last class – global what transformations occur as energy flows through the earth system....
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Last Class – Global What transformations occur as energy flows through theearth system.
Relationship between distance from the source and amountof energy available.
This Class - Energy Balance – Earth’s Structure How does variability in the earth’s physical structure affect the transformations of energy?
What is the physical structure of the atmosphere?
What is the chemical structure of the atmosphere?
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Energy comes to earth in thesewavelengths
Energy leaves the earth in thesewavelengths
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How do features of the earth’s surface control energy exchange - Changes in Albedo
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How features of the earth’s surface control energy exchangeChanges in Albedo
Light colors reflect energy – they have a high albedo(e.g. snow, ice)
Dark colors absorb energy – they have a low albedo(many soils and rocks)
Water can be quite variable in it’s albedo(related to angle of incidence and what is in the water)
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Effect of Clouds on RadiationDaytime
Clear sky conditions Cloudy conditions
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Effect of Clouds on IR RadiationNight time
Clear sky conditions Cloudy conditions
Ahrens 3rd Edition, p. 63
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Energy Balance – Atmospheric Structure - Feedbacks
What is the physical structure of the atmosphere?
What is the chemical structure of the atmosphere?
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These fluxes are related to the structure and composition of the atmosphere. They allow life to exist
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Weather occurs here
Ozone - UV protection here
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Structure of the Atmosphere
Thermosphere
Mesosphere
Ozone MaximumStratosphere
Troposphere
Temperature
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78% nitrogen
20.6% oxygen
< 1% argon
0.4% water vapor
0.036% carbon dioxide
traces gases:Ne, He, Kr, H, O3
Methane, Nitrous Oxide
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Absorption Spectra of Atmospheric Gases
Anthes, p. 55
WAVELENGTH (micrometers)
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Energy Balance – Atmospheric Structure - Feedbacks
What is the physical structure of the atmosphere?
- multi-layered, with little chemical interaction- most of the mass is near the surface
What is the chemical structure of the atmosphere?
- nitrogen by far the most common element- oxygen is second most common- greenhouse gasses are small in amount, but important!
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Absorption Spectra of Atmospheric Gases
Anthes, p. 55
WAVELENGTH (micrometers)
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http://www.ems.psu.edu./Courses/earth002/0402G_M.htm
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Global Water Balance
100217913
87
8
Anthes, p. 47 (modified)
Earth’s annual water balance, (original) units are 105 km3 of water per year. Huge quantities of water are cycled through the atmosphere each year. On the continents, precipitation exceeds evaporation and the reverse is true for oceans. Runoff from the continents balances the deficit of the oceans.
Land Ocean
Precipitation Precipitation
Evaporation
Runoff
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Since the amount of energy comingfrom the sun varies on long andpredictable time scales, we need to focuson the exchanges
1) In the atmosphere, and
2) At the earth surface