late adulthood ch 17-19 developmental psychology jen wright
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Late Adulthood
Ch 17-19Developmental
PsychologyJen Wright
![Page 2: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The aging process
![Page 3: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
![Page 4: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Aging can be beautiful!
![Page 5: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
what ages?
All internal systems Cardiovascular, respiratory, etc. Sense organs
Immune system Muscles, joints, bones Sexual/reproductive system Brain
Sleep Cognitive processing
Physical appearance Attitudes
![Page 6: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
different kinds of aging Universal aging
Primary aging Probabilistic aging
Secondary aging Chronological aging Biological aging Social aging
Ageism Population aging
![Page 7: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
universal/biological aging
Senesence The universal biological processes of
a living organism approaching an advanced age.
Oganismal senescence Increasing homeostatic instability Declining ability to respond to stress Increasing risk of disease,
dysfunction, disability
![Page 8: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Cellular senescence It was once believed that normal cells were
in principle immortal Environmental factors responsible for cell death
Now we know that most (but not all) cells die Hayflick limit
Number of times a cell will divide before dying 52 times in 20% oxygen (normal air) 70 times in 3% oxygen (human internal
conditions)
![Page 9: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
what controls cell division? Cells possess molecular
clocks Telomeres
Non-coding appendix on ends of DNA
Shortened by mitosis At certain length, cell will no
longer divide Protective mechanism against
chromosome destruction, mutation, and cancer
Other forms of programmed cell death E.g. apoptosis Triggered by mitochondria
![Page 10: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
biological theories of aging Aging clock theory
Telomere theory
Evolutionary theory Late-acting deleterious mutations
not selected against
Passing on genes
Early-acting disease
Late-acting disease
Middle-acting disease
![Page 11: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Wear and tear theory Error theory
Somatic mutation theory Free-radical theory Accumulative waste theory
![Page 12: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
How long is a normal life? maximum life span
the oldest possible age that members of a species can live
under ideal circumstances for humans approximately 122 years
average life expectancy the number of years the average newborn
in a particular population group is likely to live
![Page 13: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
centenarians
People living to be 100+ years old 55,000 in US in 2005
1 in 50 women, 1 in 200 men 30,000 in Japan
Okinawans 5x more likely 450,000 world-wide Super-centenarians: 110+ years
![Page 15: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Reviewing lives of different centenarians Many differences in lifestyles
Yet, they were similar in four ways… diet was moderate work continued throughout life family, friends, community ties were
important exercise and relaxation were part of daily
routine
![Page 17: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Nun study
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nw2lafKIEio
![Page 18: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Top 4 disease-related deaths
1. Cancer2. Heart disease3. Cerebrovascular disease4. Pulmonary disease
![Page 19: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Other diseases that occurs with increasing frequency with age: Arthritis Cataracts Osteoporosis Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Alzheimer’s disease
![Page 20: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
![Page 21: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
aging prevention Artificial extension of telomeres
Trade-off between aging and cancer Vitamin D naturally lengthens
Increased sirtuins – repair damage to DNA Organ/tissue repair and rejuvenation
Free-radical therapy Stem cells
Organ/tissue replacement Artificial and cloned organs/tissue
![Page 22: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Caloric restriction 60% of required
calories Reduction in Type2
diabetes, cancer Extension of life in
all species tested Intermittent
fasting
![Page 23: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Erickson’s stages
![Page 24: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adolescence: Identity achievement Young Adulthood: Developed
network of intimacy Mid-life: Generativity vs.
Stagnation Creating/giving vs. “self-absorption”
Late-life: Integrity vs. Despair Life-review
![Page 25: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
generativity
Creative life projects Feeling needed by people Helping younger generation develop Influence in community or area of interest Productivity and effectiveness Appreciation/awareness of older generation Broader, more global perspective Interest in things beyond family
![Page 26: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
shift in motivation
![Page 27: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
integrity Life-review: was one’s life meaningful? Regrets involve four major themes:
Mistakes and bad decisions Hard times Social relationships Missed educational opportunities
Reminiscence therapy: discussing past activities and experiences with another individual or group
Wisdom Acceptance of life circumstances Finding meaning/purpose
![Page 28: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Dimensions of well-being Self-acceptance Purpose in life Positive relationships Environmental mastery Personal growth Autonomy
![Page 29: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
personality
Conscientiousness predicts lower mortality risk from childhood through late adulthood
Low conscientiousness and high neuroticism predicts earlier death
Older adults characterized by negative affect do not live as long as those characterized by more positive affect
![Page 30: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
volunteerism
Older adults benefit from altruism and engaging in volunteer activities
Helping others may reduce stress hormones, which improves cardiovascular health and strengthens the immune system
Volunteering is associated with a number of positive outcomes More satisfaction with life Less depression and anxiety Better physical health
![Page 31: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Social networks
Convoy Model of Social Relations: individuals go through life embedded in a
personal network of individuals from whom they give and receive social support
Social Support: Improves physical and mental health Reduces symptoms of disease Increases one’s ability to meet health-care
needs Decreases risk of institutionalization Associated with lower rates of depression
![Page 32: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Social Integration Greater interest in spending time with a small
circle of friends and family Low level of social integration is linked with
coronary heart disease Being a part of a social network is linked with
longevity, especially for men Four-generation families have become more
common because of increased longevity Great-grandparents can transmit family
history to future generations
![Page 33: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Selective Optimization with Compensation
Successful aging is linked with three main factors: Selection: need to select those
activities of most value Optimization: maintain performance
through practice and use of technology
Compensation: find constructive ways to accommodate/work around increasing disability
![Page 34: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Social aging Unlike gender/ethnicity
Doesn’t apply for entire life. (potentially) applies to everyone.
Ageism Negative stereotypes associated with age
negatively influence performance, function, and well-being. Stereotypes against older adults are often negative Most frequent form is disrespect, followed by
assumptions about ailments or frailty caused by age Positive stereotypes associated with age
positively influence performance, function, and well-being.
![Page 35: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
![Page 37: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Development of dementia
Loss of intellectual ability in elderly people has traditionally been called senility.
The pathological loss of brain function is known as dementia—literally, “out of mind,” referring to severely impaired judgment dementia
irreversible loss of intellectual functioning caused by organic brain damage or disease
becomes more common with age, but it is abnormal and pathological even in the very old
![Page 38: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Alzheimer’s disease First described by German psychiatrist
Alois Alzheimer (1906) Generally diagnosed in people over 65
years Early-onset (before 65 years) only 5-10% of
patients Several genetic causes
4.5+ million American suffer from it 5% of 65-74 years Nearly 50% of 85+
1 in 6 women over 55; 1 in 10 men over 55
![Page 39: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
http://www.alz.org/brain/01.asp
![Page 40: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
![Page 41: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Symptoms of Pre-dementia Early symptoms similar to age-related or
stress-induced memory loss Difficulty remembering recently learned facts
Subtle cognitive difficulties Executive function of attentiveness Planning, flexibility Abstract thinking
Impairment in semantic memory New memory formation
Mild confusion/Apathy As early as 5-10 years (some say 20
years) before official diagnosis
![Page 42: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Moderate stages Hindering of independence Paraphasias
Phonemic paraphasia - Mispronunciation, syllables out of sequence. e.g. "I slipped on the lice (ice) and broke my arm."
Verbal paraphasia - Substitution of words Semantic paraphasia - The substituted word is
related to the intended word. e.g. "I spent the whole day working on the television, I mean, computer."
Remote paraphasia - The substituted word is not really related to the intended word. e.g. "You forgot your lamp, I mean, umbrella."
![Page 43: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Memory problems worsen STM and LTM
Start of failure to recognize friends/ relatives
Behavioral changes Wandering Sundowning Irritability Labile affect
Progression is typically 2-10 years
![Page 44: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Advanced stages
Complete dependence Significant language impairment
Eventual loss of speech Apathy, exhaustion Loss of mobility, ability to feed
oneself External causes of death Progression is typically 1-5 years
![Page 45: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
•Plaques•Amyloid-beta proteins
• Tangles•Neurofibrillary congestion
![Page 46: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Causes?
Several competing hypotheses: Cholingeric hypothesis
Caused by reduced synthesis of acetylcholine Increase in acetylcholine doesn’t cure dementia
Amyloid hypothesis Caused by amyloid beta deposits caused by APP
(chr21) Universal development in Down Syndrome by 40 Gene that leads to excessive deposits in early-
onset Transgenic mice Weak correlation with neuron loss
![Page 47: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Tau hypothesis Caused by tau protein abnormalities Formation of neurofibrillary tangles
Herpes simplex virus (HSV1) hypotheis Cold sore virus May be responsible for up to 60% of cases Promotes formation of beta amyloid plaques
Uses APP for transportation Causes inflammation in brain
HSV1 found in brain cells of Alzheimer’s patients
Cheap available drugs for treatment
![Page 48: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Risk factors Obesity High blood pressure Head trauma High cholesterol Being American!
Higher rates in Japanese-Americans than Japanese African-Americans than Africans
Depression Lower rates in highly educated
Beneficial consequences of learning and memory
![Page 49: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Other forms of dementia
The second most common cause of dementia is a stroke
Vascular dementia (VaD), also called multi-infarct dementia (MID)
a form of dementia characterized by sporadic, and progressive, loss of intellectual functioning caused by repeated infarcts, or temporary obstructions of blood vessels, which prevent sufficient blood from reaching the brain
Subcortical Dementias Forms of dementia that begin with impairments in motor
ability and produce cognitive impairment in later stages Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and Multiple
Sclerosis are subcortical dementias Reversible Dementia
dementia caused by medication, inadequate nutrition, alcohol abuse, depression, or other mental illness can sometimes be reversed
![Page 50: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
population aging Increased age of population Two causal factors
Rising life expectancy Declining fertility
Asia/Europe face severe population aging Average age approaching 50
Economic implications More savings/less spending Increased health care Less education Retirement/social security
![Page 51: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Population aging
![Page 52: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
![Page 53: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
![Page 54: Late Adulthood Ch 17-19 Developmental Psychology Jen Wright](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022062515/56649cf55503460f949c4292/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)