last edited report
TRANSCRIPT
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MINIPROJECT MARCH 2011 VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS
CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
VATAKARA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)
Established by Govt. of Kerala
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MINIPROJECT REPORT ON
VEHICLE SECURITY SYSTEM USINGULTRASONIC SENSORS
SUBMITTED BY
ANAND.R
JITHIN KRISHNA B.S
HARI K.P
SHEETHAL SURENDRAN
SHANIBA IBRAHIM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION
MARCH 2011
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CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVATAKARA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADEMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)
Established by Govt. of Kerala
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MINIPROJECT REPORT ON
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION WITH SMSALER
GUIDED BY
Mr. PRAPU PREMANATH
SUBMITTED BY
ANAND.R
JITHIN KRISHNA B.S
HARI K.P
SHEETAL SURENDRAN
SHANIBA IBRAHIM
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS ANDCOMMUNICATION
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MARCH 2011
CO-OPERATIVE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYVATAKARA
ENGINEERING COLLEGE UNDER CO-OPERATIVE ACADAMYOF PROFFESSIONAL EDUCATION (CAPE)
Established by Govt. of Kerala
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION
MARCH 2011
CERTIFICATE
Certified that this project titled VEHICLE SECURITYSYSTEM USING ULTRASONIC SENSORS is the bonafide recordof the work done byANAND.R, JITHIN KRISHNA B.S, HARIK.P, SHEETHAL SURENDRAN, SHANIBA IBRAHIM of B.Tech inElectronics and Communication towards the partial fulfillmentof the requirement for the award of the Degree of Bachelor ofTechnology, by the Cochin University of Science andTechnology.
Guide:
Mr. PRAPU PREMANATH Mrs.RAGI R.G
Asst Proff HODDept of ECE
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Dept of ECE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
At the outset we would like to express our deepest
gratitude to God Almighty for his abundant grace and guidance
without which this project would not have been successfully
presented.
We express our sincere gratitude to our Principal Mrs.
Smitha C.K and our college management, for providing well
equipped laboratories, for our project work. Our sincere thanks to
Mrs. Ragi R.G, Head of the department and all other lecturers of
Electronics and Communications department, for their co-
operative guidance.
We would also like to thank our project guide Mr.Prapu
premanath, Lecture of Electronics and Communications
department, for his timely advice and support.
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ABSTRACT
This project protects vehicles from accidents by finding
distance and light intensity from opposite vehicle through
Ultrasonic Sensor and Light Sensor. When a vehicle reaches
opposite to our vehicle the sensor visualize its correct distance
from our vehicle.
{ The project named vehicle security system using
ultrasonic sensors is a security system which protects the
vehicles from accidents. It has a provision for displaying the
distance of any obstacle from the vehicles, with the aid of ECHOultrasonic sensors. When a vehicle reaches opposite to our vehicle
the sensor visualize its correct distance from our vehicle.
It also has a light intensity controlling system envisaged with
the aid of LDR (light dependent resistors). It ensures security to
night drivers from the effects of high intensity light. Its provided
with a buzzer that alarms when the distance between the vehicle
and obstacle is less than 50cm. }
This project contains a microprocessor called PIC16F876A.
This controller is the heart of the Project.
{Its a 28 pin device with improved core and peripheral
features. With the help of microprocessor and ultrasonic sensors,
we can display the distance between the vehicle and obstacle on
an LCD screen.}
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INTRODUCTION
There has a tremendous growth of modernization of
electronic systems throughout the world. Human have always
tried to make life more and more comfortable. We have reached
from an age where human used to walk miles and miles to reach
their destination to an age which use hybrid cars for travelling.
The rapid increase in the number of vehicles and the
pathetic condition of our roads are unfortunately increasing the
accident day by day. The accident rate is slightly more during
night driving. This project is developing a prevention method
against road accidents. Here in our projects we have two security
measures. One is to measure the distance from our vehicle to
other vehicle or object in front of us and displaying it on a LCD
monitor. This is one useful technique which help us while parking
our vehicle and driving through a foggy condition. The measure is
done by using the ultrasonic sensor using the famous Doppler
Effect. When our vehicle approaches too near to an object or
vehicle in front of us, a warning sound will be produced this is a
useful function while driving through fog.
The other security measure is to measure the intensity of
light coming from an opposite vehicle during night drive. Thishelps us to reduce our light intensity while an opposite vehicle is
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approaching and give clear view for them without light from our
vehicle blocking their view. The measuring is done with the help
of light sensor. Since our aim is to detect the light and reduce
light intensity, this device is being placed on the front side of the
vehicle.
BLOCK DIAGRAM
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BLOCK DIAGRAM EXPLANATION
PIC16F876A
PIC16F876A
PIC16F876A
PIC16F876A
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The block diagram of vehicle security system consists of 5
blocks.
1. MICRO CONTROLLER
Microcontroller is a device that includes microprocessor,
memory and I/O lines on a single chip fabricated using CMOS
technology. The microcontroller PIC16F876 is the main brain of
the project. The assembly language program written in
microcontroller receives input data and manipulates it and
controls the output device. The main features PIC16F876 are:
100,000 erase/write cycle Enhanced Flash
program memory typical
1,000,000 erase/write cycle Data EEPROM
memory typical
Data EEPROM Retention > 40 years
Self-reprogrammable under software control In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP)
via two pins
Single-supply 5V In-Circuit Serial Programming
Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC
oscillator for reliable operation
Programmable code protection
Power saving Sleep mode
Selectable oscillator options
In-Circuit Debug (ICD) via two pins
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2. INPUT SECTION
The input section consists of light sensor and ultrasonic
sensor. Here we use an LDR to sense the light.LDR is connected
with comparator circuit using LM368. LDR (light Dependent
Resistor) or photo is resistor whose resistance decreases with
increasing light intensity.
Ultrasonic sensor that we here used is ECHO sensor. It is an
amazing product that provides very short to long range detection
and ranging. The output of sensor is a ASCII serial output.
3. OUTPUT SECTION
The output section consists of relay and buzzer. A relay is an
electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. Here an SPDT relay is used to adjust the
vehicle light intensity.
The buzzer used here is a Piezo-electric buzzer or beeper
is a signaling device usually electronic, typically used in auto
mobiles, house hold appliances such as microwave oven, or game
shows.
4. DISPLAY SECTION
The LCD is used in the display section. A liquid crystal display
(commonly abbreviated LCD) is a thin, flat display device made up
of any number of colour or monochrome pixels arrayed in front of
a light source or reflector.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS
CIRCUIT EXPLANATION
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1. POWER SUPPLY:
The power supply circuit is shown in the figure. We use a
regulator power supply, which gives a stable output of 5V from
the voltage regulator IC 7805.The entire circuit uses the +5V
power supply. The pin configuration is shown in the figure.
The 230V 50Hz supply is step down by the transformer and is
converted into DC by using the bridge rectifier. The output of the
rectifier is filtered by 100 microfarad capacitor. This filtered DC is
given to the regulator IC 7805 (pin 1 and pin 2). The output of the
regulator (pin 3) Supplies 5V conditionally to the entire circuit. In
practical cases we use batteries in rectification section.
IC 7805:
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A voltage regulator (also called a regulator ) with only
three terminal appears to be a simple device, but it is in fact a
very complex integrated circuit. It converts a varying input
voltage into a constant regulated output voltage. Voltage
regulators are available in a varying of output like 5V, 6V, 9V, 12V
and 15V. The LM78XX series of voltage regulators are designed
for positive input. For application requiring negative input, the
LM79XX series is used.
The output of a regulator circuit can be increased by using a
pair of voltage divider resistors. It is not possible to obtain a
voltage lower than the started rating. You cannot use 12V
regulator to make a 5V power supply, but you can use 5V
regulator to make 12V supply. Voltage regulators are very robust.
These can withstand over-current drawn due to due to shortcircuit and also overheating. In both cases regulator will cut off
before any damage occurs. The only way to destroy a regulator is
to apply reverse voltage to to its input. Reverse polarity destroys
a regulator almost instantly.
PIC16F876MICROCONTROLLER:
PIC is a family of Harvard architecture microcontrollers
made by Microchip Technology, derived from the PIC1640
originally developed by General Instrument's Microelectronics
Division. The name PIC initially referred to "Peripheral Interface
Controller".
PICs are popular with both industrial developers and
hobbyists alike due to their low cost, wide availability, large user
base, extensive collection of application notes, availability of low
cost or free development tools, and serial programming (and re-
programming with flash memory) capability.
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PIN OUT
The pin out of PIC16F876 microcontroller is shown below:
CORE ARCHITECTURE
The PIC architecture is characterized by its multiple attributes:
Separate code and data spaces (Harvard architecture) for
devices other than PIC32, which has Von Neumann
architecture.
A small number of fixed length instructions.
Most instructions are single cycle execution (2 clock cycles),
with one delay cycle on branches and skips.
One accumulator (W0), the use of which (as source operand) is
implied (i.e. is not encoded in the opcode).
All RAM locations function as registers as both source and/or
destination of math and other functions.
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A hardware stack for storing return addresses.
A fairly small amount of addressable data space (typically 256
bytes), extended through Banking.
Data space mapped CPU, port, and peripheral registers.
PERFORMANCE:
The architectural decisions are directed at the maximization
of speed-to-cost ratio. The PIC architecture was among the first
scalar CPU designs,[citation needed] and is still among the
simplest and cheapest. The Harvard architecturein whichinstructions and data come from separate sourcessimplifies
timing and microcircuit design greatly, and this benefits clock
speed, price, and power consumption.
The PIC instruction set is suited to implementation of fast
lookup tables in the program space. Such lookups take one
instruction and two instruction cycles. Many functions can be
modeled in this way. Optimization is facilitated by the relatively
large program space of the PIC (e.g. 4096 x 14-bit words on the
16F690) and by the design of the instruction set, which allows for
embedded constants. For example, a branch instruction's target
may be indexed by W, and execute a "RETLW" which does as it is
named - return with literal in W.
Execution time can be accurately estimated by multiplying
the number of instructions by two cycles; this simplifies design of
real-time code. Similarly, interrupt latency is constant at threeinstruction cycles. External interrupts have to be synchronized
with the four clock instruction cycle; otherwise there can be a one
instruction cycle jitter. Internal interrupts are already
synchronized. The constant interrupt latency allows PICs to
achieve interrupt driven low jitter timing sequences. An example
of this is a video sync pulse generator. This is no longer true in the
newest PIC models, because they have a synchronous interrupt
latency of three or four cycles.
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ADVANTAGES:
The PIC architectures have these advantages:
Small instruction set to learn and RISC architecture.
Built in oscillator with selectable speeds.
Easy entry level, in circuit programming plus in circuit
debugging PICKit units available from Microchip.com for less
than $50.
Inexpensive microcontrollers. And wide range of interfaces
including I2C, SPI, USB, USART, A/D, programmable
Comparators, PWM, LIN, CAN, PSP, and Ethernet.
LIMITATIONS:
The PIC architectures have these limitations:
One accumulator.
Register-bank switching is required to access the entire RAM of
many devices
Operations and registers are not orthogonal; some instructions
can address RAM and/or immediate constants, while others can
only use the accumulator.
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LIGHT SENSOR CIRCUIT
Light sensor circuit consists of LM358 and LDR. Here the LDR senses the
presence of light and corresponding voltage is compared with reference voltage by
LM358 comparator.
LDR (LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR):
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The LDR is a device whose resistance varies with respect to the incident
Light. The LDR has a
negative working
region, which is as the
intensity of the incident light
increases the resistance
decreases. This feature of
LDR is made use in this
project for dimming the light of the vehicle.
LM358
The LM358 consists of two independent, high gain, internally frequency
compensated operational amplifiers which were designed specifically to operate
from a single power supply over a wide range of voltages. Operations from split
power supplies are also possible and the low power supply current gain is
independent of the magnitude of the power supply voltage.
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Application areas include transducer amplifiers, dc gain blocks and all
conventional op amp circuits which now can be more easily implemented in single
power supply systems.
The LM358 is available in a chip sized package (8-bump micro SMD) using
Nationals micro SMD package technology.
BUZZER
A buzzer or a beeper is a signaling device, usually electronic, typically used
in automobiles, house hold appliances like microwave oven or game shows. The
word buzzer presumably comes from the buzzing noise that some buzzers make.
The sound source of a piezoelectric buzzer is a piezoelectric diaphragm. A
piezoelectric diaphragm consists of a piezoelectric ceramic plate, which has an
electrode on both sides and a metal plate. Applying dc voltage between electrodes
of a piezoelectric diaphragm causes mechanical distortion due to the piezoelectric
effect. Hence it produces sound waves .It is more popular to use a ceramic based
piezoelectric sounder like sonalert,which makes a high pitched tone. Usually these
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were hooked up to driver circuit which varies the pitch of the sound or pulsed the
sound ON and OFF. Other sounds commonly used to indicate that a button has
pressed are a ring or a beep.
LCD DISPLAY
This component is specifically manufactured to be used with microcontrollers,
which means that it cannot be activated by standard IC circuits. It is used for
displaying different messages on a miniature liquid crystal display. The model
described here is for its low price and great capabilities most frequently used in
practice. It is based on the HD44780 microcontroller (Hitachi) and can display
messages in two lines with 16 characters each. It can display all the letters of
alphabet, Greek letters, punctuation marks, mathematical symbols etc. It is also
possible to display symbols made up by the user. Other useful features include
automatic message shift (left and right), cursor appearance, LED backlight etc.
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LCD SCREEN
An LCD screen can display two lines with 16 characters each. Every character
consists of 5x8 or 5x11 dot matrix. This book covers a 5x8 character display whichis most commonly used.
Display contrast depends on the power supply voltage and whether messages
are displayed in one or two lines. For this reason, varying voltage 0-Vdd is applied
to the pin marked as Vee. A trimmer potentiometer is usually used for this purpose.
Some of the LCD displays have built-in backlight (blue or green LEDs). When
used during operation, a current limiting resistor should be serially connected to
one of the pins for backlight power supply (similar to LED diodes).
If there are no characters displayed or if all of them are dimmed when the
display is switched on, the first thing that should be done is to check the
potentiometer for contrast adjustment. Is it properly adjusted? The same applies ifthe mode of operation has been changed (writing in one or two lines).
RELAY
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A relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of
another electrical circuit. It is therefore connected to output pins of the
microcontroller and used to turn on/off high-power devices such as motors,
transformers, heaters, bulbs, etc. These devices are almost always placed away
from the boards sensitive components. There are various types of relays, but all of
them operate in the same way.
When current flows through the coil, the relay is operated by an
electromagnet to open or close one or more sets of contacts. Similar to
optocouplers, there is no galvanic connection (electrical contact) between input and
output circuits. Relays usually demand both higher voltage and higher current to
start operation, but there are also miniature ones that can be activated by low
current directly obtained from a microcontroller pin.
In order to prevent the appearance of high voltage self-induction, caused by
a sudden stop of the current flow through the coil, an inverted polarized diode is
connected in parallel to the coil. The purpose of this diode is to 'cut off' the voltage
peak.
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
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In this project we are using an ECHO Ultrasonic distance sensors.
ECHO ultrasonic distance sensors with ASCII serial O/P is an amazing product
that provides very short to long range detection and ranging. The sensor provides
stable, non contact distance measurements from about 2cm to 4meters with very
high accuracy. Its compact size, easy usability and higher range make it a handy
sensor for distance measurement and mapping the board can easily interfaced to
microcontrollers pin RX (USART). Every 500 ms, the sensor transmits an
ultrasonic burst and sends out ASCII value of distance (through its signal pin at
9600 baud rate) that corresponds to the time required for the burst echo return to
the sensor.
This sensor is perfect for any number of applications that require that require u to
perform measurements between moving or stationary objects. Naturally, robotics
applications are very popular but youll find this product to be very useful in
security systems or infrared replacement if so desired.
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FLOW CHAR T
START
INITIALIZE PORTS&SERIAL MODULE
ULTRASOUND
SENSOR
CHECKING
RELAYON
RELAYOFF
RELAY
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PROGRAM
#include
#include"lcd.h"
#include"delay.h"
#include"usart.h"
#define BUZZ RC2
#define ON 1
#define OFF 0
#define dat_max 6
__CONFIG(HS&WDTDIS&BORDIS);
unsignedchar dat[dat_max],i;
void main()
{
unsignedchar data;
BUZZER
OFF
BUZZERON
DELAY
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TRISC0 = 0;
TRISC1 = 0;
TRISC2 = 0;
TRISA = 0xF0;
BUZZ = OFF;
lcd_init();
init_comms();
lcd_clear();
lcd_goto(0x00);
lcd_puts("Initilised");
//puts("Initilised...");
DelayMs(250);
DelayMs(250);
lcd_clear();
lcd_goto(0x00);
lcd_puts("ULTRASOUND C.P.S");
lcd_goto(0x40);
lcd_puts("DIST:");
while(getch() != 0x0D);
while(1)
{
i = 0;
data = 0;
while(data != 0x0D)
{
data = getch();
dat[i] = data;
i++;
}
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i--;
dat[i] = 0;
lcd_goto(0x46);
lcd_puts(dat);
lcd_puts(" c.m");
if((dat[0] == '0')&&(dat[1] < '5'))
BUZZ = ON;
else
BUZZ = OFF;
}
}
MERITS AND DEMERITS
The device that we are presenting in front of you is a fully automatic device. It is easy to
operate and environmental friendly device. As it is simple in construction, it is easy to install.
Also the cost is low.
Here in our project we are able to measure the distance between the vehicle and the object
in the back side only. If we are equipping this device on all four sides of our vehicle, or by using
highly improved echo sensors, it will provide a complete parking and solution.
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CONCLUTION
Our project is aimed on decreasing the vehicle accidents which is increasing day by day.
We have implemented two security measures in this device both of which are easy to control,
requires less maintenance and the entire system can be used without much difficulty. In future
when conditions will change from the present which is one car for one family to one car for a
person, this device will be an inevitable one which can reduce the road accidents up to a long
extend.
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