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  • Late Pleistocene Ice-Marginal Dune Fields on the Atlantic ...€¦ · Barrens (la,tude 39ºN), eastern USA. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 14: 259–274. Mycielska-Dowgiałło
1
II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, WEYMOUTH LS-01 deflation basin or “loch” (spung) Great Egg Harbor River Quaternary braid plain 2 IB-01 Indian Branch Quaternary braid plain 2 dune field polygons Indian Branch Soil Pit Sections Six soil excava,on pits were dug, five at the crest of parabolic dunes (130 cm deep), one at a lune@e (100 cm deep). Soil weathering was most advanced at LOS-01, but was otherwise similar to the other study sites. LS-01, Weymouth Dune Field at “Lochs-of-the-Swamp” A — dark gray-brown color, with organic matter & charcoal E — light-colored, albic horizon; the E/B boundary is wavy irregular with icicle-like glossic tongues; podzolization Bs — yellowish brown colored, spodic horizon C — unweathered yellow-brown eolian parent material, being Miocene-aged marginal marine and fluvial sands of the Cohansey (Tch) & Bridgeton (Tbr) Formations. A E Bs C 1.5 m glossic tongues II, b. METHODOLOGY – SEDIMENT ANALYSIS III, b. RESULTS – GRANULOMETRY III, a. RESULTS – QUARTZ-GRAIN MORPHOSCOPY II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, WEST MILLS HAMMONTON WM-01 WM-02 Great Swamp Branch Branch Albertson Brook Nescochague Creek Myriey Run Branch Quaternary braid plain 2 Quaternary braid plain 1 End Pleistocene channel Holocene channel relict plateau dune field dune field dune field Drivers II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, MANUMUSKIN Late Pleistocene Ice-Marginal Dune Fields on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, New Jersey Pine Barrens, USA Mark Demitroff 1 , Stephen A. Wolfe 2 , Barbara Woronko 3 , Dorota Chmielowska 4 , Michael Cicali 5 1 Stockton University, Department of Geology, Galloway, NJ, USA 2 Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, CAN 3 Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, Warsaw, POL 4 Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Geography, Cracow, POL 5 Stockton University, Environmental Studies, Galloway, NJ, USA IV. CONCLUSIONS V. BIBLIOGRAPHY I. ABSTRACT Source-bordering dunes evolved on the flat sandy terrain of the New Jersey Pine Barrens* during glacial episodes. Today the area is densely forested, obscuring the extent of dunes within a humid temperate region, its main por,on residing 50–150 km south of the maximum glacial ice margin. Terrestrial relicts including thermal-contrac,on cracks, defla,on basins, and ven,fact lags a@est to periglacial condi,ons in the area. However , the organiza,on of windblown sand into dunes in the Pine Barrens has received scant a@en,on. Remote sensing was conducted using high resolu,on LiDAR to reveal the bare- earth ground surface. Six sample sites were examined from three watersheds (areas A, B, C to right) to assess the dune field dynamics. Soil observa,on pits were excavated, profiles stra,graphically documented, and sand samples collected for op,cal da,ng. The sand samples were examined for grain analysis by scanning electron microscope, granulometry, and for an improved Cailleux Method of surface-texture interpreta,on. Dune fields reside on higher-lying river terraces and alluvial fans, and appear to be a climate-driven expression of changes from fluvial to fluvial-eolian to eolian units. South Jersey was probably a very windy and dusty place during episodes of the Wisconsinan glacia,on. Grain-surface morphoscopy is further shown to be a useful tool in discerning dune-sand transport ac,vity and the a@endant post-deposi,onal environment. French HM, Demitroff M, Forman SL. 2003. Evidence for Late-Pleistocene permafrost in the New Jersey Pine Barrens (la,tude 39ºN), eastern USA. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 14: 259–274. Mycielska-Dowgiałło E, Woronko B. 1998. Analiza obtoczenia i zmatowienia powierzchni ziarn kwarcowych frakcji piaszczystej i jej wartość interpretacyjna (Rounding and fros,ng analysis of the sand quartz grains surface and its interpreta,ve value). Przegląd Geologiczny. 46: 1275–1281. Woronko B, Zieliński P, Sokołowski RJ. Climate evolu,on during the Pleniglacial and Late Glacial as recorded in quartz grain morphoscopy of fluvial to aeolian successions of the European Sand Belt. Geologos. 21: 89–103. Newell WL, Newell WL, Powars DS, Owens JP, Stanford SD, Stone BD. 2000. Surficial geologic map of central and southern New Jersey. United States Geological Survey, Miscellaneous Inves,ga,ons Series, Map 1–2540–D, Washington, DC. Paper No. 188-4, T4. Eolian Processes and Landscape Evolution, GSA 2019, Phoenix, AZ. III, c. RESULTS – GRAIN MICROTEXTURE BY SEM III, d. RESULTS – GRANULOMETRY BY G3SE 1) Quartz-Grain Morphoscopy • For all sites, we observe similarly developed sediments regardless of sampling depth. They are characterized by the dominance of grains that are the result of processing in the aeolian environment, grains with an intermediate degree of roundness and visible eolian treatment only on the edges and corners (type EM/RM). • Generally the supply of material to the eolian system was limited—these are “skinny” sand-starved dune systems, although the West Mills dunes are be@er sand fed, apparently through the fluvial excava,on of the underlying local Cohansey Forma,on (Tch) composed of Miocene-aged marginal-marine sands. • The presence of breakage blocks microtextures at LS-01 (le6 Fig.) may indicate that the E horizon—near the glossic tongues—was subject to very intense in situ frost weathering under periglacial condi,ons. • The fact that the 0.5–0.8 mm frac,on grains are definitely less wind-processed (48–66% EM/RM) in rela,on to the 0.8–1.0 mm frac,on grains (84–96% EM/RM) indicates that the wind speed may have been very high. This is confirmed by the results of the par,cle size analysis. 2) Granulometry • High wind speed is also confirmed by par,cle-size analysis. A very high content of grains in frac,on >0.5 mm and grain size <0.125 mm par,cipated in suspension transport. The grain distribu,on has two dis,nct modes with virtually no deposits per frac,on between modes. This suggests that the sediments were transported as a result of salta,on and suspension, and that the NJ Pine Barrens may have been a par,cularly windy dusty place. 3) Grain Microtexture by SEM • SEM interpreta,on supports Improved Cailleux Method findings; e.g., RM or EM/RM type grains, breakage blocks. 4) Synthesis • Relict stabilized dune fields are abundant within the NJ Pine Barrens on the Atlan,c Coastal Plain. They a@est to intensive ice-marginal, cold-climate eolian condi,ons during the Late Pleistocene. Spa,al associa,ons between dune fields and Quaternary alluvial deposits—braid-plain and meander channel terraces—indicate a climate- change driven fluvial-to-eolian rela,onship of predominantly locally sourced sediments. Grain morphoscopy reveals an abundance of well-rounded grains and ma@ed surfaces. Their extant, in associa,on with ven,fact lags and elongate (hairpin) parabolic dunes, supports the invoca,on of intensive eolian transport condi,ons. Soil structures and grain microtextures provide further evidence that intensive in-situ frost weathering had occurred under periglacial condi,ons. MN-02 MN-01 Manantico Creek Manumuskin River Maurice River Buckshutem Creek Muskee Creek pit pit pit Deep Run Great Egg Harbor River LS-01 IB-01 Indian Branch Hubbard Branch Little Mill Run Scull Run Johns Branch Makepeace Lake Head Branch Beaver Dam Branch WEYMOUTH Manumuskin Dune Field The dunes reside on an older fluvial braid-plain terrace that is eroded towards the west by a younger fluvial braid-plain terrace. The interdunal eolian sand sheet (coversand) is ~1 m thick, bounding over a sparse ven,fact lag. West Mills Dune Field The dunes reside on an older fluvial braid-plain terrace that is eroded by younger fluvial braid-plain terrace—all part of an alluvial fan system roughly 170 km 2 in area. The interdunal eolian sand sheet (coversand) is ~1 m thick, bounding over a ven,fact lag. Weymouth Dune Field The dunes reside on older braid-plain terraces that are eroded by younger braid-plain terraces (above, one with polygons). The interdunal eolian sand sheets (coversands) are ~1 m thick, bounding over a ven,fact lag. Maurice River Watershed Manumuskin River Preserve / Long Ponds MN-01 West Dune Sampled at an ~3 m high crest of a transverse-to- parabolic dune migra,ng from WNW to ESE MN-01 MN-02 pit A) Manumuskin Dune Field B) Weymouth Dune Field C) West Mills Dune Field * Pine Barrens outlined in white WM-02 Albertson Brook WM-01 deflation basins or “spungs” • Quartz-Grain Morphoscopy: 18 samples were separated into 0.5–0.8 mm and 0.8–1.0 mm quartz-grain frac,ons, then analyzed according to methodology as proposed by Cailleux (1942) and modified by Mycielska-Dowgiałło & Woronko (1998). Dune sand grains were then classified according to 9 degrees of roundness along with the character of their surface, thus indica,ng the sediment’s environmental residency and the nature of that environment. • Granulometry: 18 samples were analyzed for grain size and shape characteriza,on as determined by a Malvern® Instruments Morphologi® G3SE Par,cle Characteriza,on System. Our morphoscopic image analysis is based on the automa,c scanning of the surface of a three-dimensional (3D) par,cle and its conversion into a corresponding two-dimensional (2D) image. Quartz-grain shapes were determined by the following parameters: HS (High Sensi,vity) Circularity and Convexity. • Grain Microtexture by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): whole-grain surfaces were scanned (JSM-6380 LA Joel, Japan), then analyzed for roundness and microtextures to help determine their sedimentary environment. • OpBcally SBmulated Luminescence (OSL) DaBng: Six tube samples of dune sediments were collected for OSL da,ng, five at 1.3 m depth, and one at 1.0 m depth—providing a date for each study site. They are currently under process at the University of the Fraser Valley Luminescence Da,ng Lab. A date of 28.16 ± 2.80 ka is noted from an earlier sample (USU-267), which was taken from Indian Branch paleochannel infill near IB-01. A sand sheet had dammed that stream below the thermal-contrac,on polygons seen in the IB-01 inset figure (upper right). West Mills Lune@e EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER West Mills Dune EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER Quaternary braid plain 1 Quaternary braid plain 2 End Pleistocene channel Holocene channel dune field relict plateau Quaternary braid plain 1 Quaternary braid plain 2 End Pleistocene channel Holocene channel dune field relict plateau dune field relict plateau MN-02 East Dune Sampled at an ~2 m high crest of a transverse-to- parabolic dune migra,ng from WNW to ESE LS-01 Dune Sampled at an ~6 m high crest of a parabolic dune migra,ng from WNW to ESE IB-01 Dune Sampled at an ~3 m high crest of a hairpin parabolic dune migra,ng from WNW to ESE WM-01 Lunette Sampled at an ~1 m high dune-like structure rimming the closed basin’s S & E outer edge. WM-02 Dune Sampled at a crest of an ~2.5 m high hairpin parabolic dune migra,ng from WNW to ESE. Quaternary braid plain 1 Quaternary braid plain 2 PORT ELIZABETH dune field pit Chandlers Run relict plateau dune field Quaternary braid plain 2 pit Quaternary braid plain 2 pit modified from Boyds Maps, 2019 height 20 m 15 m 10 m height 10 m 05 m 0.3 m Closed basin (“spung”) lunette & parabolic dune sites —Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler— maximum limit of Pleistocene ice sheets PA DE NJ 20 mi 40 km PHILADELPHIA CAPE MAY A B C Toms R \ Delaware R N Rancocas Ck S Rancocas Ck Mullica R Great Egg Harbor R Maurice R Delaware R Hudson R Two parabolic dune sites; one proximal and one distal to river —Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler— Great Egg Harbor River Watershed Indian Branch (to west) & Lochs-of-the-Swamp (to east) Mullica River Watershed Gum Spung (to north) / West Mills (central) / Great Swamp (to south) Modified Cailleux Analysis for 0.8 to 1.0 mm grains at 30 cm depth (after Mycielska-Dowgiałło & Woronko, 1998) GRAIN TYPE KRUMBEIN ROUNDNESS CHARACTERISTICS ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION RM 0.7–0.9 Well-rounded with matt surface Long-term high energy collisions in an eolian environment EM/RM 0.3–0.6 Matt surface on convexed grains High-energy collisions in an eolian environment, shorter duration than RM EM/EL 0.3–0.6 Moderately rounded, smooth- shiny surface Transport in fluvial or beach environment All Others (C, NU, O) — crushed, angular, or very intensively weatherd additional grain types not necessarily associated with eolian activity LS-01 Dune EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER IB-01 Dune EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER Manumuskin Dunes are first fed by local fluvially sourced sand, then are increasingly enriched by sand entrainment from the interdunal sand sheet. Weymouth Lochs-of-the-Swamp dune is distal to the river, and is fed sand from the sand sheet in contrast to the river proximal Indian Branch dune. West Mills Eolian bedforms here are more abundantly enriched by the excava,on of locally sourced deposits of ancient marginal marine sand (Tch). MN-02 East Dune EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER MN-01 West Dune EM/EL RM EM/RM OTHER spung Frequency Curve Grain size distribu,on shows that each of the tested samples has a bimodal distribu,on of grains. The first mode falls on 0.5 mm or 0.354 mm frac,on grains, the second, finer on 0.0046 mm, i.e., on the border of dust and silt. Preliminarily, this suggests a high wind regime. Cumulative Curves Two segments are marked on the cumula,ve curves, one responsible for transpor,ng through salta,on (steeply inclined), the other in suspension (with a small inclina,on angle). The steeper the slope sec,on is, the be@er the sediments are sor,ng. Sorting & Skewness The mean grain size of dune samples is a medium grained sand, with the lune@e sample residing within fine sand. The slight posi,ve skewness of all samples is indica,ve of weigh,ng towards finer sediments, which is primarily medium to fine-grained silt. Silt comprises between 2 and 15% of the dune sediment samples, whereas the lune@e contains approximately 25% silt. Samples tend to be moderately sorted, with the lune@e sample less sorted, owing again to the higher abundance of fine sediment. RM Type Grain SEM of MN-01 130 cm: well rounded and ma@ surfaced; vey long dura,on of eolian abrasion. EM/RM Type Grains SEM of LS-01 30 cm: now coated (weathered), yet its earlier eolian microtexture is not eliminated. Breakage Blocks SEM of LS-01 30 cm: frost weathering on most convex por,ons of this eolian grain. Quaternary braid plain 1 Babcock Creek W Horse Bridge Br pit height 28 m 18 m 09 m Two parabolic dune sites —Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler— lunette lunette lunette lunette lunette saltation suspension saltation suspension HS Circularity (Le6) WM-01 Morphologi G3SE photos of lune@e grains at 100 cm depth; lowest circularity, li@le travelled. (Right) MN-02 130 cm: G3SE Morphologi photo of dune grains at 130 cm depth; well- rounded but not far travelled.

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Page 1: Late Pleistocene Ice-Marginal Dune Fields on the Atlantic ...€¦ · Barrens (la,tude 39ºN), eastern USA. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. 14: 259–274. Mycielska-Dowgiałło

II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, WEYMOUTH

LS-01

deflation basin

or “loch” (spung)

Great Egg Harbor RiverQuaternary braid plain 2

IB-01

Indian Branch Quaternarybraid plain 2

dune field

polygonsIndian Branch

Soil Pit Sections Sixsoilexcava,onpitsweredug,fiveatthecrestofparabolicdunes(130cmdeep),oneatalune@e(100cmdeep).SoilweatheringwasmostadvancedatLOS-01,butwasotherwisesimilartotheotherstudysites.

LS-01, Weymouth Dune Field at “Lochs-of-the-Swamp”

A — dark gray-brown color, with organic matter & charcoal

E — light-colored, albic horizon; the E/B boundary is wavy irregular with icicle-like glossic tongues; podzolization

Bs — yellowish brown colored, spodic horizonC — unweathered yellow-brown eolian parent material, being Miocene-aged marginal marine and fluvial sands of the Cohansey (Tch) & Bridgeton (Tbr) Formations.

A

E

Bs

C

1.5m

glossic tongues

II, b. METHODOLOGY – SEDIMENT ANALYSIS

III, b. RESULTS – GRANULOMETRY III, a. RESULTS – QUARTZ-GRAIN MORPHOSCOPY

II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, WEST MILLS

HAMMONTON

WM-01

WM-02

Great Swamp BranchBranch

Albertson Brook

Nescochague Creek

Myriey Run Branch

Quaternary

braid plain 2Quaternary

braid plain 1

End Pleistocene

channel

Holocene channel

relictplateau

dune field

dune field

dune field

Drive

rs

II, a. METHODOLOGY – LiDAR IMAGERY, MANUMUSKIN

Late Pleistocene Ice-Marginal Dune Fields on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, New Jersey Pine Barrens, USAMark Demitroff1, Stephen A. Wolfe2, Barbara Woronko3, Dorota Chmielowska4, Michael Cicali5

1Stockton University, Department of Geology, Galloway, NJ, USA2Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, ON, CAN

3Warsaw University, Faculty of Geology, Warsaw, POL 4Pedagogical University of Cracow, Institute of Geography, Cracow, POL

5Stockton University, Environmental Studies, Galloway, NJ, USA

IV. CONCLUSIONS

V. BIBLIOGRAPHY

I. ABSTRACT

Source-borderingdunesevolvedontheflatsandyterrainoftheNewJerseyPineBarrens*duringglacialepisodes.Todaytheareaisdenselyforested,obscuringtheextentofduneswithinahumidtemperateregion,itsmainpor,onresiding50–150kmsouthofthemaximumglacialicemargin.Terrestrialrelictsincludingthermal-contrac,oncracks,defla,onbasins,andven,factlagsa@esttoperiglacialcondi,onsinthearea.However,theorganiza,onofwindblownsandintodunesinthePineBarrenshasreceivedscanta@en,on.

Remotesensingwasconductedusinghighresolu,onLiDARtorevealthebare-earthgroundsurface.Sixsamplesiteswereexaminedfromthreewatersheds(areasA,B,Ctoright)toassessthedunefielddynamics.Soilobserva,onpitswereexcavated,profilesstra,graphicallydocumented,andsandsamplescollectedforop,calda,ng.Thesandsampleswereexaminedforgrainanalysisbyscanningelectronmicroscope,granulometry,andforanimprovedCailleuxMethodofsurface-textureinterpreta,on.

Dunefieldsresideonhigher-lyingriverterracesandalluvialfans,andappeartobeaclimate-drivenexpressionofchangesfromfluvialtofluvial-eoliantoeolianunits.SouthJerseywasprobablyaverywindyanddustyplaceduringepisodesoftheWisconsinanglacia,on.Grain-surfacemorphoscopyisfurthershowntobeausefultoolindiscerningdune-sandtransportac,vityandthea@endantpost-deposi,onalenvironment.

FrenchHM,DemitroffM,FormanSL.2003.EvidenceforLate-PleistocenepermafrostintheNewJerseyPineBarrens(la,tude39ºN),easternUSA.PermafrostandPeriglacialProcesses.14:259–274.

Mycielska-DowgiałłoE,WoronkoB.1998.Analizaobtoczeniaizmatowieniapowierzchniziarnkwarcowychfrakcjipiaszczystejijejwartośćinterpretacyjna(Roundingandfros,nganalysisofthesandquartzgrainssurfaceanditsinterpreta,vevalue).PrzeglądGeologiczny.46:1275–1281.

WoronkoB,ZielińskiP,SokołowskiRJ.Climateevolu,onduringthePleniglacialandLateGlacialasrecordedinquartzgrainmorphoscopyoffluvialtoaeoliansuccessionsoftheEuropeanSandBelt.Geologos.21:89–103.

NewellWL,NewellWL,PowarsDS,OwensJP,StanfordSD,StoneBD.2000.SurficialgeologicmapofcentralandsouthernNewJersey.UnitedStatesGeologicalSurvey,MiscellaneousInves,ga,onsSeries,Map1–2540–D,Washington,DC.

Paper No. 188-4, T4. Eolian Processes and Landscape Evolution, GSA 2019, Phoenix, AZ.

III, c. RESULTS – GRAIN MICROTEXTURE BY SEM

III, d. RESULTS – GRANULOMETRY BY G3SE

1)Quartz-GrainMorphoscopy

• Forallsites,weobservesimilarlydevelopedsedimentsregardlessofsamplingdepth.Theyarecharacterizedbythedominanceofgrainsthataretheresultofprocessingintheaeolianenvironment,grainswithanintermediatedegreeofroundnessandvisibleeoliantreatmentonlyontheedgesandcorners(typeEM/RM).

• Generallythesupplyofmaterialtotheeoliansystemwaslimited—theseare“skinny”sand-starveddunesystems,althoughtheWestMillsdunesarebe@ersandfed,apparentlythroughthefluvialexcava,onoftheunderlyinglocalCohanseyForma,on(Tch)composedofMiocene-agedmarginal-marinesands.

• ThepresenceofbreakageblocksmicrotexturesatLS-01(le6Fig.)mayindicatethattheEhorizon—neartheglossictongues—wassubjecttoveryintenseinsitufrostweatheringunderperiglacialcondi,ons.

• Thefactthatthe0.5–0.8mmfrac,ongrainsaredefinitelylesswind-processed(48–66%EM/RM)inrela,ontothe0.8–1.0mmfrac,ongrains(84–96%EM/RM)indicatesthatthewindspeedmayhavebeenveryhigh.Thisisconfirmedbytheresultsofthepar,clesizeanalysis.

2)Granulometry

• Highwindspeedisalsoconfirmedbypar,cle-sizeanalysis.Averyhighcontentofgrainsinfrac,on>0.5mmandgrainsize<0.125mmpar,cipatedinsuspensiontransport.Thegraindistribu,onhastwodis,nctmodeswithvirtuallynodepositsperfrac,onbetweenmodes.Thissuggeststhatthesedimentsweretransportedasaresultofsalta,onandsuspension,andthattheNJPineBarrensmayhavebeenapar,cularlywindydustyplace.

3)GrainMicrotexturebySEM

• SEMinterpreta,onsupportsImprovedCailleuxMethodfindings;e.g.,RMorEM/RMtypegrains,breakageblocks.

4)Synthesis

• RelictstabilizeddunefieldsareabundantwithintheNJPineBarrensontheAtlan,cCoastalPlain.Theya@esttointensiveice-marginal,cold-climateeoliancondi,onsduringtheLatePleistocene.Spa,alassocia,onsbetweendunefieldsandQuaternaryalluvialdeposits—braid-plainandmeanderchannelterraces—indicateaclimate-changedrivenfluvial-to-eolianrela,onshipofpredominantlylocallysourcedsediments.Grainmorphoscopyrevealsanabundanceofwell-roundedgrainsandma@edsurfaces.Theirextant,inassocia,onwithven,factlagsandelongate(hairpin)parabolicdunes,supportstheinvoca,onofintensiveeoliantransportcondi,ons.Soilstructuresandgrainmicrotexturesprovidefurtherevidencethatintensivein-situfrostweatheringhadoccurredunderperiglacialcondi,ons.

MN-02MN-01

Manan

tico C

reek

Manum

uskin

Rive

r

Maurice River

BuckshutemCreek

Muske

e Cree

k

pitpit

pit

Deep RunGreat Egg Harbor River

LS-01

IB-01

Indian Branch

Hubbard Branch

Littl

e M

ill Ru

n

Scull RunJohns Branch

Makepeace Lake

Head

Bran

ch

Beave

r Dam

Branch

WEYMOUTH

Manumuskin Dune Field Thedunesresideonanolderfluvialbraid-plainterracethatiserodedtowardsthewestbyayoungerfluvialbraid-plainterrace.Theinterdunaleoliansandsheet(coversand)is~1mthick,boundingoverasparseven,factlag.

West Mills Dune Field

Thedunesresideonanolderfluvialbraid-plainterracethatiserodedbyyoungerfluvialbraid-plainterrace—allpartofanalluvialfansystemroughly170km2inarea.Theinterdunaleoliansandsheet(coversand)is~1mthick,boundingoveraven,factlag.

Weymouth Dune Field

Thedunesresideonolderbraid-plainterracesthatareerodedbyyoungerbraid-plainterraces(above,onewithpolygons).Theinterdunaleoliansandsheets(coversands)are~1mthick,boundingoveraven,factlag.

Maurice River WatershedManumuskin River Preserve / Long Ponds

MN-01 West DuneSampledatan~3mhighcrestofatransverse-to-parabolicdunemigra,ngfromWNWtoESE

MN-01

MN-02

pit

A) Manumuskin Dune FieldB) Weymouth Dune FieldC) West Mills Dune Field

* Pine Barrens outlined in white

WM-02

Albertson Brook

WM-01

deflation basinsor “spungs”

• Quartz-GrainMorphoscopy:18sampleswereseparatedinto0.5–0.8mmand0.8–1.0mmquartz-grainfrac,ons,thenanalyzedaccordingtomethodologyasproposedbyCailleux(1942)andmodifiedbyMycielska-Dowgiałło&Woronko(1998).Dunesandgrainswerethenclassifiedaccordingto9degreesofroundnessalongwiththecharacteroftheirsurface,thusindica,ngthesediment’senvironmentalresidencyandthenatureofthatenvironment.

• Granulometry:18sampleswereanalyzedforgrainsizeandshapecharacteriza,onasdeterminedbyaMalvern®InstrumentsMorphologi®G3SEPar,cleCharacteriza,onSystem.Ourmorphoscopicimageanalysisisbasedontheautoma,cscanningofthesurfaceofathree-dimensional(3D)par,cleanditsconversionintoacorrespondingtwo-dimensional(2D)image.Quartz-grainshapesweredeterminedbythefollowingparameters:HS(HighSensi,vity)CircularityandConvexity.

• GrainMicrotexturebyScanningElectronMicroscope(SEM):whole-grainsurfaceswerescanned(JSM-6380LAJoel,Japan),thenanalyzedforroundnessandmicrotexturestohelpdeterminetheirsedimentaryenvironment.

• OpBcallySBmulatedLuminescence(OSL)DaBng:SixtubesamplesofdunesedimentswerecollectedforOSLda,ng,fiveat1.3mdepth,andoneat1.0mdepth—providingadateforeachstudysite.TheyarecurrentlyunderprocessattheUniversityoftheFraserValleyLuminescenceDa,ngLab.Adateof28.16±2.80kaisnotedfromanearliersample(USU-267),whichwastakenfromIndianBranchpaleochannelinfillnearIB-01.Asandsheethaddammedthatstreambelowthethermal-contrac,onpolygonsseenintheIB-01insetfigure(upperright).

WestMillsLune@e

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

WestMillsDune

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

Quaternary

braid plain 1

Quaternary

braid plain 2

End Pleistocene

channelHolocene

channel

dune field

relictplateau

Quaternary

braid plain 1

Quaternary

braid plain 2

End Pleistocene

channelHolocene channel

dune field

relictplateau

dune field relictplateau

MN-02 East Dune

Sampledatan~2mhighcrestofatransverse-to-parabolicdunemigra,ngfromWNWtoESE

LS-01 DuneSampledatan~6mhighcrestofaparabolicdunemigra,ngfromWNWtoESE

IB-01 DuneSampledatan~3mhighcrestofahairpinparabolicdunemigra,ngfromWNWtoESE

WM-01 LunetteSampledatan~1mhighdune-likestructurerimmingtheclosedbasin’sS&Eouteredge.

WM-02 DuneSampledatacrestofan~2.5mhighhairpinparabolicdunemigra,ngfromWNWtoESE.

Quaternarybraid plain 1

Quaternarybraid plain 2

PORT ELIZABETH

dune field

pitChandlers Run

relictplateau

dune field

Quaternarybraid plain 2

pit

Quaternary braid plain 2

pit

modified from Boyds Maps, 2019

height20 m

15 m

10 m

height10 m

05 m

0.3 m

Closed basin (“spung”) lunette & parabolic dune sites—Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler—

maximum limit of Pleistocene ice sheets

PA

DE

NJ

20 mi

40 km

PHILADELPHIA

CAPE MAY

A

B

C

Toms R\

Delaware R

N Rancocas Ck

S Rancocas Ck

Mullica R

Great Egg

Harbor R

Maurice R

Delaware R

Hudson R

Two parabolic dune sites; one proximal and one distal to river—Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler—

Great Egg Harbor River WatershedIndian Branch (to west) & Lochs-of-the-Swamp (to east)

Mullica River WatershedGum Spung (to north) / West Mills (central) / Great Swamp (to south)

Modified Cailleux Analysis for 0.8 to 1.0 mm grains at 30 cm depth (after Mycielska-Dowgiałło & Woronko, 1998)GRAINTYPE

KRUMBEINROUNDNESS CHARACTERISTICS ENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION

RM 0.7–0.9 Well-rounded with matt surface

Long-term high energy collisions in an eolian environment

EM/RM 0.3–0.6 Matt surface on convexed grains

High-energy collisions in an eolian environment, shorter duration than RM

EM/EL 0.3–0.6 Moderately rounded, smooth-shiny surface

Transport in fluvial or beach environment

All Others (C, NU, O)

— crushed, angular, or very intensively weatherd

additional grain types not necessarily associated with eolian activity

LS-01Dune

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

IB-01Dune

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

Manumuskin Dunesarefirstfedbylocalfluviallysourcedsand,thenareincreasinglyenrichedbysandentrainmentfromtheinterdunalsandsheet.

Weymouth

Lochs-of-the-Swampduneisdistaltotheriver,andisfedsandfromthesandsheetincontrasttotheriverproximalIndianBranchdune.

West Mills

Eolianbedformsherearemoreabundantlyenrichedbytheexcava,onoflocallysourceddepositsofancientmarginalmarinesand(Tch).

MN-02EastDune

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

MN-01WestDune

EM/ELRMEM/RMOTHER

spung

Frequency Curve

Grainsizedistribu,onshowsthateachofthetestedsampleshasabimodaldistribu,onofgrains.Thefirstmodefallson0.5mmor0.354mmfrac,ongrains,thesecond,fineron0.0046mm,i.e.,ontheborderofdustandsilt.Preliminarily,thissuggestsahighwindregime.

Cumulative Curves

Twosegmentsaremarkedonthecumula,vecurves,oneresponsiblefortranspor,ngthroughsalta,on(steeplyinclined),theotherinsuspension(withasmallinclina,onangle).Thesteepertheslopesec,onis,thebe@erthesedimentsaresor,ng.

Sorting & Skewness

Themeangrainsizeofdunesamplesisamediumgrainedsand,[email protected],veskewnessofallsamplesisindica,veofweigh,ngtowardsfinersediments,whichisprimarilymediumtofine-grainedsilt.Siltcomprisesbetween2and15%ofthedunesedimentsamples,whereasthelune@econtainsapproximately25%silt.Samplestendtobemoderatelysorted,withthelune@esamplelesssorted,owingagaintothehigherabundanceoffinesediment.

RM Type Grain

SEMofMN-01130cm:wellroundedandma@surfaced;veylongdura,onofeolianabrasion.

EM/RM Type Grains

SEMofLS-0130cm:nowcoated(weathered),yetitsearliereolianmicrotextureisnoteliminated.

Breakage Blocks

SEMofLS-0130cm:frostweatheringonmostconvexpor,onsofthiseoliangrain.

Quaternary

braid plain 1

Babcock

Creek W

Hors

e Br

idge

Br

pit

height28 m

18 m

09 m

Two parabolic dune sites —Quick Terrain (QT) Modeler—

lunette

lunette

lunette

lunette

lunette

salta

tion

suspension

saltation

suspension

HS Circularity

(Le6)WM-01MorphologiG3SEphotosoflune@egrainsat100cmdepth;lowestcircularity,li@letravelled.

(Right)MN-02130cm:G3SEMorphologiphotoofdunegrainsat130cmdepth;well-roundedbutnotfartravelled.

Expert Group on Permafrost and Periglacial Environments

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