LATE NIGHT EATING AND ENERGY BALANCE: Is a Calorie Really a Calorie?

Andrew Schwartz

Kinesiology 540Myths and Legends PresentationDecember 10th, 2012

http://nutrihealth.in/food/late-night-eating-equal-to-weight-gain/

INTRODUCTION: What is the Myth?

“Don’t eat before bed!”

Altered metabolism: Lower metabolic rate causes slower digestion and

metabolism of ingested calories Use less “consumed energy” and experience a

disproportionate energy storage Circadian rhythms

Energy Balance:

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OBJECTIVE

1. Data in support of the mythi. Discuss possible physiologic

mechanisms/theories

2. Data in contradiction of the myth

3. Conclusions

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CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?

Circadian “clock” for energy regulation

Study Design: 6-weeks;12 mice; high-fat ad libitum diet (60% kcal from fat) Light-fed (i.e. 12 hr. light phase; “wrong” time) Dark-fed (i.e. 12 hr. dark phase; “right” time)

Arble et. al, Obesity. 17 (2100-2102). 2009

CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?

Circadian “clock” for energy regulation

Study Design: 6-weeks;12 mice; high-fat ad libitum diet (60% kcal from fat) Light-fed (i.e. 12 hr. light phase; “wrong” time) Dark-fed (i.e. 12 hr. dark phase; “right” time)

Arble et. al, Obesity. 17 (2100-2102). 2009

CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?

Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis

Study Design: 9 healthy men; three randomly assigned meals of 20% usual daily energy intake (544 ± 37 kcal) Morning (0900) Afternoon (1700) Night (0100)

Romon et. al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57 (476-480). 1993

WHY THE WEIGHT GAIN?Possible physiologic explanations

Circadian regulation of postprandial metabolism Suggested that both sleep and circadian rhythm modulate glucose

regulation Decreased glucose tolerance in the afternoon/evening when

compared to morning — (Cauter et. al, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 88(934-942). 1991)

Evidence suggests decreased thermic effect of glucose is due to insulin resistance; decreased uptake/storage — (Ravussin et. al, Journal of Clinical Investigation. 76(1268-1273). 1985)

Gastric emptying into duodenum One large bolus induces greater diet-induced thermogenesis than an

isocaloric load of multiple smaller meals — (Tai et. al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 54(783-787). 1991)

Suggested to be slower in evening and during sleep — (Coupe et. al, Journal of Controlled Release. 20(155-162). 1992)

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MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?

Weight-loss trial

Study Design: 12 obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2); randomly assigned 64-day hospitalization trial

Nonino-Borges et. al, Nutrition. 23 (385–39). 2007

MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?

Weight-loss trial

Study Design: 12 obese subjects (BMI > 40 kg/m2); 64-day trial

Nonino-Borges et. al, Nutrition. 23 (385–39). 2007

MEAL TIMING:Does it matter?

Weight-gain trial

Study Design: Sixteen female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta); 9-months; ovariectomized and high-fat diet

Sullivan et. al, Obesity Research. 13 (2072-2080). 2005

r = 0.07, p = 0.79

CONCLUSION:Does late night eating lead to weight gain?

Energy balance:

Calorie for calorie, late night eating appears not to cause weight gain or induce any significant changes in energy balance

Questions?

CONCLUSION:Does late night eating lead to weight gain?

Environmental and social confounders Later sleep times may increase nighttime eating and caloric intake —

(Baron et. al, Obesity. 19 (1374-1381). 2011) Type/frequency of night workers’ meals are influenced by habit and

time availability as opposed to appetite — (Waterhouse et. al, Chronobiology International. 20(1075-1092). 2003)

Caloric restriction at night prevents excess calories at night

CIRCADIAN RYTHYMS:Does a disruption lead to weight gain?

Circadian variation of diet-induced thermogenesis (revisited)

MORNING:

544 kcal x 0.159%

= 86.49 kcal

NIGHT:

544 kcal x 0.109%

= 59.3 kcal

= 27.2 kcal difference

Romon et. al, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 57 (476-480). 1993