last day… got started on kingdom plantae, general characteristics, & looked at...
Post on 21-Dec-2015
219 views
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta)
Then, started looking at characteristics of the vascular plants
![Page 2: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Vascular plants evolved specialized roots to absorb water & minerals from the soil
- and specialized leaves, microphylls (small, single vein) in lycophytes & megaphylls (large, branched veins) in most vascular plants
![Page 3: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Another innovation was sporophylls, modified leaves bearing sporangia
Some seedless vascular plants (and all seed plants) became heterosporous: megaspores for female gametophytes, males from microspores
![Page 4: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Seedless vascular plants placed in 2 phyla:Phylum Lycophyta – Club mosses, spike mosses, quillworts – 1200 spp.- club mosses & spike mosses produce clusters of sporophylls called strobili- some are epiphytes (on other plants), quillworts are aquatic
![Page 5: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phylum Pterophyta – ferns, horsetails & whisk ferns - 12,000 species (15 horsetails, 7 ‘whisk ferns’)
Ferns widespread, but primarily in moist areas, may reach tree size- horsetails may be abundant in temperate areas, hollow stems with silica (‘scouring rush’)- whisk ferns may be ferns that lost leaves, roots?
![Page 6: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Success of seedless vascular plants may have caused an ice age… and global warming
![Page 7: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ferns & other seedless vascular plants not of huge economic importance but…
![Page 8: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Only 2 main groups of plants left : Gymnosperms & Angiosperms…
![Page 9: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
But, those 2 groups contain most living plants, the Gymnosperms & Angiosperms - seed plants seem to be monophyletic
![Page 10: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Success of seed plants related to advantages of producing seeds: fertilized embryo & its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat
![Page 11: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Along with seeds, 4 associated evolutionary changes:
1) reduction of gametophyte stage
![Page 12: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
2) consistently heterosporous: microspores male gametophytes, megaspores female gametophytes
- separate gametophytes will live different lives
![Page 13: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
3) Ovules & production of eggs: sporophyte produces protective layer of tissue (integument) enclosing megasporangum & its megaspore
Ovule = integument + megasporangium + megaspore
![Page 14: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Megaspore germinates within ovule, develops into tiny
female gametophyte - produces egg which will eventually be fertilized
![Page 15: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Seed contains tissue from three generations of plants: 1) seed coat from mature sporophyte 2) food supply from female gametophyte 3) embryo is new sporophyte generation
Seed is protected, capable of dispersal, can remain dormant for very long periods, & has food supply to begin growth
![Page 16: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
4) Pollen grains: male gametophyte surrounded by pollen wall (partly secreted by sporophyte)- a separate, multicellular generation, even if reduced to an extreme (2 cells, or 3 after germination)
![Page 17: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Pollen grain capable of long dispersal, tough & resistant, & sperm nuclei do not require external H2O for fertilization
![Page 18: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Seed Plants divided into 2 main groups:Gymnosperms (‘naked seeds’) & Angiosperms (‘container seeds’)
![Page 19: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Some ancestors of seed plants found in fossil record ~ 380 MYA, & ‘seed ferns’ by 360 MYA
Carboniferous forests dominated by lycophytes, horsetails & ferns but early gymnosperms by 305 MYA
Drier conditions of Permian period favored gymnosperms over seedless vascular plants, & dominated through whole Mesozoic era
![Page 20: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Living gymnosperms in 4 phyla, some not very diverse…
Phylum Cycadophyta – Cycads (Sago palms)- only about 130 spp. now but abundant in Mesozoic
Male and female cones on separate plants
![Page 21: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Phylum Ginkgophyta – Ginkgos- well known as fossils (80 MYA), but only one surviving sp.- fan-like leaves, fruit with interesting odor
- turns yellow, & drops leaves abruptly
![Page 22: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Phylum Gnetophyta – Gnetophytes- only 3 genera…
Welwitschia – one sp. in SW Africa
Ephedra – one genus w. about 40 spp. in arid areas
![Page 23: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
…and Gnetum, one genus of trees, vines or shrubs, about35 spp. in warm areas of Old World
![Page 24: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Final phylum of gymnosperms: Phylum Coniferophyta - the conifers (including pines, spruces, cedars…) with
about 600 spp. (largest group of gymnosperms)
- often large & long-lived, dominate large areas of northern forest, & grow elsewhere in rocky or sandy soils
![Page 25: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Next big group: Phylum Anthophyta - Angiosperms or ‘flowering plants’
- extremely diverse group with about 170,000 spp.
![Page 26: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Flowering plants are diploid sporophytes, produce microspores and/or megaspores
- asexual reproduction, no gametes or fertilization…
- microspores develop into male gametophytes (inside pollen grain),
- megaspores develop into female gametophyte = embryo sac
![Page 27: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Pollen transferred to stigma, normally cross-pollination
Female gametophyte now has 8 nuclei (7 cells)
- 2 sperm cells carry out double fertilization: one fertilizes egg, other fuses w. 2 nuclei in central cell
- central cell becomes triploid endosperm (food supply for seed)
![Page 28: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Embryo, w. endosperm & integuments, develops into seed
- surrounding ovary tissue forms fruit
![Page 29: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Angiosperms probably split from gymnosperms about 305 MYA, but subsequent history not well known- living lineages shared a common ancestor ~150 MYA
![Page 30: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Earliest branch in phylogeny is Amborella, shrub found only on New Caledonia- lacks vessels in xylem
![Page 31: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Other early branches include water lilies & the star anise & relatives- star anise family has female gametophyte w. only 4 nuclei, some spp. used as spices and medicines
![Page 32: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Magnoliids are more speciose (~8,000 spp.), including magnolias, laurels, & black pepper plant
![Page 33: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
The 2 big groups of angiosperms are the Monocots (~70,000 spp.) & the Eudicots ( ~ 170,000? spp.)
Monocots include orchids, palms, lilies, grasses…
![Page 34: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Eudicots include… lots! (oaks, peas, roses, potatoes, etc.)
![Page 35: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
A number of distinctive characteristics generally make Monocots & Eudicots fairly easy to distinguish
![Page 36: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The value of seed plants to humans is… priceless
- six species (maize, rice, wheat, potatoes, cassava & sweet potatoes) provide 80% of calories consumed
- source of building material, fuel, pulp, etc.
- coffee, tea, spices & sugar also impt.
![Page 37: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Many drugs from seed plants, currently or originally discovered in plants- most plants not investigated yet for potential uses
![Page 38: Last day… got started on Kingdom Plantae, general characteristics, & looked at ‘non-vascular’ groups (Hepatophyta, Anthocerophyta, & Bryophyta) Then, started](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649d5d5503460f94a3ba8d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
No less important to organisms around the world, at least in terrestrial habitats