Last Last Class!Class!

• Exam StructureExam Structure

• Web sites (a cautionary tale)Web sites (a cautionary tale)

• Australian Territories (see link on Australian Territories (see link on course web page for correction to text)course web page for correction to text)

• Pacific RealmPacific Realm– Maritime boundary issuesMaritime boundary issues– RegionsRegions

• AntarcticaAntarctica

Final: Monday 25 AprilC-674 2:00 – 4:00

A. Multiple choice: 20 @ 2 = 40 B. Map: 10 @1 = 10

JaKoTa, SE Asia, Australasia

C. Definitions: ¾ @ 10 = 30 “Define and illustrate with an example”

D. Essay: 1/3 @ 20 = 20 2 hours: Examination book and Scantron Need pen, pencil, & dictionary if ESL

Final: Monday 25 April C-674

South America to Pacific Textbook, virtual field trips, lectures Multiple choice are mainly regional Definitions are mainly conceptual Essays: Integrative, structured, compelling,

creative and original

Pacific RealmPacific RealmMajor Geographic QualitiesMajor Geographic Qualities

• Largest total area of all realmsLargest total area of all realms

• Smallest land area Smallest land area

• Intensely fragmented & dispersedIntensely fragmented & dispersed

•High-IslandHigh-Island vsvs Low-IslandLow-Island dichotomy dichotomy

• Politico-Geographical TransitionPolitico-Geographical Transition

Pacific RealmPacific Realm

Survivor: Set in all Three Regions!Survivor: Set in all Three Regions!

Regional CharacterRegional Character

• 90% of land area in New Guinea– West Papua (Irian Jaya before 2002 – Indonesian

province)– Papua New Guinea (PNG)

• Colonized/administered by France, Britain, US, Australia, New Zealand

• Total Population: 8.5 Million, 60% in PNG• Refuelling, Tourism, Minerals, Fishing• Political Organization

– Independent States, Colonies, Dependencies, & Administrative Units• e.g. U.S Trust Territory or Cook Islands (NZ)

Marine GeographyMarine Geography

• Sub-field of geography concerned with the spatial Sub-field of geography concerned with the spatial arrangement of the seas, marine resources and maritime arrangement of the seas, marine resources and maritime boundariesboundaries

• Maritime boundariesMaritime boundaries– Formerly cannon shot then 3 nautical mile limitFormerly cannon shot then 3 nautical mile limit

• UN Conference on Law of the SeaUN Conference on Law of the Sea– Territorial Sea (12 Mile Limit) - full sovereigntyTerritorial Sea (12 Mile Limit) - full sovereignty– Exclusive Economic Zone (200 Miles) – control of resources:Exclusive Economic Zone (200 Miles) – control of resources:

• Oil and gasOil and gas• FisheryFishery• But guarantee of free passageBut guarantee of free passage

• High Seas – beyond 200 miles, no national claimHigh Seas – beyond 200 miles, no national claim• Median Line boundariesMedian Line boundaries• Continental Shelf (down to 600 feet (100 fathoms) & out Continental Shelf (down to 600 feet (100 fathoms) & out

to 200 Miles)to 200 Miles)– Or more depending on bathymetry and geologyOr more depending on bathymetry and geology

Areas shown in blue are potential areas of an extended continental shelf beyond the 200 nautical mile limit (red) EEZ.

Regions of the PacificRegions of the Pacific

• MelanesiaMelanesia– West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Solomon West Papua, Papua New Guinea, Solomon

Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, FijiIslands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Fiji• MicronesiaMicronesia

– Largely U.S. Trust Territory 1945-1980sLargely U.S. Trust Territory 1945-1980s– Palau, Federated States Of Micronesia, Northern Palau, Federated States Of Micronesia, Northern

Mariana Islands, Republic Of The Marshall Mariana Islands, Republic Of The Marshall Islands, Nauru, Western Kiribati, GuamIslands, Nauru, Western Kiribati, Guam

• PolynesiaPolynesia– Kiribati, Cook Islands, Hawaii, Samoa, American Kiribati, Cook Islands, Hawaii, Samoa, American

Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga, French Polynesia, Samoa, Tuvalu, Tonga, French Polynesia, MarquesasMarquesas

High-IslandsHigh-Islands

• Volcanic originsVolcanic origins

• High elevations/rugged reliefHigh elevations/rugged relief

• Well-wateredWell-watered

• Good soils, some agricultureGood soils, some agriculture

• Tend to have larger populationsTend to have larger populations

• E.g. New Caledonia, Hawaii E.g. New Caledonia, Hawaii

Low-IslandsLow-Islands

• Majority of realm’s islandsMajority of realm’s islands

• Coral thus little fresh ground waterCoral thus little fresh ground water

• Low elevation/reliefLow elevation/relief

• Vulnerable toVulnerable to– DroughtDrought– Inundation by sea level rise/tsunamiInundation by sea level rise/tsunami

• Fishing, coconut palm, no mineralsFishing, coconut palm, no minerals

• Tourism and internet domainsTourism and internet domains

Coral reef Coral reef formationformation

PNGPNG

• 5.2 million5.2 million• Since 1975Since 1975• Ethnically diverse: Ethnically diverse:

– English and Tok Pisin, a creole English and Tok Pisin, a creole

• Subsistence slash and burn agriculture, Subsistence slash and burn agriculture, gathering, hunting pigsgathering, hunting pigs

• Since 1980s: oil, gold, copperSince 1980s: oil, gold, copper• Bougainville in Solomans attempted Bougainville in Solomans attempted

secession in 1990s secession in 1990s

AntarcticaAntarctica

• Ice dome – 3.2 kms thick at poleIce dome – 3.2 kms thick at pole• 5.5 million square miles5.5 million square miles

– (compare North America 7.7 million)(compare North America 7.7 million)

• Roald Amundsen, 1911 Roald Amundsen, 1911 • Ross Ice ShelfRoss Ice Shelf• Multiple ClaimsMultiple Claims• The Antarctic Treaty, 1961The Antarctic Treaty, 1961

– Promotes scientific collaborationPromotes scientific collaboration– Prohibits military activityProhibits military activity– Territorial claims are held in abeyanceTerritorial claims are held in abeyance

It’s been a great trip…It’s been a great trip…Thank-you!Thank-you!