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Lesson 1: Introduction to verbs

What is a verb?

A verb is a word that describes an action. Verbs are often called ‘doing’ words.

Examples of verbs: to work, to call, to pray, to be, to think.

First conjugation verbs

Verbs are divided into groups called conjugations. You can recognise first

conjugation verbs as they end ‘are’.

These are examples of first conjugation verbs

confirmare to confirm

dare to give

edificare to build

laborare to work

legare to leave, bequeath

orare to pray

vocare to call

To conjugate, or list the parts, of first conjugation verbs

1. Remove the ‘are’

2. Add these endings

Top of page

-o I

-as you

-at he/she/it

Glossary Word list Grammar table

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#bequeathhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#bequeathhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#bequeathhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htm#tophttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htm#tophttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#bequeath


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-amus we

-atis you

-ant theyLook at our example of dare

Latin Means in English

d o I give

d as you give

d at he/she/it gives

d amus we give

d atis you give

d ant they give

Did you notice that most of the endings include ‘a’? This is called the key letter .

The exception is the form for ‘I’ which ends in ‘o’.

Can you see how these examples were made?


laboro I work

legas you bequeath

edificat he/she/it builds

oramus we pray

vocatis you call

legant they bequeath

Differences between English and Latin verbs

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#keyhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#keyhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#keyhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#key


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Top of page

1. Look at the verb to give. In English, the ending of the verb changes once: it acquires

an s in he gives. In Latin, the ending of the verb changes every time. The ending of

the verb is crucial as it tells you the

Tense (when the action happens - the present tense )

person (who is doing the action - I, you, he, she, it, we or they)

number (how many people are doing the verb – if one, then it’s singular; if

two or more, it’s plural)

Read through dare again and notice how the endings change.

2. In English, the words ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘she’, ‘he’, ‘it’, ‘we’ or ‘they’ show who is doing the

verb. In Latin, these words are usually unnecessary. damus means we give. A

separate word for ‘we’ is not needed.

3. In Latin, there are two ways of saying ‘you’. For example, both das and datis mean

‘you give’. The form used depends on the number of people:

You (singular) when there is one person, for example das

You (plural) when there are two or more people, for example datis

There were two forms of ‘you’ in English: thou givest and you give. ‘Thou’ is not

used widely in modern English.

Latin document points

This tutorial concentrates on I, he/she/it, we and they.

These are more likely to appear in records than the two forms of ‘you’.

4. In our example of dare, the action is happening now – the present tense.

In English, there are three ways of describing actions in the present:

Lesson 2: Introduction to nouns; first declension nouns; cases of

nouns

Glossary Word listGrammar table

http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htm#tophttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#presenthttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#presenthttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#tensehttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#tensehttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#tensehttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#personhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#personhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#numberhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#numberhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/lesson01/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/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What is a noun?

A noun is a person, place or thing.

For example: the queen, a parish, the charter.

Nouns are divided into groups called declensions . Nouns that end in ‘a’ belong to the first

declension. They are mostly feminine.

In Latin, there are no words for ‘a’ or ‘the’.

When you are reading a document, you can decide which meaning is appropriate.

These are examples of Latin nouns from the first declension.

Domina lady

Ecclesia church

Parochial parish

Terra land

vidua widow

Have you noticed that they all end in ‘a’?

People’s names are also nouns. In Latin, women’s names often end in ‘a’.

Maria Mary

Isabella Isabella

All Latin nouns have a gender – they are either masculine, feminine or neuter. Even

charters and parishes have a gender! In English we give some nouns a gender, for example

we describe ships as ‘she’.

First declension nouns

Nouns are divided into groups called declensions . Nouns that end in ‘a’ belong to

the first declension. They are mostly feminine.

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The first part of a noun stays the same, but endings are added to give different

meanings:

Singular Meaning Plural

cart a charter(s)Subject of the sentence: A chartercosts 2 pounds.

cart e

cart a Oh charter(s)! cart e

cart am

charter(s)

Object of the sentence: The kinggrants the charter.

cart as

cart e of the charter(s)The seal of the charter is broken.

cart arum

cart e to or for the charter(s)They refer to the charters.

cart is

cart a by, with or from the charter(s)He claims the land by a charter.

cart is

Top of pageThe ending of a noun is crucial, as it tells you

whether the noun is singular or plural

what role the noun is playing in the sentence

Read through carta again. Can you see that some endings are the same, but have

different meanings?

For example, carte means

Charters

Of the charter

To or for the charter

To decide which meaning is appropriate, read the rest of the sentence.

For example, if part of a sentence is ‘she asked the king’ and the remaining word

is carte, the meaning of carte that would make sense is ‘for the charter’.

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All first declension nouns take the same endings as carta except

Anima soul

Filia daughter

filiabus means ‘to or for the daughters’ and ‘by, with or from the daughters’

animabus means ‘to or for the souls’ and ‘by, with or from the souls’

A few first declension nouns are masculine. You are only likely to come across

these three words:

agricola farmer

Papa Pope

parsona parson

You can see that a noun has six different meanings, each relating to a case .

Each case has a singular and a plural ending.

To decline a noun means to list these cases.

Six cases of nouns

1. Nominative

Used for the subject of the verb. The subject is the person or thing doing the verb.For example

regina orat the queen

prays

The queen is the subject, as she is praying. The queen is in the nominative case.

2. Vocative

Used to call or address someone or something.

For example

O domina! Oh lady!

O regina! Oh queen!

O Maria! Oh Mary!

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The vocative case is the same as the nominative, except in the second declension.

Latin document points

The vocative case is used in chronicles and in the inscriptions on tombs. You will not find it in many other

sources.

Top of page

3. Accusative

Used for the object of a verb. The object is the person or thing the verb is done to.

For example

domina cartam confirmat. The lady confirms the charter.

‘the lady’ is the subject and in the nominative. ‘the charter’ is the object and in the

accusative.

4. Genitive

Used for nouns that are ‘of ’ something else and also to show possession.

For example

terra ecclesie. The land of the

church.

filie vidue.

The widow’s

daughters.

5. Dative

Used for nouns that are to or for something.

For example

terram ecclesie do. I give land to the

church.

‘I give’ is the verb – do. ‘land’ is the object – it is in the accusative. ‘to the church’ is

in the dative.

6. Ablative

Used for nouns that are by, with or from something.

For example

papa ecclesiam carta confirmat. The pope confirms the church by a charter.

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‘the pope’ is the subject – it is in the nominative. ‘confirms’ is the verb.

‘the church’ is the object – it is in the accusative. ‘by a charter’ is ablative.

Word order in Latin

Top of page

Think about the order that words are arranged in sentences.

In English, ‘I give land’.

The word order is: subject (I ) + verb

(give) + object (land ).

The Latin translation is: terram do.

The word order is: object (land) + verb (I

give).

The subject is: ‘I’, which is expressed

in the worddo.

Often in Latin

The subject is at the beginning of the sentence

The verb is at the end of the sentence

The object of the sentence follows the subject

domine cartas dant. ‘the ladies give charters’.

The word order is: subject (the ladies) + object

(charters) + verb (give).

However, these rules were not always applied and vary between documents.

You may find that the word order is different in your document. It may even be in

the same order as English.

Lesson 3: Second declension nouns;

‘to be’

Second declension nouns



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The largest group is masculine and ends in ‘us’, ‘er’ or

‘ir’

Some are neuter and end in ‘um’

Masculine ‘us’ ending

These are declined with these endings:

Case Singular Plural

Nominative -us -i

Vocative -e or -i -i

Accusative -um -os

Genitive -i -orum

Dative -o -is

Ablative -o -is

Look at our example of dominus lord , sir, the Lord


Nominative dominus domini

Vocative domine domini

Accusative dominum dominos

Genitive domini dominorum

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Dative domino Dominis

Ablative domino Dominis

More second declension masculine nouns:

Top of page

annus year

deus God

filius son

Men’s names often belong to the second declension:

Gregorius Gregory

Henricus Henry

Stephanus Stephen

Willelmus William

Here are some sentences showing you how the new

words are used:

dominus terram legat The lord bequeaths

land

terra domini The land of the lord

Deo et ecclesie lego I leave to God and

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the Church

Henrico confirmo I confirm to Henry

Willelmus terram

Gregorii dat

William gives the land

of Gregory

dominus et domina

terram Deo et

ecclesie confirmant

The lord and the lady

confirm the land to

God and the Church

anno domini in the year of [our]

Lord

anno is ablative

and here means ‘in the

year’; domini is

genitive

Tip

Often abbreviated to AD, anno domini is used in the Christiancalendar to express dates after the birth of Jesus.

Vocative singular is the same as the

nominative except in second declension nouns

Ending ‘us’ – when the vocative ends with an ‘e’

Ending ‘ius’ in names like Gregorius – vocative ends with

an ‘i’

Masculine ‘er’ ending

Top of page

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These take the same endings as masculine ‘us’

ending nouns except

Nominative singular ends in ‘er’ Vocative singular is the same as the nominative

You will only come across these four words. They are

declined in the grammar table .

armiger esquire

faber smith

magister master ,

teacher

puer boy

They can be divided into two groups.

First

puer and armiger which always keep their ‘e’ when

they are declined.

Second

magister and faber . When they are declined, they

only keep the ‘e’ of the ‘er’ in the nominative and

vocative singular cases.

For example

faber terras legat The smith bequeaths

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lands

In this sentence, faber has an ‘e’ because it is in the

nominative case.

cartas magistro Stephano

confirmo

I confirm charters to master

Stephen

Whereas in this sentence, magister has lost its ‘e’,

because it is in the dative case.

Tip

Thinking of related English words may help you remember this:

magistrate and fabricate do not have an ‘e’.

'vir' man, husband

The only second declension noun ending ‘ir’. It is fully

declined in the grammar table .

Neuter ‘um’ ending

Top of page

These are declined with these endings:


Nominative -um -a

Vocative -um -a

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Accusative -um -a

Genitive -i -orum

Dative -o -is

Ablative -o -is

Look at our example of regnum reign


Nominative regnum regna

Vocative regnum regna

Accusative regnum regna

Genitive regni regnorum

Dative regno regnis

Ablative regno regnis

Top of page

These are more neuter nouns:

mercatum market

testamentum will, testament

regnum regine the reign of



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Marie Queen Mary

Some neuter nouns that end in ‘um’ have a stem that

ends in ‘i’

escambium exchange

manerium manor

Westmonasterium Westminster

They decline in the same way but keep the ‘i’.

dominus manerii The lord of the manor

Stephanus maneria carta

confirmat

Stephen confirms the manors

by charter

Handy hints

Learn noun endings quickly by looking for patterns:

1. Nominative and vocative endings are always the same exceptfor second declension nouns ending in ‘us’.

2. Nominative and accusative cases of neuter nouns are alwaysthe same. The plural always ends in ‘a’.

3. Accusative singular for masculine and feminine nouns always

ends in ‘m’; accusative plural for masculine and femininenouns always ends in ‘s’.

4. Genitive plural of all declensions ends in ‘um’. 5. Dative and ablative plurals are always the same. In the first

and second declensions, the ending is usually ‘is’.

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Lesson 3: Second declension nouns; ‘to

be’

esse - to be

This is an irregular verb, both in English and in Latin, as it does not follow the

usual patterns of conjugation.


sum I am

es you are (singular)

est he/she/it is

sumus we are

estis you are (plural)

sunt they are

esse does not have an object. Words associated with it are in the nominative case. Don’t try to put them into the accusative.

vir sum I am a man

dominus est He is the lord

testamentum est It is the will

Isabella et Maria

sumus

We are Isabella

and Mary

agricole sumus We are thefarmers

}nominative pluralas there is more

than onevidue sunt

They are thewidows

Glossary Word list Grammar table

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k/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/grammar/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/wordlist/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htmhttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#nominativehttp://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/latin/beginners/popup/glossary/default.htm#irregular


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Isabella regina est. Isabella is the queen

Both Isabella and regina must be in the nominative

domine regine sunt The ladies are

queens

Maria et Isabellaregine sunt

Mary and Isabella arequeens.

In this example, Maria and Isabella are nominative singular, as there is one of each

woman. regine is nominative plural as there are two queens.

Latin document points: medieval names

Men’s names often include the phrase ‘son of’: Henricus filius Willelmi Henry son of William.Willelmus filius Henrici William son of Henry.

cartas Willelmo filio Stephani do I give charters to William son of Stephen.

Willelmo and filio are both in the dative case because the charters are given to him.

Stephani stays in the genitive, because William is the son of Stephen.

Lesson 4: Non; second conjugation verbs; numbers

non - not

It’s easy to turn a sentence into a negative sentence. Put non in front of the verb:

agricola laborat The farmer works

agricola non laborat The farmer does not work

regina cartas confirmat The queen confirms the charters

regina cartas non confirmat The queen does not confirm thecharters

Second conjugation verbs

These end in ‘-ere’.

debere to owe movere to move


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habere to have sedere to sit

iacere to lie, be situated tenere to hold

monere to warn, summon videre to seeTo conjugate these verbs, remove the ‘-ere’ and add these endings:

Latin English Latin English

-eo I habeo I have

-es you habes you have

-et he/she/it habet he/she/it has

-emus we habemus we have

-etis you habetis you have

-ent they habent they have

Top of page

The key letter in these endings is ‘e’.

dominus Stephanus maneria tenet Lord Stephen holds themanors.

ecclesiam video I see the church.

cartas terris tenemus We hold the charters for the

lands.

dominos monemus We warn the lords.

Gregorius testamentum non habet Gregory does not have a will.

Handy hints for conjugating verbs

All verbs that end with

-o relate to I

-t relate to he/she/it

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-mus

relate to we

-nt relate to they

Remember: this applies to all conjugations.

Numbers

quattuor four (sometimes quatuor – just one t)

quinque five

sex six

septem seven

octo eight

novem nine

decem ten

centum onehundred

These numbers do not decline.

dominus quattuor maneria tenet The lord holds four manors.

octo parochie sunt There are eight parishes.

centum dominos monemus We summon one hundred lords.

vidua quinque maneria ecclesie legat The widow leaves five manors to the


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church.

Introducing new nouns

From now on, new nouns will be written as theyappear in the word list.

They will be given in the nominative singular,

followed by the genitive singular ending.

The gender of the noun will be given and its

meaning in English.

The genitive singular ending is very important, as

it tells you which declension the noun belongs to.

Lesson 5: First and second declension

adjectives; egoand nos

Adjectives

Concentrate on learning words marked with an asterisk* first.

An adjective is a word used to describe a noun

novumtestamentum

the new will

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bonus dominus a good lord

predicta reginaIsabella

the aforesaid Queen Isabella

sancta Maria Saint Mary

An adjective

Is normally in front of the noun it describes; sometimes it is behind

Agrees with the noun in

o Gender (masculine, feminine or neuter)

o Number (singular or plural)

o Case (nominative, vocative, accusative, genitive, dative or ablative)

Belongs to one of two groups depending on whether it declines

o

Like first and second declension nounso Like third declension nouns

Top of page

This lesson covers adjectives that decline like first and second declension nouns.

Look at our example of novus, -a, -um new

novus, -a, -um new

Singular

Case Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

Nominative

nov us nov a nov um

Vocative nov e nov a nov um

Accusative nov um nov am nov um

Genitive nov i nov e nov i

Dative nov o nov e nov o

Ablative nov o nov a nov o

Plural

Masculine

Feminine

Neuter

nov i nov e nov a

nov i nov e nov a

nov os nov as nov a

nov orum nov arum nov orum

nov is nov is nov is

nov is nov is nov is

Most first and second declension adjectives take these endings.

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novam ecclesiam video I see the new church.

Noun and adjective are feminine accusative singular.

parsona pueros novos vocat The parson calls the new boys.

Noun and adjective are masculine accusative plural.

Don’t assume that the ending of the noun and the adjective are always the same.

Sometimes they are different, for example

novus agricola est He is the new farmer.

Noun and adjective are both masculine nominative singular.

Top of page

In the word list, first and second declension adjectives are written ‘novus, -a, -um’This shows the three nominative singular forms:

novus is masculine and declines like dominus from the second declension

nova is feminine and declines like carta from the first declension

novum is neuter and declines like testamentum from the second declension

When you see an adjective written like this, you will know that it is first or second

declension. You will be able to decline it using the same endings as novus.

antiquus , -a, -um old

bonus , -a, -um good

dimidius , -a, -um half

dominicus , -a, -um demesne

magnus , -a, -um great, big

predictus , -a, -um aforesaid

quietus , -a, -um free, quit

sanctus , -a, -um saint , holy

ecclesia sancte Marie church of Saint Mary

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ecclesia sancti Edwardi church of Saint EdwardEdwardus, -i

(m.) Edward

ego dimidium manerium

filiabus predictis domini do

I give a half manor to the

aforesaid daughters of thelord.

predicta domina tenet

dimidium mercatum novacarta

The aforesaid lady holds halfa market by a new charter.

dominice terre domini sunt They are the demesne lands

of the lord.

dimidiam marcam predicto

agricole damus

We give half a mark to the

aforesaid farmer.

Look out for adjectives that end ‘er’ in the masculine nominative singular.

Most lose the ‘e’ when declined, for example pulcher, pulchra,

pulchrum beautiful

A few keep the ‘e’, for example liber, -era, -erum free

These are fully declined in the table of grammar

Irregular adjectives

Top of page

There are nine irregular adjectives. These decline like novus, -a, -um but

Genitive singular ends ‘-ius’

Dative singular ends ‘–i’ for all genders

You are most likely to find unus, totus and alius, so remember these three.

alius , alia, aliud the other [genitive singular issometimes alterius]*

alter , altera, alterum the other (of two things)

neuter , neutra, neutrum neither (of two things)

nullus , -a, -um no, none

solus , -a, -um alone, only

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totus , -a, -um all, whole*

ullus , -a, -um any

unus , -a, -um one*

uter , utra, utrum which (of two things)

et debent unam marcam alii

domino

And they owe one mark to the

other lord.

totum manerium dimidiummercatum terras alias et octo

marcas filiis Henrici do

I give the whole manor, half themarket, other lands and eight

marks to the sons of Henry.

Numbers

Top of page

Numbers two and three also decline. Obviously, they only have plural forms.

You will learn the endings with practice.

duo two

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative duo due duo

Accusative duo(s) duas duo

Genitive duorum duarum duorum

Dative duobus duabus duobus

Ablative duobus duabus duobus

totam terram duabus filiabusGregorii legamus

We leave all the land to the twodaughters of Gregory.

duo maneria et duas marcas

Willelmo filio Edwardi carta do et

I give and confirm by charter to

William son of Edward two



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manerium ecclesie sancti Gregorii

do et confirmo

the aforesaid manor to the

church of saint Gregory.

nos Willelmus et Isabella terraset maneria filiis et filiabus Henricidamus et confirmamus

We, William and Isabella, give

and confirm the lands andmanors to the sons anddaughters of Henry.

ego Stephanus terras totas Deo

et ecclesie sancte Marie lego

I, Stephen, leave all the lands toGod and to the church of Saint

Mary

Note that ego or nos is at the opposite end of the sentence from the verb.

Lesson 6: Hic , hec , hoc ; third and

fourth conjugation verbs

hic , hec , hoc :

Hic, hec, hoc has several meanings

‘This’ when it's an adjective – describing a noun

‘He, she, it’ when it's a pronoun – standing in

for a noun

hic , hec , hoc agrees with the noun it relates to.

Singular

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Adjective Pronoun

Nominative hic hec hoc this he, she, it

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Accusative hunc hanc hoc this him, her, it

Genitive huius huius huius of this his, her, its

Dative huic huic huic to this to him/her/it

Ablative hoc hac hoc by this by him/her/it

Plural

Case Masculine Feminine Neuter Adjective Pronoun

Nominative hi he hec these they

Accusative hos has hec these them

Genitive horum harum horum of these their

Dative his or hiis his or hiis his or hiis to these to them

Ablative his or hiis his or hiis his or hiis by these by them

Top of page

hec est concordia this is the agreementconcordia, -e (f.)agreement

confirmamus hac carta hecmaneria domino

we confirm by this charterthese manors to the lord.

lego hoc testamento has I bequeath by this will these acra, -



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predictas septem acras terre aforesaid seven acres of

land.

e (f.) acre

hi sunt plegii Edwardi Basset These are the pledges of

Edward Basset

plegius, -i (m.)pledge

As always, don’t try to learn all of the endings at

once! First look for patterns

Genitive singular is the same for all genders

Dative singular is the same for all genders Nominative singular and accusative singular are

the same for neuter

Dative and ablative plurals are the same

Third conjugation verbs

Verbs from the third conjugation end ‘–ere’.

When the ‘-ere’ is removed, the stem is either a consonant or ‘u’.

cognoscere to know, get toknow

concedere to concede,

grant, allow

dicere to say

mittere to send

ostendere to show

petere to require,seek, petition

reddere to give back, pay

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solvere to pay

To conjugate these verbs

1. Remove the ‘-ere’ to find the stem

2.

Add these endings

Latin English

-o I

-is you (singular)

-it he/she/it

-imus we

-itis you (plural)

-unt they

Look at our example of concedere to concede

Latin English

conced o I concede

conced is you concede

(singular)

conced it he/she/itconcedes

conced imus we concede

conced itis

you concede

(plural)

conced unt they concede

regina totum maneriumWestmonasterii magistro

The queen concedes thewhole manor of Westminster


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Stephano concedit to master Stephen

vidue predictas terras filiabus

domini non reddunt

The widows do not surrenderthe aforesaid lands to the

daughters of the lord.

nos Edwardus et Johanna tresmarcas domino novo

solvimus

We, Edward and Joanna, paythree marks to the new lord.

Johanna, -e (f.) Joanna

predicta vidua reginamnovam petit

the aforesaid widow petitionsthe new queen

Maria dicit quod non habet

cartam

Mary says that she does not

have the charter

quod ,because, that

(after ‘toknow’,‘to say’

etc.)

Some third conjugation verbs are called ‘io’ verbs because they have different

endings

-io for the ‘I’ form (instead of –o) -iunt for the ‘they’ form (instead of –unt)

You are most likely to come across facere to make, do

novum testamentum facio I make a new will

Fourth conjugation verbs; obire

Verbs from the fourth conjugation end ‘-ire’.

audire to hear

scire to know


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venire to come

To conjugate these verbs, remove the ‘-ire’ and add

these endings.

Latin English

-io I

-is you (singular)

-it he/she/it

-imus we

-itis you (plural)

-iunt they

Top of page

Look at our example of venire to come

Latin English

venio I come

venis you come (singular)

venit he/she/it comes

venimus we come

venitis you come (plural)



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veniunt they come

agricole ad curiam veniunt the farmers come to thecourt

ad curiam, -e (f.) to

the court

non scio I do not know

Handy hints - third and fourth conjugation verbs

Did you notice the similarities between the endings of regular thirdand fourth declension verbs? Look back at the lesson and check.The difference is that in the fourth declension, the ‘I’ and ‘they’ formshave an ‘i’.

Noticing patterns like this makes learning Latin much easier.

Obire to die

This is an irregular verb, which although similar to a

fourth conjugation verb, is a compound of 'eo, ire, ivi,itum - to go'. It conjugates in the following way:

obeo I die

obis you die

obit he/she dies

obimus�

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