From Battery J INPUT to Channel No. K INPUT to Channel No. L INPUT to Channel No. M litfUT to Channel No. N INPUT to Channel No. P INPUT to Channel No. R INPUT to Channel No. S INPUT t» Channel No. T INPUT to Channel No. U - 9.6v to Pin NOo V N. C. W INPUT to Channel No. X INPUT to Channel No.- Y - 9.6V From Battery Z INPUT to Channel No. a INPUT to Channel No. b INPUT to Channel No. c INPUT to Channel No. d INPUT to Channel No. e INPUT to Channel No. f INPUT to Channel No. h N. C.

3 - 0.73 kc 1 - 0.1*0 kc

5 - 1.3 kc 9 - 3.9 kc 7 - 2.3 kc 11 - 7.35 kc 15 - 30,0 kc

13 - 14.5 kc 17 - 52.5 kc 0. 2 Potted Circuit

16 - 40.0 kc Ik - 22.0 kc tery 18 - 70.0 kc 8 - 3.0 kc 12 - 10,5 kc 10 - 5»w kc 2 - O.56 kc 6 - 1.7 kc k - O.96 kc

Figure l6

f

l-i-1/i

Male

Female

•A* Lfl2S0U.SOLCCTCl»

OPERATING JUMPER PLUG

(ITT Pederal Lab«)

A B

D

M Signal Ground

HJ J INPUT to Channel No. 3 - 0.73 kc K INPUT to Channel No. 1 - O.to kc L INPUT to Channe1 No. 5 - 1.3 kc M INPUT to Channel No. 9 - 3.9 kc N INPUT to Channel No. 7 - 2.3 kc P INPUT to Channel No. 11 - 7.35 kc R INPUT to Channel No. \"7 - 30.0 kc S INPUT to Channel No. 13 - IK 5 kc T U

INPUT to Channel No. 17 - 52.5 kc

W INPUT to Channel No. 16 - IJO.O kc X y z

INPUT to Channel No. Ik - 22.0 kc

INPUT to Channel No. 18 - 70.0 kc a INPUT to Channel No. 8 - 3.0 kc b INPUT to Channel No. 12 - 10.5 kc c INPUT to Channel No. 10 - 5.k kc d INPUT to Channel No. 2 - 0.56 kc e INPUT to Channel No. 6 - 1.7 kc f INPUT to Channel No. k - 0.96 kc

Figure 17

r~TK—\ Male

BATTERY CHARGING PLUG

(ITT Federal Labs)

Female

J020DIA. SOLDER CUP

B

D

+27.5V (Orange) Ground (Brown)

- 9.6v (Green)

-Other terminals not connected-

FIGURE 18

FIG. 19 - SIDE VIEW OF LASER TELEMETER LT-18-357

■■fid HI a, 629j?

FIG. 20 - TOP VIEW OF LASER TELEMETER LT-18-357

62 913

APPENDIX

DETAILED MECHANICAL DRAWINGS

User Telemeter Unit LT-18-357

I

JLL

VSCTO* MOUNT

DC-DC

f EXCEPT At MAY ■£ OTHERWISE PROVIOEO RY CON TRACT. THESE DRAWING« AND SPECIFICATIONS ARE THE PROPERTY OP ITT FEDERAL LABORATORIES ARE ISSUED IN STRICT CONFIDENCE AND SHALL NOT BE REPRODUCED OR COPIED. OR USED AS THE BASIS FOR THE »ANUFACTURE OR SALE OF APPARATUS WITHOUT PERMISSION

%tWWt/;«t'L. *-* CHECKED BY

DATE ■B,

DATE

APPROVED BY DATE

OOlLVIt Fltt»«. INC . SIIOOHLTN IT. H Y. MF«OYCL NO «OK

JLL 1-1

DC-DC BATTCRy LASER

\

Y

DATE

DATE

DATE

JWfWl FUmd LABORATORIES 111 MUTlfY. MW4WMT, U.S.A.

A MVUION Of MTUNATKMML. TILtPMONC AM) miMAPH COftPOftATICN

SIZE

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unclassified Security Cjwificition JM> rrso utsi

DOCUMENT CONTROL DATA - R&D (t*mtt1tr elaitlllctllon ol Mil», bmay •* atotwct ami MAniUnf annalaUan antat to «ntand mtnm m\* ava«alf rmpott I» cimsmltl»*)

1 ORIOINATIN 0 ACTIVITY fCoiponw» mult**)

ITT Federal Laboratories ^00 Washington Ave,, Nutley, N.J.

f RIRORT SCCURITV C «.*»»IFlCATIOH

Unclassified Ik «neu»

J REPORT TITLE

LASER TELEMETER FOR AIR GUN APPLICATION

4 DESCRIPTIVE MOT« (Typ* ■/ faaart an* Inch»Ir* 4m»—>

Technical Task Final 29 Nov I966 29 April I967 » AUTHOR«; AMI mi, Mm MM, WdaO

Vallese, Lucio M. Wallace, Milnar W.

• • REPORT DATE

JUNE I967 ■ •. CONTRACT ON «RANT NO. DA 28-017-AMC"3^55^ /S\ ORIOINATOR'» RIWIIT HUMMRfSJ

6. PROJECT NO. Task NO. 1

AMCMS 5023.11.1U200

Ja- TOTAL HO. OP PAOM

73

• A. QTHCRRfPORT HO(S) (Anf am\»t mmtow Mai may to aaaJ#iaaf

10- AVAlLAPILiTY/LIMITATlON NOTICES

Distribution of this document is unlimited.

II. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES IS. SPONSORINO MILITARY ACTIVITY

United States Army / Picatinny Arsenal __ I Dover, New Jersey 07801

13- ABSTRACT

The work of design and fabrication of three Laser Telemeter Units having 18 channels of IRIG telemetry and using a PPM GaAs Laser is described. After a general discussion of the principles of telemetry and of the signal-to-noise enhancement properties of FM, PPM, and PCM systems, a detailed discussion of the electrical arid of the mechanical design is presented. (-U0_~~

DD ,»1473 it A 010 j r.i «ooo

Uaclenluiftd Security Claasiflcatioc

•r mciM«ifi«d Security Classification

14- KCV WOROS

LINK A

ROLC

LINK a LINK C WT 1

LtNT T«l«s«t«r GaAs Ssalcooductor Later PPM-FM Tslsnttry Air-Gun Testing

INSTRUCTIONS t ORIGINATING ACTIVITY: EoMr UM HM and address of the contractor, ■ubcontractor, grantee, Department of De- feaae activity or other Organisation (coiporata milhot) loading the report.

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! L SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES: tory notes.

Use for additional erptona-

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Unclassified Security Classification