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Topics of Relevance

Artificial Intelligence

• Artificial intelligence (AI) deals with intelligent behavior, learning, and adaptation in machines (Intelligence of Machines).

• Research in AI is concerned with producing machines to automate tasks requiring intelligent behavior.

AI Research

• Deduction, reasoning, problem solving : Human beings solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments rather than the conscious, step-by-step deduction that early AI research was able to model. Algorithms are developed to copy human ability of problem solving.

• Knowledge representation: Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering are central to AI research. Many of the problems machines are expected to solve will require extensive knowledge about the world. Among the things that AI needs to represent are: objects, properties, categories and relations between objects; situations, events, states and time; causes and effects etc.

• Planning: Intelligent agents must be able to set goals and achieve them. They need a way to visualize the future (they must have a representation of the state of the world and be able to make predictions about how their actions will change it) and be able to make choices that maximize the utility (or "value") of the available choices

• Learning: Machine learning has been central to AI research from the beginning. Unsupervised learning is the ability to find patterns in a stream of input. Supervised learning includes both classification (be able to determine what category something belongs in, after seeing a number of examples of things from several categories) and regression (given a set of numerical input/output examples, discover a continuous function that would generate the outputs from the inputs).

• Natural language processing: gives machines the ability to read and understand the languages that the human beings speak.

• Motion and manipulation: The field of robotics is closely related to AI. Intelligence is required for robots to be able to handle such tasks as object manipulation and navigation, with sub-problems of localization (knowing where you are), mapping (learning what is around you) and motion planning (figuring out how to get there)

• Perception: Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, sonar and others more exotic) to deduce aspects of the world.

• Social intelligence: Emotion and social skills

• Creativity: • General intelligence: Most researchers hope that their work

will eventually be incorporated into a machine with general intelligence (known as strong AI), combining all the skills above and exceeding human abilities at most or all of them.

Some of the Problem Solving Techniques

for many problems, is to use "heuristics" or "rules of thumb" that eliminate choices that are unlikely to lead to the goal (called "pruning the search tree").

Heuristics supply the program with a "best guess" for the path on which the solution lies.

Blind hill climbing: A very different kind of search came to prominence in the 1990s, based on the mathematical theory of optimization.

For many problems, it is possible to begin the search with some form of a guess and then refine the guess incrementally until no more refinements can be made. These algorithms can be visualized as blind hill climbing:

we begin the search at a random point on the landscape, and then, by jumps or steps, we keep moving our guess uphill, until we reach the top.

Neural Network

A neural network is an interconnected group of nodes, akin to the vast network of neurons in the human brain.•Biological neural networks are made up of real biological neurons that are connected or functionally related in a nervous system. •Artificial neural networks are composed of interconnecting artificial neurons (programming constructs that mimic the properties of biological neurons)

• Any Examples of Information Systems based on Artificial Intelligence???

VIRTUAL REALITY….!!! (Live Example)

Office automation

• Office automation helps in optimizing or automating existing office procedures.

• Office automation refers to the varied computer machinery and software used to digitally create, collect, store, manipulate, and relay office information needed for accomplishing basic tasks and goals.

• Raw data storage, electronic transfer, and the management of electronic business information comprise the basic activities of an office automation system.

• How does LAN / WAN relates to office automation…..???

E-Commerce And E-Business

• E-commerce:Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-

commerce or e-comm, refers to the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks.

• E-business includes e-commerce but also covers internal processes such as production, inventory management, product development, risk management, finance, knowledge management and human resources.

• What is the difference between E-commerce and E-business???

Difference

• Ecommerce is part of E-business.

• E-business goes far beyond ecommerce or buying and selling over the Internet, and deep into the processes and cultures of an enterprise.

• Electronic business transactions involving money are "eCommerce" activities.

• WEB 1.0

• WEB 2.0

• WEB 3.0

Assignment:

Find-out in details what Web 3.0 is, and give some examples to illustrate !!

Multimedia

• Multimedia is media and content that utilizes a combination of different content forms.

• Multimedia includes a combination of text, audio, still images, animation, video, and interactivity content forms.

• Linear Category (Sequential) , Non-Linear category (Interactive).

Multimedia Usage

• Commercial

• Entertainment and Fine Arts

• Education

• Engineering

• Industry

• Others

Computer Malwares• Computer Virus: A computer virus is a computer

program that can replicate itself and spread from one computer to another.

• Worm: A computer worm is a standalone malware computer program that replicates itself in order to spread to other computers.

• Trojan Horse: is a standalone malicious file or program that does not attempt to inject itself into other files unlike a computer virus and often tricks as a legitimate file or program. (Can give full control of the infected system)

• Spyware, adware, Rootkits, scare-ware(fake-warnings), Ransome-ware…..

Phishing

• Phishing is attempting to acquire information (and sometimes, indirectly, money) such as usernames, passwords, and credit card details by masquerading as a trustworthy entity in an electronic communication.

• Forged Emails ….• It often directs users to enter details at a fake

website whose look and feel are almost identical to the legitimate one. 

Pivot Table

• a pivot table is a data summarization tool found in data visualization programs.

• a pivot-table can automatically sort, count, total or give the average of the data stored in one table or spreadsheet.

•  It displays the results in a second table (called a "pivot table") showing the summarized data. 

• The user sets up and changes the summary's structure by dragging and dropping fields graphically.

Example of a Pivot Table…..Using MSACCESS !!!

Course Conclusion…!!!