late classical and medieval science
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Contemporary definition
Middle ages
What does the phrase “Scientific Revolution” imply?
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Aristotle (philosophy/physics) (4th C BC)
Ptolemy (1st – 2nd C BC) Hellenized Egyptian astronomer modified Aristotelian astronomy by using Aristotelian logic
Galen (2nd -3rd C AD) Physiology/medicine. Medieval medicine is based in many ways off of all of his teachings, and his work was not lost since it was done in the Roman empire
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From Islamic World, mainly Spain from 11th C on
Prior to this, only Greek influence in Western Europe was Plato
Now Aristotle incorporated in to intellectual climate
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Every object has its “place”
Elements
Motion Corporeal Violent Perfect
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Perfect, unchangeable Circular, perfect motion Earth – changeable – at
center Planets in spheres, their
movement caused by the rubbing of other sphere from prime mover
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Four humors Each a combination of
two of the elements
Liver center of organism – blood flows from here
Treat patients humorally – need to balance humors
Clockwise from upper left: a) blood - passionate and sanguine, b) phlegm - sluggish and dull, c) black bile - melancholic and depressed and d) yellow bile - choleric and quick to anger.
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The Practical applications of science Alchemy – transmutation of
items into more valuable items
Astrology – practical application of astronomy
Astronomy can be done by mathematicians – astrology is the “science”
Horoscopes/predictions From cosmic rays
Medicine – combination of humoral theory with astrology
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Renaissance refocus on anatomy leads to questions about Galen’s work
Paracelsus Treatment through
alchemy Challenges Galenical
norms