Late Roman Republic

Roman Republic Map, 40 BC

Wars after Punic Wars

• Numantine Wars – Spain• Servile War – several slave revolts in Sicily

from 130 BC to 71 BC including Spartacus• Jugurthine War – against half of Numidia

(Jugurtha)• 100 BC – Julius Caesar born

Pre-Caesar Generals

• Rivalry between Marius and Sulla• Confiscations of property• Sulla fought in Jugurthine War and against

Mithridates in Pontus• Pompey and Crassus joined Sulla against

Marius• Proscriptions – confiscation and selling of

property

Spartacus

• 73 BC - Thracian, sold as slave-gladiator• Led revolt at a gladiator school• Left town and picked up 70,000 rural slaves on

the way to the Alps• Won several battles, left behind by pirate ships• Crassus finally defeated slaves, Pompey had

6000 crucified on Appian Way

First Triumvirate

• Normal - Two consuls, sometimes one dictator• Pompey annexes Syria and Jerusalem• Caesar conquers parts of Spain• Crassus had defeated Spartacus• 59 BC - They form 1st Triumvirate, three

consuls in power• Calpurnia, second wife

Rise of Julius Caesar

• Crassus dies fighting Parthians in Mesopotamia

• Proconsul Caesar defeated nemesis Gaul Vercingetorix

• Pompey marries daughter of Caesar’s enemy• Triumvirate dead• Caesar crosses Rubicon in 49 BC• “The die is cast.” Roman Civil War begins

Roman Civil War

• Pompey flees Rome to Greece• Caesar re-elected consul/dictator, then resigns• Marc Antony second in command “Master of the

Horse”• Caesar defeats Pompey’s lieutenants in Spain• 48 BC - Pompey flees to Egypt, tricked and

beheaded • Caesar receives his head, allies with Cleopatra• Helps her in Egyptian Civil War

Caesar Back in Rome

• Caesar returns to Rome in 47 BC• Starts enacting reforms• Puts own image on coins• Offered title of rex but rejects it• 44 BC – Ides of March, Caesar stabbed to

death by 60 senators fearful of his becoming king and ending the republic